Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Bio-Route Production of Biodiesel

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Biofuels

Abstract

The rapid increase in the crude oil prices due to diminishing reserves of fossil fuels and the increased rate of world energy consumption have drawn attention of the researchers for alternative energy source. Biodiesel, also known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), has become more attractive as an alternative fuel resource because of its environmental benefit such as biodegradable, nontoxic, and low emission profiles. Presently, Malaysia is now looked upon as the pioneer palm biofuel producer. Malaysia is well known to be the largest producer of palm oil and palm oil products. Therefore, sustainability of feedstock for biodiesel production is not an issue for the present demand of alternative energy resources. Currently, industries are implementing chemical routes using alkaline catalyst which is a non-­environmental friendly process and the presence of impurities as by-product needs to go through further purification steps in the downstream process. The green technology of enzymatic transesterification is suggested as an alternative method for biodiesel production. The study of transesterification from edible and nonedible oil such as crude palm oil (CPO), waste cooking oil, and sea mango oil by immobilized lipase is highlighted. The transformation of palm oil into value-added product biodiesel can help to increase its commercial value of palm oil.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akoh CC, Chang SW, Lee G-C, Shaw JF (2007) Enzymatic approach to biodiesel production. J Agric Food Chem 55:8995–9005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zuhair S, Jayaraman KV, Krishnan S, Chan WH (2006) The effect of fatty acid concentration and water content on the production of biodiesel by lipase. Biochem Eng J 30:212–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arent DJ, Wise A, Gelman R (2011) The status and prospects of renewable energy for combating global warming. Energy Econ 33:584–593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baiju B, Das LM, Gajendrababu MK (2008) Experimental investigations on a rubber seed oil methyl ester fuel decompression ignition engine. SAE paper 2008-28-0073

    Google Scholar 

  • Bala BK (2005) Studies on biodiesels from transportation of vegetable oils for diesel engines. Energy Educ Sci Technol 15:1–45

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • BP (2005) Available at http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/switzerland/corporate_switzerland/STAGING/local_assets/downloads_pdfs/s/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2005.pdf. Accessed 10/01/10

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956) Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. CSIR, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark SJ, Wangner L, Schrock MD, Piennaar PG (1984) Methyl and ethyl soybean esters as renewable fuels for diesel engines. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:1632–1638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Greyt W (2004) Chemical vs enzymatic interesterification. IUPAC-AOCS workshop on fats, oils and oilseeds analyses and production. Tunis, Tunesia

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirbas A (2009) Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Conversion Manage 50:14–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dizge N, Keskinler B, Tanriseven A (2009) Biodiesel production from canola oil by using lipase immobilized onto hydrophobic microporous styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer. Biochem Eng J 44:220–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drapcho CM, Nghiem PN, Walker TH (2008) Biofuels Engineering Process Technology United States. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 197–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellington RT, Meo M, El-Saved DA (1993) The net greenhouse warming forcing of methanol produced from biomass. Biomass Bioenergy 6:405–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Energy Information Agency (2007). Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government. Energy Information Administration. Available at http://eia.doe.gov/. Accessed 6/02/10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feofilova EP, Sergeeva YE, Ivashechkin AA (2010) Biodiesel-fuel: content, production, producers, contemporary biotechnology (Review). Appl Biochem Microbiol 46:369–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fjerbaek L, Christensen KV, Norddahl B (2009) A review of the current state of biodiesel ­production using enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:1298–1315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H, Kondo A, Noda H (2001) Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J Biosci Bioeng 92:405–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi NN, Sawant SB, Joshi JB (1995) Study on the Lipozyme catalyzed synthesis of butyl ­laureate. Biotechnol Bioeng 46:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerpen JV (2005) Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol 86:1097–1107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gog A, Roman M, Tosa M, Paizs C, Irimie FD (2012) Biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification-Current state and perspectives. Renew Energy 39:10–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halim, SFA (2008) Lipase mediated transesterification of waste cooking palm oil for biodiesel production: batch and continuous studies. MSc thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia

    Google Scholar 

  • Halim SFA, Kamaruddin AH, Fernando WJN (2009) Continuous biosynthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking palm oil in a packed bed reactor: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and mass transfer studies. Bioresour Technol 100:710–716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez ME, Otero C (2008) Different enzyme requirements for the synthesis of biodiesel: Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TL IM. Bioresour Technol 99:277–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell S, Jobe J (2005) Current status of the biodiesel industry. In: Knothe G, Van Gerpen J, Krahl J (eds) The biodiesel handbook. AOCS Press, Urbana, p 184

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger KE, Eggert T (2002) Lipases for biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13:390–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney AJ, Clemente TE (2005) Modifying soybean oil for enhanced performance in biodiesel blends. Fuel Process Technol 86:1137–1147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KT, Foglia TA, Chang KS (2002) Production of alkyl ester as biodiesel from fractionated lard and restaurant grease. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:191–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lv P, Wang X, Yuan Z, Tan T (2008) Conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel fuel with immobilized Candida lipase on textile cloth. Energy Source Part A 30:872–879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 70:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF (2007) Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11:1300–1311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meher LC, Vidya Sagar D, Naik SN (2006) Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 10:248–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier F (2007) The greenhouse effect: a new source of energy. Appl Therm Eng 27:658–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngo HL, Zafiropoulos NA, Foglia TA, Samulski ET, Lin W (2008) Efficient two-step synthesis of biodiesel from grease. Energy Fuel 22:626–634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • No SY (2011) Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative dieselfuels in CI engines: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:131–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noureddini H, Gao X, Philkana RS (2005) Immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for biodiesel fuel production from soybean oil. Bioresour Technol 96:769–777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira D, Feihrmann AC, Rubira AF, Kunita MH, Dariva C, Oliveira JV (2006) Assessment of two immobilized lipases activity treated incompressed fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 38:373–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ong HC, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Norhasyima RS (2011) Comparison of palm oil, Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum for biodiesel: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15: 3501–3515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puhan S, Vedaraman N, Sankaranarayanan S, Ram BVB (2005) Performance and emission study of Mahua oil (madhuca indica oil) ethyl ether in a 4-stroke natural aspirated direct injection diesel engine. Renew Energy 30:1269–1278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahaman SRA (2011) Bioroute production of biodiesel using Cerbera Odollam oil in packed bed reactor. MSc thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranganathan SV, Narasimhan SL, Muthukumar K (2007) An overview of enzymatic production of biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 99:3975–3981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues RC, Volpato G, Wada K, Ayub MAZ (2008) J Am Oil Chem Soc 85:925–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues RC, Volpato G, Wada K, Ayub MAZ (2008) Enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel from transesterification reactions of vegetable oils and short chain alcohols. J Am Oil Chem Soc 85:925–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa CD, Morandim MB, Ninow JL, Oliveira D, Treichel H, Oliveira JV (2008) Lipase catalyzed production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil in compressed propane. J Supercrit Fluids 47:49–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royon D, Daz M, Ellenrieder G, Locatelli S (2007) Enzymatic of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent. Bioresour Technol 98:648–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salis A, Solinas V, Monduzzi M (2003) Wax ester synthesis from heavy fraction of sheep milk fat and cetyl alcohol by immobilized lipases. J Mol Catal B Enzym 21:167–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salis A, Pinna MC, Murgia S, Monduzzi M (2004) Novel mannitol based non-ionic surfactant from biocatalysis. J Mol Catal B Enzym 27:139–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimd A, Hollmann F, Park JB, Buhler B (2002) The use of enzymes in the chemical industry in Europe. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13:359–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab AW, Bagby MO, Freddman B (1987) Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel 66:1372–1378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah S, Sharma S, Gupta MN (2004) Biodiesel preparation by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha oil. Energy Fuel 18:154–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sim JH (2011) Transesterification of crude palm oil to fatty acid methyl esters (fame) mediated by lipase in batch and continuous systems. PhD thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia

    Google Scholar 

  • Sim JH, Kamaruddin AH, Bhatia S (2009) Effect of mass transfer and enzyme loading on the biodiesel yield and reaction rate in the enzymatic transesterification of crude palm oil. Energy and Fuels J 23(9):4651–4658

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczesna Antczak M, Kubiak A, Antczak T, Bielecki S (2009) Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis—key factors affecting efficiency of the process. Renew Energy 34(5):1185–1194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamalampudi S, Talukder MR, Hama S, Numata T, Kondo A, Fukuda H (2008) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil: a comparative study of immobilized-whole cell and commercial lipases as a biocatalyst. Biochem Eng J 39:185–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan T, Lu J, Nie K, Deng L, Wang F (2010) Biodiesel production with immobilized lipase: a review. Biotechnol Adv 28:628–634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q, Chen H, Han M, Wang D, Wang J (2007) Transesterification of cottonseed oil catalized by Bronsted acidic ionic liquids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46(24):7955–7960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Dubé MA, McLean DD, Kates M (2003) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: process design and technological assessment. Bioresour Technol 89:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziejewski M, Kaufman KR, Schwab AW, Pryde EH (1984) Diesel engine evaluation of a nonionic sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:1620–1626

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia, for their financial support of the postgraduate study, National Science Fellowship (NSF) and project funding through E-Science Fund (project no. 02-01-05-SF0122 and 6013202). The research university grant (project no. 1001/PJKIMIA/814004) and research university postgraduate research grant scheme (project no. 1001/PJKIMIA/8031036) awarded by Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) are also appreciated.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

    A. H. Kamaruddin

  2. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

    N. A. Serri & S. R. A. Rahaman

  3. Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    J. H. Sim

  4. Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Penang, Malaysia

    S. F. A. Halim

Authors
  1. A. H. Kamaruddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. A. Serri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. H. Sim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. F. A. Halim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. R. A. Rahaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Malaysia Sabah, School of Engineering and Information Technology, Kotakinabalu, Malaysia

    Ravindra Pogaku

  2. University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

    Rosalam Hj. Sarbatly

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kamaruddin, A.H., Serri, N.A., Sim, J.H., Halim, S.F.A., Rahaman, S.R.A. (2013). A Bio-Route Production of Biodiesel. In: Pogaku, R., Sarbatly, R. (eds) Advances in Biofuels. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6249-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6249-1_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6248-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6249-1

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation