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Remote Sensing Applications to Ocean and Human Health

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Earth System Monitoring

Abstract

Remote sensing is defined here as the acquisition of information about an object without physical contact by way of recording or sensing devices mounted on aircraft, satellites, or simply sited on a high hill or bluff overlooking an area of interest. Ocean and human health is the general field that assesses conditions in the marine environment including estuaries that are relevant to the well-being of living resources and to the use of these resources and seawater by humans for amenities or the sustenance of life.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Attenuation depth:

Attenuation depth is a measure of how far electromagnetic radiation including light can penetrate into a substance. It is the depth at which the intensity of the radiation falls to 1/e (∼37%) of its original value immediately below the surface.

Diffuse attenuation coefficient:

The irradiance at a wavelength λ propagates over a distance (z) as determined by the diffuse attenuation coefficient. In aquatic environments, the diffuse attenuation coefficient is an indicator of the turbidity of the water.

Hyperspectral:

Hyperspectral data are collected by instruments called imaging spectrometers. These sensors are able to collect information from across the electromagnetic spectrum at a fine resolution of bands as narrow as 0.001 or smallerμm over a wide wavelength range, typically at least 0.4–2.4μm.

Irradiance:

Irradiance is a radiometry term for the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area at a surface. Irradiance is used when the electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface, and it has units of watts per square meter (W/m2).

Ocean color:

Ocean color is a general term used in the study of the biological and biogeochemical properties of ocean waters through remote sensing of the reflected and transmitted visible radiation. The “color” of the ocean comes from the interaction between light, water, and substances in the water, particularly phytoplankton (microscopic, free-floating photosynthetic organisms), detritus and inorganic particulates, and colored dissolved matter.

Radiance:

Radiance is a radiometric measure that describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular surface area, contained within a given solid angle in a specified direction. It is used to characterize both emission and reflection from surfaces. The SI unit of radiance is watts per steradian per square meter (W·sr−1·m−2).

Thermal infrared radiation (TIR):

Thermal infrared radiation refers to electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of between 3.5 and 20μm. These waves are used to estimate the temperature of the surface of targets. This is a radiation typically emitted by objects as opposed to visible and short-wave infrared radiation which is part of the spectrum of sunlight reflected by objects.

Turbidity:

Turbidity is the relative clarity of a liquid and is an expression of the optical properties of water that causes light to be scattered and absorbed by particles and molecules rather than transmitted in a straight line through a water sample. It is a function of the concentration of suspended matter or impurities that interfere with the clarity of the water. Turbidity is a common index of water quality.

Visible, near infrared, and short-wave infrared (VIS, NIR, and SWIR):

This broad band of electromagnetic radiation is used in remote sensing of the reflectance of the Earth. Light that is visible to the human eye is visible radiation (VIS) and encompasses a wavelength range from about 380–400 nm to about 760–780 nm. Near-infrared (NIR) radiation encompasses 0.75–1.4μm in wavelength. The short-wave infrared (SWIR) is the wavelength range 1.4–3μm. Together, this region of the spectrum is sometimes known as VSWIR.

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  1. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA

    Frank E. Muller-Karger

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    John Orcutt

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Muller-Karger, F.E. (2013). Remote Sensing Applications to Ocean and Human Health. In: Orcutt, J. (eds) Earth System Monitoring. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5684-1_16

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