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Direct Hydrocarbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Fuel Cells

Abstract

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are one of the most promising technologies for future efficient conversion of the chemical energy stored in fuels to electrical energy. One of the primary advantages of SOFCs is the potential to operate with a wide variety of fuels. While H2 is the fuel of choice for most fuel cells, operation with fossil-derived and bio-derived hydrocarbon fuels would bypass the costly requirement of a new H2 infrastructure, and accelerate adoption of fuel cell technology. This is feasible as SOFCs transport oxygen anions from the air electrode (cathode) to the fuel electrode (anode). The primary barrier to the realization of fuel flexible SOFCs is the anode material set. Traditional SOFC anodes are based on Ni composites. While these are very efficient for H2 and CO fuels, Ni catalyzes graphite formation from dry hydrocarbons, leading to rapid degradation of cell performance and possible mechanical failure. This motivates the development of new anode materials and composites. The principle requirements of an anode are oxygen anion conductivity, electronic conductivity, and electrocatalytic activity toward the desired reaction. This entry reviews the primary issues in direct hydrocarbon anode development and discusses the new materials and composites that have been developed to meet this challenge.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Electrical conductivity:

Also referred to as total conductivity. This total conductivity has three components: electronic n-type (electron charge carriers), electronic p-type (electron hole charge carriers), and ionic conductivity.

Electrocatalytic reaction:

Catalyzed reaction that involves charge transfer.

Humidified fuel:

In this text, humidified fuel refers to fuel that has been passed through room temperature water and hence contains 3 mol% H2O.

OCP:

Open Circuit Potential. The potential difference measured between anode and cathode for an SOFC with an open electronic circuit. If the redox reactions occurring at the electrodes are known, the OCP can be predicted using the Nernst equation.

Overpotential:

The decrease in the maximum driving force (OCP), in a working SOFC. This is typically caused by charge transfer processes in the electrodes.

Oxygen stoichiometry:

The oxygen content of a solid oxide material. Most of the materials of interest in this study exhibit variable oxygen stoichiometry as a function of oxygen partial pressure and temperature while maintaining the cation structure.

Polarization resistance:

The electrical resistance of the electrode of an electrochemical device upon polarization.

SOFC:

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. A fuel cell characterized as having a solid oxide electrolyte that separates the air electrode (cathode) from the fuel electrode (anode).

TEC:

Thermal Expansion Coefficient. Sometimes referred to as the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and refers to the total expansion of the lattice cell as a function of temperature. For oxides with variable oxygen stoichiometry, the TEC consists of the thermal expansion and the chemical expansion. The latter is the expansion due to changes in oxygen stoichiometry. In this text it refers to the total expansion.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA

    Michael van den Bossche & Steven McIntosh

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA

    Steven McIntosh

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  1. Michael van den Bossche
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    Klaus-Dieter Kreuer

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van den Bossche, M., McIntosh, S. (2013). Direct Hydrocarbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. In: Kreuer, KD. (eds) Fuel Cells. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5785-5_3

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