Abstract
It is fairly safe to state that, except for flow through porous media, the environment experiences turbulent flow. To emphasize this point, the constriction of a water flow or airflow that would be required will be considered to have the other option, laminar flow.
This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3
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Abbreviations
- Diffusion:
-
The spreading of fluid constituents through the motion inherent to atoms and molecules.
- Diffusion coefficient:
-
A coefficient that describes the tendency of molecules to spread a constituent mass
- Dirac delta:
-
An impulse of a given quantity (mass) that occurs over an infinitely short time or space.
- Kinematic viscosity:
-
The fluid viscosity divided by the fluid density, resulting in units that are similar to a diffusion coefficient, or length squared per time.
- Laminar flow:
-
Flow that has no turbulent eddies, where the fluid flows in laminas and diffusion creates the mixing of the fluid.
- Prandtl’s mixing length:
-
The mean length that the turbulence in the flow will transport mass, momentum, or energy.
- Reynolds number:
-
The ratio of inertial to viscous forces, resulting in a meaningful velocity times a meaningful distance divided by kinematic viscosity.
- Turbulent diffusion:
-
The mixing of fluids through turbulent eddies created by convection.
- Turbulent diffusion coefficient:
-
A coefficient that comes from the multiplication of two turbulent velocities of the flow, divided by density of the fluid. The coefficient’s location in the mass transport equation is similar to diffusion coefficients, and the units are similar; so it is called a “turbulent diffusion coefficient.”
Bibliography
Primary Literature
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Books and Reviews
Nezu I, Nakagawa H (1993) Turbulence in open channel flow. Balkema, Rotterdam
White FM (1974) Viscous fluid flow. McGraw-Hill, New York
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Gulliver, J.S. (2012). Chemicals in the Environment, Turbulent Transport. In: Gulliver, J. (eds) Transport and Fate of Chemicals in the Environment. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5731-2_5
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