Abstract
A 20-kHz intensity ultrasound was used in the extraction of iota-carrageenan from Eucheuma denticulatum seaweed by using water as solvent. In a simplified extraction procedure, the seaweed particle size of 0.7125E-03 m, 1.2E-03 m, and 1.7E-03 m diameter were studied at different ultrasonic amplitude levels, ranging from 2.08E-06 to 6.4E-06 m and the temperatures from 30 to 60 °C. The maximum iota-carrageenan yield obtained was 57.2 %. This study suggested that ultrasound intensity employed reduced the extraction time required and improved the yield of iota-carrageenan by 6 %. The particle diameter variation during the extraction was found to be a linear equation. The solid–liquid mass transfer coefficient was correlated for ultrasound extraction of iota-carrageenan in terms of operating conditions employed in this investigation as
Keywords
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- A:
-
Amplitude (m)
- A:
-
Interfacial area (m2)
- CA :
-
Concentration (kg/m3)
- C *A :
-
Equilibrium concentration (kg/m3)
- Dp :
-
Diameter of the particle (m)
- F:
-
Frequency (Hz)
- I:
-
Sound wave intensity (W/m2)
- kL :
-
Solid–liquid mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
- p:
-
Constant Eq. (8)
- q:
-
Constant Eq. (8)
- T:
-
Temperature (oC)
- t:
-
Time (s)
- V:
-
Volume of the extractor (m3)
- ρ:
-
Density of liquid (kg/m3)
- ω:
-
Angular frequency (rad/s)
- α, β, ψ, φ, δ, γ:
-
Constants
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The authors thank University Malaysia Sabah for supporting this work with a scholarship.
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Krishnaiah, D., Prasad, D.M.R., Sarbatly, R., Bono, A., Anisuzzaman, S.M., Krishnaiah, K. (2013). Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficients in an Ultrasound-Irradiated Extraction of Iota-Carrageenan. In: Pogaku, R., Bono, A., Chu, C. (eds) Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_31
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