Skip to main content

Synthesis for Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Long Island Sound

Abstract

Among the first and most densely settled of estuaries in the United States, Long Island Sound presents a trajectory of change common to many estuarine and coastal ecosystems. The challenges to managing this ecosystem for the future also are mirrored in other coastal systems. Improving management of Long Island Sound requires synthesis and integration of the underlying science. The implications of such insights to the ecosystem, including changes that may be driven by broader climate patterns, must be incorporated into regulatory and management approaches. To demonstrate the utility of this analysis, key advancements in the science of the Long Island Sound ecosystem are summarized. To support integration with management, we present essential elements of the Clean Water Act, providing specific examples of current program policies in synchrony or in conflict with the principles of ecosystem-based management. We then recommend a general framework and specific actions to support ongoing management of Long Island Sound.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abal EG, Bunn SE, Dennison WC (eds) (2005) Healthy watersheds, healthy catchments: making the connection in South East Queensland, Australia. Moreton Bay waterways and catchment Partnership, Brisbane, p 240

    Google Scholar 

  • Albion RG (1939) The rise of New York port, 1815-1860. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, p 485

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen DY (1997) Long Island maps & their makers. Amereon House, Mattituck, p 153

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen T (2002) This fine piece of water: an environmental history of Long Island Sound. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold CL Jr, Gibbons CJ (1996) Impervious surface coverage: the emergence of a key environmental indicator. J Am Plan Assoc 62(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman LJ, Lindsey BD, Brakebill JW, Powars DS (1998) Groundwater discharge and base-flow nitrate loads of nontidal streams, and their relation to a hydrogeomorphic classification of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Middle Atlantic Coast: US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4059, p 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain M, Lodge J, Suszkowski DJ, Botkin D, Brash A, Craft A, Diaz R, Farley K, Gelb Y, Levinton JS, Matuszeski W, Steimle F, Wilber P (2007) Target ecosystem characteristics for the Hudson Raritan Estuary: technical guidance for developing a comprehensive ecosystem restoration plan. A report to the Port Authority of NY/NJ. Hudson River Foundation, New York, NY, p 106

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer C (2012) Physical processes contributing to localized, seasonal hypoxic conditions in the bottom waters of Smithtown Bay, Long Island Sound, New York. Dissertation, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck MW, Brumbaugh RD, Airoldi L, Coen LD, Crawford C, Defeo O, Edgar GJ, Hancock B, Kay M, Lenihan H, Luckenbach MW, Toropova CL, Zhang G, Guo X (2011) Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration and management. Bioscience 61(2):107–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg AF, Pritchard DW (1997) Estimates of transport through the East River, New York. J Geophys Res 120(C3):5685–5703

    Google Scholar 

  • Boesch DF, Burger J, D’Elia CF, Reed DJ, Scavia D (2000) Scientific synthesis in estuarine management. In: Hobbie JE (ed) Estuarine science: a synthetic approach to research and practice. Island Press, Washington DC, pp 507–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokuniewicz H, Tanski JJ (1983) Sediment partitioning at an eroding coastal bluff. Northeast Geol 5(2):73–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman MJ (1976) The tides of the East River, New York. J Geophys Res 81(9):1609–1616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breslin VT, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA (1999) High spatial resolution sampling of metals in the sediment and water column in Port Jefferson Harbor, NY. Estuaries 22(3A):669–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Bricker SB, Clement CG, Pirhalla DE, Orlando SP, Farrow DRG (1999) National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment: effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, p 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Bricker SB, Longstaff B, Dennison W, Jones A, Boicourt K, Wicks C, Woerner J (2007) Effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries: a decade of change. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs 328 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruntland G (ed) (1987) Our common future: the world commission on environment and development. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron WM, Pritchard DW (1963) Estuaries. In: Hill MN (ed) The sea. Wiley, New York, pp 306–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Capriulo GM, Smith G, Troy R, Wikfors G, Pellet J, Yarish C (2002) The planktonic food web structure of a temperate zone estuary, and its alternation due to due to eutrophication. Hydrobiologia 475(476):263–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Central Pine Barrens Joint Planning and Policy Commission (1995) Central Pine Barrens comprehensive land use plan, vol 2: existing conditions. Chapter 4, Hydrology and water quality overview. Central Pine Barrens Joint Planning and Policy Commission, Great River, NY, pp 47–60. http://pb.state.ny.us/cpb_plan_Vol2/Vol2.pdf. Accessed on 10 Jan 2012

  • Clausen JC (2007) Jordan Cove watershed project (2007) Section 319 project final report. http://jordancove.uconn.edu/jordan_cove/publications/final_report.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2011

  • Cloern JE (2001) Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 210:223–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation and New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission (2007) Northeast regional mercury total maximum daily load. NEIWPCC, Lowell, p 97

    Google Scholar 

  • Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2000) A total maximum daily load analysis to achieve water quality standards for dissolved oxygen in Long Island Sound. http://longislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Tmdl.pdf

  • Conover B (1966) USC&GS MARMER, ASU-89, Charming workhorse of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Tidings 1(6):14–17, 38–39 (Tidings Publishing Company, Norwalk, CT)

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland C (1993) Toxic pollutants and the Clean Water Act: current issues. Washington, DC, UNT Digital Library. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs89/. Accessed 24 May 2012

  • Council on Environmental Quality (2010) Final recommendations of the interagency ocean policy taskforce, July 19, 2010. 77 p. http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/OPTF_FinalRecs.pdf. Accessed 28 Sept 2012

  • Crowley H (2005) The seasonal evolution of thermohaline circulation in Long Island Sound. PhD Dissertation, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, p 142

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis MD, Dunbar LE (1985) Water quality analysis of Mumford Cove final report: model development and waste load allocation. University of Connecticut, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Water Compliance Unit, Storrs, p 55

    Google Scholar 

  • Dame RF, Zingmark RG, Haskin E (1984) Oyster reefs as processors of estuarine materials. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 83:239–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dana JD (1870) Origin of some of the topographic features of the New Haven region. 671 Trans Conn Acad Sci II:42–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana JD (1890) Long Island Sound in the Quaternary Era, with observations on the submarine Hudson River channel. Am J Sci 40(Third Series):425–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies DS, Axelrod EW, O’Connor JS (1973) Erosion of the north shore of Long Island. Tech Report Series 18. Marine Sciences Research Center, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, p 97

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennison WC, Thomas JE, Cain CJ, Carruthers TJB, Hall MR, Jesien RV, Wazniak, CE, Wilson DE (2009) Shifting sands: environmental and cultural change in Maryland’s coastal bays. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Integration and Application Network Press, Cambridge, p 396

    Google Scholar 

  • Desbonnet A, Costa-Pierce BA (eds) (2008) Science for ecosystem-based management: Narragansett Bay in the 21st century. Springer series on environmental management. Springer, New York, p 570

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickens C (1985) American notes. St Martins Press, New York, p 232

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz ME, Clausen J (2008) Stormwater runoff and export changes with development in a traditional and low impact subdivision. J Environ Manage 87:560–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer G, Niering W (eds) (1995) Tidal marshes of Long Island Sound. Ecology, history and restoration. Conn Coll Arboretum Bull 35: p 73

    Google Scholar 

  • Duarte CM, Conley DJ, Carstensen J, Sanchez-Camacho J (2009) Return to “neverland”: shifting baselines affect eutrophication restoration targets. Estuar Coasts 32:29–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy TA, McElroy AE, Conover DO (2009) Variable susceptibility and response to estrogenic chemicals in Menidia menidia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 380:245–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Executive Order 13547. Stewardship of the ocean, our coasts, and the Great Lakes (2010). http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/2010stewardship-eo.pdf Accessed 18 Feb 2011

  • Fenster MS, Fitzgerald DM, Moore MS (2006) Assessing decadal-scale changes to a giant sand wave field in eastern Long Island Sound. Geology 34(2):89–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleishman E, Blockstein DE, Hall JA et al (2011) Top 40 priorities for science to inform US conservation and management policy. Bioscience 61(4):290–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Focazio MJ, Plummer LN, Böhlke JK, Busenburg E, Bachman LJ, Powars DS (1998) Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of groundwater in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water quality data from a survey of springs: US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4225, p 75

    Google Scholar 

  • French D, Harlin MM, Gundlach E, Pratt S, Rines H, Jayko K, Turner C, Puckett S (1989) Mumford Cove water quality: 1988 monitoring study and assessment of historical trends. Applied Science Associates, Narragansett, p 126

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller ML (1914) The geology of Long Island, New York. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 82: p 231

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulweiler RW, Nixon SW, Buckley BA (2010) Spatial and temporal variability of benthic oxygen demand and nutrient regeneration in an anthropogenically impacted New England estuary. Estuar Coasts 33(6):1377–1390. doi:10.1007/s12237-009-9260-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Germano JD, Rhoads DC, Valente RM, Carey D, Solan M (2011) The use of Sediment Profile Imaging (SPI) for environmental impact assessments and monitoring studies: lessons learned from the past four decades. Oceanog Mar Biol Ann Rev 5110(49):247–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilluly J, Water AC, Woodford AO (1959) Principles of geology, 2nd edn. WH Freeman and Company, San Francisco p 534

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobler CJ, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Buck NJ, Sieracki ME (2006) Nitrogen and silicon limitation of phytoplankton communities across an urban estuary: the East River-Long Island Sound system. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 68:127–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschall K, Pacileo D (2010) Long Island Sound trawl survey. In: A study of marine recreational fisheries in Connecticut, Job 2.1. Federal aid in sport fish restoration grant F-54-R-29, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwynne P (1975) The cooling world. Newsweek, 28 April, p 64

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson L, Boulion VV (2003) A general dynamic model to predict biomass and productivity of phytoplankton in lakes. Ecol Model 165:285–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen DV, Rattray M Jr (1966) New dimensions in estuary classification. Limnol Oceanogr XI(3):319–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao Y, Wilson RE (2007) Modeling the spatial patterns of residence time in Long Island Sound. Final report to the LIS STAC Graduate Fellowship Program. Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, p 16

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardin G (1993) Living within limits. Oxford University Press, New York p 339

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris E (1959) The nitrogen cycle in Long Island Sound. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 17(1):31–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkins GA, Dudley RW, Huntington TG (2003) Changes in the timing of high river flows in New England over the 20th century. J Hydrol 278:242–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth RW, Marino R (2006) Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over 3 decades. Limnol Oceanogr 51:364–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth RW, Swaney DP, Butler TJ, Marino R (2000) Climatic control on eutrophication of the Hudson River Estuary. Rapid Communication. Ecosystems 3:210–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell P, Auster PS (2012) Phase shift in an estuarine finfish community associated with warming temperatures. Mar Coast Fish : Dyn Manage 4(1):484–485

    Google Scholar 

  • HydroQual, Inc (1996) Water quality modeling analysis of hypoxia in Long Island Sound using LIS3.0. Report prepared for the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission and the Management Committee of the Long Island Sound Estuary Study

    Google Scholar 

  • HydroQual, Inc (1999) Newtown creek WPCP Project East River Water Quality Plan, Task 10.0—Systemwide Eutrophication Model (SWEM), subtasks 10.1–10.7. Reports prepared under contract to Greeley and Hansen for the City of New York Department of Environmental Protection

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JBC, Kirby MX, Berger WH, Bjorndal KA, Botsford LW, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke R, Erlandson J, Estes JA, Hughes TP, Kidwell S, Lange CB, Lenihan HS, Pandolfi JM, Peterson CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner RR (2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp WM, Boynton WR, Adolf JE, Boesch DF, Boicourt WC, Brusch G, Cornwell JC, Fisher TR, Glibert PM, Hagy JD, Harding LW, Houde ED, Kimmel DG, Miller WD, Newell REE, Roman MR, Smith EM, Stevenson JC (2005) Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 303:1–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp WM, Testa JM, Conley DJ, Gilbert D, Hagy JD (2009) Temporal responses of coastal hypoxia to nutrient loading and physical controls. Biogeosciences 6:2985–3008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbrough KL, Johnson WE, Lauenstein GG, Christensen JD, Apeti DA (2009) An assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and bivalves of the US coastal zone. Silver Spring, MD, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 94, p 87

    Google Scholar 

  • King S, Miller P, Goldberg T, Graham J, Hochbunn S, Weinert A, Wilcox M (2008) Reducing mercury in the northeast United States. EM Mag AirWaste Manage Assoc May 2008:9–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Klawonn MJ (1977) Cradle of the corps. US Army Corps of Engineers, New York, p 310

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauss JA (1997) Introduction to physical oceanography, 2nd edn. Waveland Press, Long Grove p 309

    Google Scholar 

  • Knebel, HJ, Lewis RS, Varekamp JC (eds) (2000) Regional processes, conditions and characteristics of the Long Island Sound sea floor. J Coast Res 16(3):519–662

    Google Scholar 

  • Knebel HJ, Poppe LJ (2000) Sea-floor environments within Long Island Sound: a regional overview. J Coast Res 16(3):553–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Koppelman LE, Weyl PK, Gross MG, Davies DS (1976) The Urban Sea: Long Island Sound. Praeger Spec Stud p 223

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalsick T (2012) Growing degree days, soil temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County. http://ccesuffolk.org/growing_degree_days_soil_temperature_precipitation_andevapotranspiration_rates_reports. Accessed 10 Jan 10 2012

  • Krug WR, Gebert WA, Graczyk DJ, Stevens DL, Rochelle BP, Church MR (1990) Map of mean annual runoff for northeastern, southeastern, and mid-Atlantic water years 1951–1980. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations WRI Report 88-4094, p 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer H, Baclaski B (2012) Alkylphenols affect lobster (Homarus americanus) larval survival, molting and metamorphosis. Inv Reprod Dev 56:66–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Lacheur EA, Sammons JC (1932) Tides and currents in Long Island and Block Island Sounds. Special publication 174. Coast and Geodetic Survey. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, p 184

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinton JS, Waldman JR (eds) (2006) The Hudson River estuary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 471

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis MW Jr, Wurtsbaugh WA, Paerl HW (2011) Rationale for control of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus to reduce eutrophication of inland waters. Environ Sci Technol 45:10300–10305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limburg KE, Moran MA, McDowell WH (1986) The Hudson River ecosystem. Springer, New York, p 331

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Long Island Sound Study (1994) The comprehensive conservation and management plan for Long Island Sound. 168 pp. http://longislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/management_plan.pdf

  • Long Island Sound Study (2010) Sound Health: status and trends in the health of Long Island Sound. 16 pp. http://longislandsoundstudy.net/2010/12/sound-health-2010/

  • Lotze JK, Lenihan Bourque HS, Bradbury BJ, Cooke RH, Cooke RG, Kay MC, Kidwell SM, Kirby MX, Peterson CH, Jackson JBC (2006) Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312:1806–1809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmer HA (1926) The Tide. D. Appleton and Company, New York, p 282

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod KL, Lubchenko J, Palumbi SR, Rosenberg AA (2005) Scientific consensus statement on marine ecosystem-based management. http://www.compassonline.org/sites/all/files/document_files/EBM_Consensus_Statement_v12.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2011

  • Mecray EL, Buchholtz ten Brink MR (2000) Contaminant distribution and accumulation in the surface sediments of Long Island Sound. J Coast Res 16(3):575–590

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitch AA, Anisfeld SC (2010) Contaminants in Long Island Sound: data synthesis and analysis. Estuar Coast 33:609–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullaney JR (2007) Nutrient loads and ground-water residence times in an agricultural basin in north-central Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5278, p 45

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullaney JR, Schwarz GE, Trench ECT (2002) Estimation of nitrogen yields and loads from basins draining to Long Island Sound, 1988–1998: US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4044, p 84

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullaney JR, Lorenz DL, Arntson AD (2009) Chloride in groundwater and surface water in areas underlain by the glacial aquifer system, northern United States. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5086, p 41

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (2011) Achieving nutrient and sediment reduction goals in the Chesapeake Bay: an evaluation of program strategies and implementation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. ISBN 978-0-309-21079-9

    Google Scholar 

  • NEIWPCC, NESCAUM and NEWMOA (2007) Northeast states succeed in reducing mercury in the environment. New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management and Northeast Waste Management Officials’ Association. Fact Sheet, 2 p

    Google Scholar 

  • NESCAUM (2008) Sources of mercury deposition in the northeastern United States. Northeast states for coordinated air use management, Boston, p 75

    Google Scholar 

  • New York Ocean and Great Lakes Ecosystem Conservation Act (2006) Environmental Conservation Law. Article 14. http://www.oglecc.ny.gov/media/ECL_Article%2014.pdf. Accessed 22 March 2012

  • Newell RIE (2004) Ecosystem influences of natural and cultivated populations of suspension-feeding bivalve mollusks: a review. J Shellfish Res 23:51–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon SW, Fulweiler RW, Buckley BA, Granger SL, Nowicki BL, Henry KM (2009) The impact of changing climate on phenology, productivity, and benthic-pelagic coupling in Narragansett Bay. Estuar, Coast, Shelf Sci 82:1–18. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2008.12.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall MA, Jordaan A, Cerrato RM, Frisk MG (2011) Identifying 120 years of decline in ecosystem structure and maturity of Great South Bay, New York using the Ecopath modelling approach. Ecol Model 222:3335–3345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NYCDEC (2010) New York Harbor survey program. Celebrating 100 years. 1909–2009. New York City Department of Environmental Protection, New York, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor TP (1996) Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected from the US coast from 1986 to 1993. Mar Environ Res 41(2):183–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor TP, Lauenstein GG (2006) Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US coast: update to 2003. Mar Environ Res 62:261–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell J, Dam HG, McCardle GM, Fake T (2010a) Final report: simulation of Long Island Sounds with the Systemwide Eutrophication Model (SWEM)—inter-annual variability and sensitivity. http://longislandsoundstudy.net/wpcontent/uploads/2010/02/LI97127101Final-ReportV2.pdf

  • O’Donnell J, Morrison J, Mullaney J (2010b) The expansion of the Long Island Sound Integrated Coastal Observing System (LISICOS) to the Connecticut River in support of understanding climate change. Final Report to the CTDEP, LIS License Plate Fund

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker CA, O’Reilly JE (1991) Oxygen depletion in Long Island Sound: a historical perspective. Estuaries 14(3):248–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce J, Balcom N (2005) The 1999 Long Island Sound lobster mortality event: findings of the comprehensive research initiative. J Shellfish Res 24(3):691–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrino P, Hubbard W (1983) Baseline shellfish data for the assessment of potential environmental impacts associated with energy activities in Connecticut’s coastal zone, vols I and II. Report to the State of Connecticut, Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture Division, Hartford, CT, p 177

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson CH, Grabowski JH, Powers SP (2003) Estimated enhancement of fish production resulting from restoring oyster reef habitat: quantitative valuation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 264:249–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pew Oceans Commission (2003) America’s living oceans: charting a course for sea change. A report to the Nation. Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, Virginia, www.pewoceans.org

  • Piazza BP, Banks PD, La Peyre MK (2005) The potential for created oyster shell reefs as a sustainable shoreline protection strategy in Louisiana. Restor Ecol 13:499–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranheim R, Bokuniewicz H (1991) Observations and temperature, conductivity and suspended sediment concentrations in Long Island Sound, 1990. Special data report #7, Reference #91-03, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid RN, Frame AB, Draxler AF (1979) Environmental baselines in Long Island Sound, 1972–1973. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Technical Report SSRF-738, p 31

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads DC, Germano JD (1982) Characterization of organism-sediment relations using sediment profile imaging: an efficient method of remote ecological monitoring of the seafloor (REMOTS) system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 8:115–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads DC, McCall PL, Yingst JY (1978) Disturbance and production on the estuarine seafloor. Am Sci 66:577–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards SW (1963) The demersal fish population of Long Island Sound. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 19(2):5–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards SW, Riley GA (1967) The benthic epifauna of Long Island Sound. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 19(2):89–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley GA (1941) Plankton studies, III. Long Island Sound. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 7:1–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley GA (1952) Hydrography of the Long Island and Block Island Sounds. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 13(3):5–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley GA (1956) Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1952-1954. IX. Production and utilization of organic matter. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 15:324–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley GA (1967a) Transport and mixing processes in Long Island Sound. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 19(2):35–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley GA (1967b) Mathematical model of nutrient conditions in coastal waters. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 19(2):72–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley GA, Conover SM (1967) Phytoplankton of Long Island Sound, 1954-1955. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 19(2):5–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg AA, Mcleod KL (2005) Implementing ecosystem-based management approaches to management for the conservation of ecosystem services. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 300:241–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sallenger AH, Doran KS, Howd PA (2012) Hotspot of accelerated seal-level rise on the Atlantic Coast of North America. Nature Climate Change, 5 pp www.nature.com/natureclimatechange.

  • Sanudo-Wilhelmy SA, Flegal AR (1992) Anthropogenic silver in the Southern California Bight: a new tracer of sewage in coastal waters. Environ Sci Technol 26:2147–2151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel S, Benyi S, Strobel C (1999) An assessment of the ecological condition of Long Island Sound, 1990–1993. Environ Monitor Assess 56:27–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider CW, Suyemoto M, Yarish C (1979) An annotated checklist of Connecticut seaweeds. Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, p 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Scorca MP, Monti J (2001) Estimates of nitrogen loads entering Long Island Sound from ground water and streams on Long Island, New York, 1985–1996. US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 00-4196, p 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabman L, Reckhow K, Beck MB, Benaman J, Chapra S, Freedman P, Nellor M, Rudek J, Schwer D, Stiles T, Stow C (2007) Adaptive implementation of water quality improvement plans: opportunities and challenges. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Report #NI-R-07-03. Duke University, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalowitz AL (1964) Shore and sea boundaries, vol 2. US Coast and Geodetic Survey. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 749 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard FP, Wanless HR (1971) Our changing coastlines. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p 579

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner LC, Kane MW, Gottschall K, Simpson DA (2009) Chemical residue concentrations in four species of fish and the American lobsters from Long Island Sound, Connecticut and New York 2006 and 2007. Report to the Environmental Protection Agency

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss BH, Ziemlinski R, Weiss JL, Overpeck JT (2012) Tidally adjusted estimates of topographic vulnerability to sea level rise and flooding for the contiguous United States. Environ Res Lett 7(2012):014033, p 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Suffolk County (2010) Draft Suffolk County comprehensive water resources management plan. Submitted to Suffolk County by Camp Dresser & McKee. http://www.suffolkcountyny.gov/Departments/HealthServices/EnvironmentalQuality/WaterResources/ComprehensiveWaterResourcesManagementPlan.aspx. Accessed 31 July 2012

  • Swanson RL (1989) Is Long Island an island? Long Island Hist J 2(1):118–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson RL, Bowman M (in preparation) Between Stony Brook Harbor tides. State University of New York Press, Stony Brook

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson RL, Wilson RE (2005) Stony Brook Harbor hydrographic study. MSRC Special Report #128. Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson RL, Parker CA, Meyer MC, Champ MA (1982) Is the East River a river or Long Island an island? NOAA Technical Report NOS 93. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, p 23

    Google Scholar 

  • Tebaldi C, Strauss BH, Zervas CE (2012) Modelling sea level rise impacts on storm surges along US coasts. Environ Res Letts

    Google Scholar 

  • Testa JM, Kemp WM (2012) Hypoxia-induced shifts in nitrogen and P cycling in Chesapeake Bay. Limnol Oceanogr 57(3):835–850. doi:10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson BF (1849 edition) History of Long Island from its discovery and settlement to the present time, vol 1. Ira J Friendman, Inc, Port Washington (reprinted 1862), p 538

    Google Scholar 

  • Union of Concerned Scientists (2007) New York confronting climate change in the US Northeast. www.climatechoices.org. Accessed 19 July 2011

  • US Coast and Geodetic Survey (Undated-a) Hydrographic index No 63 A. Long Island Sound and Vicinity, pp 1834–1836

    Google Scholar 

  • US Coast and Geodetic Survey (Undated-b) Hydrographic index No 63 B. Long Island Sound and Vicinity, p 1837

    Google Scholar 

  • US Coast and Geodetic Survey. (Undated-c) Topographic index No 4A. Long Island Sound and Vicinity, pp 1834–1845

    Google Scholar 

  • US Commission on Ocean Policy (2004) An ocean blueprint for the 21st century. Final report to the President and Congress. Washington, DC, ISBN:#0–9759462–0–X

    Google Scholar 

  • US Geological Survey (2011) USGS surface-water monthly statistics for the nation, USGS 01358000 Hudson River at Green Island NY. http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/monthly/?Referred-module=sweamp;site_…amp;rdb-compression=fileeamp;submitted_form=parameter_selection_list. Accessed 5 March 2012

  • USEPA (2000) Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for dissolved oxygen (saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. Environmental Protection Agency, p 49

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2004) National coastal condition report II. EPA-620/R-03/002. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, p 286

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2007) National Estuary Program Coastal Condition Report. EPA-842/B-06/001. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, p 445

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2008) Superfund environmental indicators guidance. Human exposure revisions. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, p 80

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2010) Toxics release inventory. http://www.epa.gov/tri/tridata/tri10/nationalanalysis/tri-lae-long-island.html

  • USEPA (2011a) 2010 toxic release inventory national analysis overview. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC p 34

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2011b) RCRA orientation manual 2011. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. EPA530-F-11.003. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, p 241

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2012) Identifying and protecting healthy watersheds. Concepts, assessments and management approaches. EPA 841-B-11-002. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, p 296

    Google Scholar 

  • Varekamp, JC, Mecray EL, Zierzow T (2005) Once spilled, still found: Metal contamination in Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediment from historic industries. In: Whitelaw DM, Visiglione GR (eds) Our changing coasts. E. Elgar Publishers, Chapter 9, pp 122–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Varekamp JC, Thomas E, Altabet M, Cooper S, Brinkhuis H, Sangiorgi F, Donders T, Buchholtz ten Brink M (2010) Environmental change in Long Island Sound in the recent past: eutrophication and climate change. Final Report, LISRF grant #CWF 334-R 6535 (FRS #525156), 54 pp. http://www.wesleyan.edu/ees/JCV/LobstersReportfinal.pdf6536

  • Vaudrey JMP, Yarish C (2010) Comparative analysis of eutrophic condition and habitat status in Connecticut and New York embayments of Long Island Sound. CT Sea Grant, and NY Sea Grant, Project number R/CE-32-CTNY

    Google Scholar 

  • Veatch AC (1906) Underground water resources of Long Island, New York. US Geol 1122 Surv Prof Pap 44:19–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall GR, Nystrom EA, Litton S (2008) Suspended sediment transport in the freshwater reach of the Hudson River estuary in eastern New York. Estuar Coasts 31:542–553. doi:10.1007/s12237-008-9050-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wall CC, Peterson BJ, Gobler CJ (2011) The growth of estuarine resources (Zostera marina, Mercenaria mercenaria, Crassostrea verginica, Argoecten irradians, Cyprinodon variegates) in response to nutrient loading and enhanced suspension feeding by adult shellfish. Estuar Coasts. doi:10.1007/s12237-011-9377-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss HM (1995) Marine animals of Southern New England and New York: identification guide to common nearshore and shallow macrofauna. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Bulletin 115: ISBN 0-942081-06-4

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss HM, Glemboske D, Philips K, Roper P, Rosso A, Sweeney T, Vittarellis A, Wahle L, Weiss J (1995) Plants and animals of Long Island Sound: a documented checklist, bibliography, and computer data base. Project Oceanology, Groton

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh BL, Eller FC (1991) Mechanisms controlling summertime oxygen depletion in Western Long Island Sound. Estuaries 14:265–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerman GS (1987) The juridical bay: its designation and delimitation in international law. Oxford University Press, New York 304 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams J (1962) Oceanography. Little, Brown and Company, Toronto, p 242 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RE, Swanson RL (2005) A perspective on bottom water temperature anomalies in Long Island Sound during the 1999 lobster mortality event. J Shellfish Res 24(3):825–830

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RE, Swanson RL, Crowley HA (2008) Perspectives on long-term variations in hypoxic conditions in western Long Island Sound. J Geophys Res 113:C12011. doi:10.1029/2007JC004693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe DA, Monahan R, Stacey PE, Farrow DRG, Robertson A (1991) Environmental quality of Long Island Sound: assessment and management issues. Estuaries 14:224–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Li X, Crusius J, Jans U, Melcer ME, Zhang P (2007) Persistent chlordane concentrations in Long Island South sediment; implications from chlordane, 210Pb, and 137Cs profiles. Environ Sci Technol 41:7723–7729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zu Ermgassen PSE, Spalding MD, Blake B, Coen LD, Dumbauld B, Geiger S, Grabowski JH, Grizzle R, Luckenbach M, McGraw K, Rodney W, Ruesink JL, Powers SP, Brumbaugh R (2012) Historical ecology with real numbers: past and present extent and biomass of an imperiled estuarine habitat. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2012, vol 279, pp 3393–3400. Accessed 13 June 2012. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0313

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark A. Tedesco .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tedesco, M.A., Swanson, R.L., Stacey, P.E., Latimer, J.S., Yarish, C., Garza, C. (2014). Synthesis for Management. In: Latimer, J., Tedesco, M., Swanson, R., Yarish, C., Stacey, P., Garza, C. (eds) Long Island Sound. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics