Abstract
Dispersion of a medium is provided by a response of the particles composing the medium to an external electromagnetic field applied to the medium. To study the dispersion quantitatively we have to derive macroscopic equations describing averaged electromagnetic fields in the medium.
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Notes
- 1.
This solar helium abundance is somewhat higher than the primordial abundances produced at the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, namely 76% of proton and 24% of helium by mass (roughly 7% by the number density) with only traces of heavier elements (e.g., Rowan-Robinson 2004). We note that even higher abundance of helium and heavier elements can be produced by the nucleosynthesis in star interior or due to electromagnetic separation in nonstationary processes (e.g., solar flares).
- 2.
As is adopted in astronomy we use Roman numbers to indicate the atom ionization state—I for neutral atom, II for singly ionized ion, III for twice-ionized ion, etc.
- 3.
Here, unlike Chap. 1, we use velocity \(\boldsymbol{v}\) as an argument of distribution function f, with normalization condition \(n_{0} =\int f{d}^{\,3}v\).
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Fleishman, G.D., Toptygin, I.N. (2013). Plasma Dispersion: Linear Modes in the Plasma. In: Cosmic Electrodynamics. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 388. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5782-4_3
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