Abstract
This chapter builds on existing literature, in particular Robert Barro’s “transitory income and government expenditure” theory, and formulates a model for the countercyclical use of long-term full faith and credit debt by state governments to finance infrastructure. The model incorporates long-term debt into budgetary policy, bringing into consideration debt capacity, purposes and security of debt, as well as equity issues. The proposition is to retire debt in boom years in order to preserve debt capacity and reduce borrowing costs and then incur debt at a lower interest rate in bust years in order to help maintain state government’s service provision and pave the way for recovery. The chapter conducts several empirical tests. First, do states in aggregate use debt pro- or countercyclically? Second, what factors determine the cyclical patterns in states’ use of debt? Third, will the proposed optimal path of debt issue and retirement be applicable? And what may be the effects of this proposition? My results show that overall states do not tend to use debt against the economic cycle; however, I obtain some weak evidence that at least some states have adopted countercyclical debt policies. Finally, I simulate the effects of the proposed optimal debt policy with New York state; calibration shows that such a policy could have rendered the state a much better situation to encounter the Great Recession. Findings and results of this study will provide timely insight into this important issue to scholars and policy makers.
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Notes
- 1.
For a most recent exposition on Fisher’s theory, see Robert Shiller’s 2011 ASSA conference paper.
- 2.
Report of the President’s Commission to Study Capital Budgeting (1999, 19).
- 3.
According to the Bond Buyer website, the average rating of the 20 GO bonds included in the index is Aa2 by the Moody’s and AA by the Standard and Poor’s.
- 4.
By Barro’s calculation, the average annual growth rate of federal government spending was 5.6% from 1890 to 1976.
- 5.
Clingermayer and Wood (1995, note 7) provide detailed reasons of not using bond ratings.
- 6.
New York state comptroller used it in his 1843 annual report.
- 7.
It cannot be ascertained “by whom this term was invented [or] when it was first advanced in application to the policy of financing permanent improvements from current revenues…” (Studensky, 1930, p.19)
- 8.
Connecticut, Montana, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont reported they did not use pay-go for capital financing over the sample period. They are kept in the sample because these states were not legally prohibited from using pay-go financing; they chose not to use pay-go.
- 9.
Nebraska is coded 0 for divided government since it has a nonpartisan unicameral legislature. The exclusion of Nebraska does not significantly affect the empirical results.
- 10.
Debt limits and line-item veto are excluded from the analysis based on fixed-effects models because they are time invariant.
- 11.
The F statistics are 11.164 and 4.807 for models with the two dependent variables, respectively; the null of no first-order autocorrelation is rejected.
- 12.
We tried 1- to 3-year lags and moving averages for the business cycle and economic volatility variables; the results are similar to what is reported here.
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Hou, Y. (2013). Debt as a Countercyclical Fiscal Tool. In: State Government Budget Stabilization. Studies in Public Choice, vol 8. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6061-9_10
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