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Osmoprotectants: Potential for Crop Improvement Under Adverse Conditions

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Plant Acclimation to Environmental Stress

Abstract

Abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, heat, and salinity are major factors that limit plant growth and development and account for a major loss in crop productivity worldwide. Thus, engineering plants for tolerance towards such environmental menaces is the prime concern for crop improvement programs. Engineering osmoprotectants biosynthetic pathway is considered as one among many successful approaches taken for crop improvement under adverse conditions. Osmoprotectants or compatible solutes are thought to act by stabilizing membranes and proteins and maintaining osmotic potential in the cell during stresses. Although not all crop plants are able to synthesize these special molecules, many stress tolerant plants are shown to accumulate them under stress conditions. This group primarily includes proline, glycine betaines, ectoine, trehalose, and polyols. However, many attempts have been made at engineering plant system with genes from biosynthetic pathways of osmoprotectants; these transgenic plants have shown different tolerance levels, because of many metabolic limitations. Thus, a more elaborate and wholesome approach may be required to look past the current scenario. This chapter will encompass the potential role of osmoprotectants in plant stress adaptation and the possibilities for crop improvement.

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Abbreviations

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

M6PI:

Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase

M6PR:

Mannose-6-phosphate reductase

M1PP:

Mannose-1-phosphate phosphatase

MtlD:

Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

GFOR:

Glucose-fructose oxidoreductase

S6PDH:

Sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

NADP:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

S6PP:

Sorbitol-6-phosphate phosphatase

Stpd1 :

Gene encoding sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

MIPS:

myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase

IMP:

Inositol monophosphatase

ABA:

Abscisic acid

PINO1:

Porteresia coarctata inositol-1-phosphate synthase

TPS:

Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase

TPP:

Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase

OtsA :

E. coli gene encoding TPS

OtsB :

E. coli gene encoding TPP

P5CS:

l-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase

P5CR:

l-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase

ProDH:

Proline dehydrogenase

P5C:

l-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate

Put:

Putrescine

Spd:

Spermidine

Spm:

Spermine

ODC:

Ornithine decarboxylase

ADC:

Arginine decarboxylase

CPA:

N-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase

SPDS:

Spermidine synthases

SPMS:

Spermine synthases

SAMDC:

S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase

SMCs:

Small molecule chaperones

DABA:

l-2,4-diaminobutyrate

EctB:

l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid transaminase

EctA:

l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid acetyltransferase

EctC:

Ectoine synthase

CMO:

Choline monooxygenase

BADH:

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

codA :

Gene encoding choline oxidase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India

    Saurabh C. Saxena, Harmeet Kaur, Pooja Verma, Bhanu P. Petla, Venkateswara R. Andugula & Manoj Majee

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  1. Saurabh C. Saxena
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  2. Harmeet Kaur
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  3. Pooja Verma
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  4. Bhanu P. Petla
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  5. Venkateswara R. Andugula
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  6. Manoj Majee
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Correspondence to Manoj Majee .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Engineering & Biotechnology, Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Narendra Tuteja

  2. Engineering & Biotechnology, Plant Molecular Biology Grop, International Centre for Genetic, ICGEB, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India

    Sarvajeet Singh Gill

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Saxena, S.C., Kaur, H., Verma, P., Petla, B.P., Andugula, V.R., Majee, M. (2013). Osmoprotectants: Potential for Crop Improvement Under Adverse Conditions. In: Tuteja, N., Singh Gill, S. (eds) Plant Acclimation to Environmental Stress. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5001-6_9

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