Abstract
In this paper, we present the basic idea of optimal control of models with discrete and continuous features. We first consider ordinary differential equation (ODE) models where we emphasize problems which are linear in the control and have discrete values for the optimal control. Three examples with ODEs illustrate how the bang-bang and singular controls could be handled. The first example utilizes a simple model with one ODE. The next two examples use systems of ODEs. One example comes from a mobile robot with one or more steerable drive wheels that steer together. The other example models species augmentation where two populations of the same species are modeled with a target/endangered population and a reserve population. Then we present an extension to an integrodifference model that is discrete in time and continuous in space. This optimal pest control problem is modeled by integrodifference equations and we illustrate how to construct the necessary conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anita, S., Arnăutu, V., and Capasso, V.: An Introduction to Optimal Control Problems in Life Sciences and Economics. Birkhäuser, Basel (2011)
Behncke, H.: Optimal control of deterministic dynamics. Optim. Control Appl. Methods 21, 269–285 (2000)
Betts, J.: Practical Methods for Optimal Control Using Nonlinear Programming. SIAM, Philadelphia (2001)
Blackwood, J., Hastings, A., and Costello, C.: Cost-effective management of invasive species using linear-quadratic control. Ecol. Econ. 69, 519–527 (2010)
Bodine, E. N., Gross, L. J., and Lenhart, S.: Optimal control applied to a model for species augmentation. Math. Biosci. Eng. 4, 669–680 (2008)
Bryson, A. E., Jr, and Ho, Y.-c.: Applied Optimal Control. Ginn, Waltham (1969)
Clayton, T., Duke-Sylvester, S., Gross, L. J., Lenhart, S., and Real, L. A.: Optimal control of a rabies epidemic model with a birth pulse. J. Biol. Dyn. 4, 43–58 (2010).
dePillis, L. G., Gu, W., Fister, K. R., Head, T., Maples, K., Neal, T., Murugan, A., and Yoshida, K.: Chemotherapy for tumors: an analysis of the dynamics and a study of quadratic and linear optimal controls. Math. Biosci. 209, 292–315 (2007)
Epanchin-Neill, R. S., and Hastings, A.: Controlling established invaders: integrating economics and spread dynamics to determine optimal management. Ecol. Lett. 13 (4), 528–541 (2010)
Fleming, W., and Rishel, R.: Deterministic and Stochastic Optimal Controls. Springer, Berlin (1975)
Fister, K. R., and Panetta, J. C.: Optimal control applied to competing chemotherapeutic cell-kill strategies. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 63, 1954–1971 (2003)
Gaff, H., Joshi, H.R., and Lenhart, S.: Optimal harvesting during an invasion of a sublethal plant pathogen. Environ. Dev. Econ. J. 12, 673–686 (2007)
Georgescu, P., Dimitriu, G., and Sinclair, R.: Impulsive control of an integrated pest management model with dispersal between patches. J. Biol. Syst. 18(3), 535–569 (2010)
Hackbusch, W.: A numerical method for solving parabolic equations with opposite orientations. Computing 20, 229–240 (1978)
Hawkins, B. A., and Cornell, H. V.: Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999)
Heinricher, A., Lenhart, S., and Solomon, A.: The application of optimal control methodology to a well-stirred bioreactor. Nat. Resour. Model. 9, 61–80 (1995)
Hof, J., and Bevers, M.: Spatial Optimization in Ecological Applications. Columbia University Press, New York (2002)
Joshi, H. R., Lenhart, S., and Gaff, H.: Optimal harvesting in an integrodifference population model. Optim. Control Appl. Methods 27, 135–157 (2006)
Joshi, H. R., Lenhart, S., Gaff, H., and Lou, H.: Harvesting control in an integrodifference population model with concave growth term. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 3, 417–429 (2007)
Krabs W., and Pickl, S.: Modelling, Analysis and Optimization of Biosystems. Springer, Berlin (2007)
Kern, D. L., Lenhart, S., Miller, R., and Yong, J.: Optimal Control applied to native-invasive population dynamics. J. Biol. Dyn. 1 (4), 379–393 (2007)
Kot, M., and Schaffer, W. M.: Discrete-Time Growth-Dispersal Models. Math. Biosci. 80, 109–136 (1986)
Kot, M.: Discrete-time travelling waves: ecological examples. J. Math. Biol. 30, 413–436 (1992)
Kot, M., Lewis, M. A., and van den Driessche, P.: Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms. Ecology 77, 2027–2042 (1996)
Kot, M. : Elements of Mathematical Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)
Krener, A. J.: The high order maximal principle and it’s application to singular extremals. SIAM J. Control Optim. 15, 256–293 (1977)
Ledzewicz, U., and Schattler, H.: Second order conditions for extremum problems with nonregular equality constraints. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 86, 113–144 (1995)
Ledzewicz, U., Brown, T., and Schattler, H.: A comparison of optimal controls for a model in cancer chemotherapy with L 1- and L 2- type objectives. Optim. Methods Softw. 19, 351–359 (2004)
Lenhart, S., and Workman, J. T.: Optimal Control of Biological Models. Chapman and Hall/CRC Publishers, London/Boca Raton (2007)
Lenhart, S., and Zhong, P.: Investigating the order of events in optimal control of integrodifference equations. In Systems Theory: Modeling, Analysis and Control Proceedings Volume, 89–100 (2009). Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, France
Lewis, M. A., and Van Kirk, R. W.: Integrodifference models for persistence in fragmented habitats. Bull. Math. Biol. 59, 107–137 (1997)
Li, H., and Yong, J.: Optimal Control Theory for Infinite Dimensional Systems. Birkhauser, Boston (1995)
Mesterson-Gibbons, M.: A primer on the Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control Theory. Student Mathematical Library 50, AMS, Providence (2009)
Neubert, M., Kot, M., and Lewis, M. A.: Dispersal and pattern formation in a discrete-time predator-prey model. Theor. Popul. Biol. 48, 7–43 (1995)
Neubert, M.: Marine reserves and optimal harvesting. Ecol. Lett. 6, 843–849 (2003)
Olson, L.: The economics of terrestrial invasive species: a review of the literature. Agric. Resour. Econ. Rev. 35, 178–194 (2006)
Pontryagin, L. S., Boltyanskii, V. G., Gamkrelidze, R. V., and Mishchenko, E. F.: The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes. Wiley, New York (1967)
Railsback, S. F., and Grimm, V.: Agent-based and individual-based modeling: a practical introduction. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2012)
Reister, D. B.: A new wheel control system for the omnidirectional HERMIES-III robot. Robotica 10, 351–360 (1992)
Reister, D. B., and Lenhart, S. M.: Time optimal paths for high-speed maneuvering. Int. J. Robot. Res. 14, 184–194 (1995)
Salinas, R. A., Lenhart, S., and Gross, L. J.: Control of a metapopulation harvesting model for black bears. Nat. Resour. Model. 18, 307–321 (2005)
Sethi, S. P., and Thompson, G. L.: Optimal Control Theory: Applications to Management Science and Economics. Kluwer Academic, Boston, 2nd edn. (2000)
Speyer, J. L., and Jacobson D. H.: Primer on Control Theory. Advances in Design and Control. SIAM, Philadelphia (2010)
Troelzsch, F.: Optimal Control of Partial Differential Equations: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Am. Math. Soc., Providence (2010)
Whittle, A., Lenhart, S., and Gross, L. T.: Optimal control for management of an invasive plant species. Math. Biosci. Eng. 4, 101–112 (2007)
Zhang, T., Meng, X., and Song, Y.: The dynamics of a high-dimensional delayed pest management model with impulsive pesticide input and harvesting prey at different fixed moments. Nonlinear Dyn. 64(1–2), 1–12 (2011)
Acknowledgements
Lenhart’s work is partially supported by the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis funded through the National Science Foundation EF0832858. We would like to thank David Reister and Louis Gross for some assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lenhart, S., Bodine, E., Zhong, P., Joshi, H.R. (2013). Illustrating Optimal Control Applications with Discrete and Continuous Features. In: Melnik, R., Kotsireas, I. (eds) Advances in Applied Mathematics, Modeling, and Computational Science. Fields Institute Communications, vol 66. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5389-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5389-5_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5388-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-5389-5
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)