Abstract
Marketing orders (MO) have been a fundamental component of US agricultural policy since the 1937 Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act. They were established to modify the conduct and performance of participants in selected agricultural commodity markets to achieve “orderly marketing.” As of 2011, MO existed for milk and approximately 22 types of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and specialty crops. Commodities regulated by MO share certain economic characteristics, including greater perishability (less storability), price variation and related distributional inequalities and multiple market outlets providing opportunities for price discrimination. MO for fruits, vegetables, nuts, and specialty crops have provisions that focus on grades and standards (including food safety) and volume restrictions (often linked to opportunities for price discrimination). MO for milk focus on minimum price regulation, with emphasis on milk used for fluid purposes. The economic impacts of MO have been examined in numerous studies, often without a strong consensus about how they affect the various forms of economic efficiency, either in general or for specific commodities. Policy options for MO include (a) maintaining current MO, (b) replacing MO with other government marketing programs, (c) modifying MO to keep pace with changes in industry and market characteristics, and (d) elimination of MO with or without a phase-out period. Additional research on MO should focus on the fundamental market parameters (such as relevant elasticities), nonmarket effects of MO (such as impacts on nutrition or health), and the dynamic implications of MO elimination or modification on price discovery, risk management options and use, and organizational arrangements.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Producer allotments are authorized and were used in the case of cranberries in the 2000 and 2001 crop years, but for Florida celery the allotment was nonbinding and the order was suspended in 1995. The marketing order for hops authorized allotments but was terminated in 1987. Currently, only Far West spearmint oil has a functional allotment program. Information on the performance of the FWSO may be found in Balagtas et al. (2006).
References
Aigner DJ, Lovell CAK, Schmidt P (1977) Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models. J Econometrics 5:21–38
Alston JM et al (1993) Restricting flow of almonds to export markets may raise profitsCalifornia. Agriculture 7–10
American Agricultural Economics Association (1986) Federal Milk Marketing Orders: A Review of Research on Their Economic Consequences. AAEA Task Force on Dairy Marketing Orders, Occasional Paper No. 3
Armbruster WJ, Jesse EV (1983) Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Orders. In: Armbruster W J, Henderson D R, Knutson R D (eds) Federal Marking Programs in Agriculture: Issues and Options, Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, IL
Babb EM (1989) Over-Order Payments in Federal Milk Marketing Orders, 1970-87. Food and Resource Economics Department Staff Paper 371, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL
Balagatas JV et al (2006) Cartel Pricing with Entry: the Experience of the Far West Marketing Order for Spearmint. AAEA Annual Meetings, May 2006, Providence, RI
Balagatas JV, Sumner DA (2005) Dissipation of Regulatory Rents: How Milk Marketing Orders Made Milk Producers Worse Off. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Davis
Buxton, BM (1979) Post-Regulation Research: Milk Marketing Order Regulations. Amer J Agric Econ 61:779–786
Byma J, Tauer LW (2010) Exploring the Role of Managerial Ability in Influencing Dairy Farm Efficiency. Agric Res Econ Rev 39:505–516
Cakir M, Balagtas JV (2010) Estimating the Market Power of U. S. Dairy Cooperatives in the Fluid Milk Market. Unpublished manuscript, Purdue University
California Department of Food and Agriculture (2007) California and Federal Milk Marketing Orders: A Comparison. Dairy Marketing Branch DMB-SP-104, CDFA, May
Carman HF, Pick D (1988) Marketing California-Arizona Lemons without Marketing Order Shipment Controls. Agribusiness 4:245–259
Chalfant JA, Sexton RJ (2002) Markeing Orders, Grading Errors, and Price Discrimination. Am J Agric Econ 84:53–66
Chambers JV (1998) A Review of the US Grade A Milk Supply, Its Quality, Marketing and Pricing. Int J Dairy Tech 51:108–112
Chouinard HH, Davis DE, LaFrance JT, Perloff JM (2010) Milk Marketing Order Winners and Losers. App Econ Perspec Pol 32:59–76
Cox TL, Chavas JP (2001) An Interregional Analysis of Price Discrimination and Domestic Policy Reform in the U. S. Dairy Sector. Am J Agric Econ 83:89–106
Cox TL, Jesse EV (1995) Regional Effects of Selected Dairy Policy Options: Dairy IRCM Simulations. Marketing and Policy Briefing Paper No. 52, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Cropp B (2003) Dairy Cooperatives and Federal Milk Marketing Orders. 10th Annual Workshop for Dairy Economists and Policy Analysts, Memphis, TN.
Davis CG, Dong D, Blayney DP, Owens A (2010) An Analysis of U.S. Household Dairy Demand. Economic Research Service, USDA
Day L (May 15, 2007) Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, House Committee on Agriculture
Doyon MA (2001) The Effect of Elimination of Federal Milk Marketing Orders on Farm-level Markets: a Laboratory Experiment. Can J Agric Econ 49:353–374
Erba EM, Novakovic AM (1995) The Evolution of Milk Pricing and Government Intervention in Dairy Markets. Department of Agricultural, Resource and Managerial Economics Extension Bulletin 95–05, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Farris PL (1960) Uniform Grades and Standards, Product Differentiation and Product Development. J Farm Econ 42:854–863
Federal Register (March 22, 2010), Marketing Order Regulating the Handling of Spearmint Oil Produced in the Far West; Salable Quantities and Allotment Percentages for the 2010–2011 Marketing Year. Doc 75 13445
Filson D, Keen E, Fruits E, Borcherding T (2001) Market Power and Cartel Formation Theory and An Empirical Test. J LawEcon 44:465–480
Forest HL (December 4, 1975) Remarks, at Conference on Milk Prices and the Market System. Community Nutrition Institute, Washington, DC
French BC (1988) Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Orders in the United States, 1937 – 1997, A Review. Acta Horiculturae 223 University of California, Davis
French, BC, Matthews JL (1971) A Supply Response Model for Perennial Crops. Am J Agric Econ 53: 478–490
French BC, Nuckton CF (1991) An Empirical Analysis of Economic Performance under the Marketing Order for Raisins. Am J Agric Econ 73:581–593
Gattuso, JL (1985) The High Cost and Low Returns of Farm Marketing Orders. The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder #462, Washington, DC
Gray R, Sumner D, Alston J, Brunke H, Acquaye AKA (2005) “Economic Consequences of Mandated Grading and Food Safety Assurance: Ex Ante Analysis of the Federal Marketing Order for California Pistachios.” University of California, Giannini Foundation Monograph, 46, Davis, CA
Green, R (1999) Demand for California Agricultural Commodities, Update. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. University of California, Davis
Hailu G, Goddard E, Jeffrey S (2005). Measuring Efficiency in Fruit and Vegetable Cooperatives with Heterogenous Technologies in Canada, AAEA Annual Meeting Selected Paper, Providence, RI
Hammond J, Brooks K (1985) Federal Price Programs for the American Dairy Industry—Issues and Alternatives. Food and Agriculture Committee and the National Planning Association, FAC Report #4; NPA Report #214, Washington, DC
Hosken D, O’Brien D, Scheffman D, Vita M (2002) Demand System Estimation and its Application To Horizontal Merger Analysis. In Harkrider J(ed.), “The Use of Econometrics in Antitrust,” American Bar Association Section on Antitrust, Washington, DC
Ippolito RA, Masson RT (1978) The Social Cost of Government Regulation of Milk. J L Econ 21:33–65
Iraizoz B, Rapun M, Zabelata I (2003) Assessing the technical efficiency of horticultural production in Navarra, Spain. Agric Sys 78: 387–403
Jesse EV, Johnson AC Jr. (1981) Effectiveness of Federal Marketing Orders for Fruits and Vegetables, Economics and Statistics Service, Ag. Econ. Rept. 471, USDA.
Jesse E, Cropp B (2004a) Federal Milk Marketing Order Pooling, Depooling, and Distant Pooling: Issues and Impacts. Department of Agricultural Economics Marketing and Policy Briefing Paper 85, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
Jesse E, Cropp B (2004b) Federal Milk Marketing Order Reform (Continued). Department of Agricultural Economics Marketing and Policy Briefing Paper 73, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
Jesse EV (2004) How Have Federal Milk Marketing Order Product Price Formulas Affected Milk Prices? Department of Agricultural Economics Marketing and Policy Briefing Paper 86, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
Kaiser HM, Liu DJ, Consignado T (2005) An Economic Analysis of California Raisin Export Promotion. In The Economics of Commodity Promotion Programs: Lessons from California, eds. Kaiser HM, Alston JM, Crespi JM, Sexton R J Peter Lang Publishing, New York, NY 209–24
Keeling JJ, Andersen MA (2004) Welfare Analysis and Policy Recommendations for the California Raisin Marketing Order. American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting Selected Paper, Denver, CO
Maynard LJ (2000) Do Consumers Value Stable Prices? J Agribus 18:155–172
Neff SA, Plato GE (1995) Federal Marketing Orders and Federal Research and Promotion Programs: Background for 1995 Farm Legislation. USDA, Economic Research Service AER 707
Nicholson CF, Stephenson MW (2010a) Analysis of Proposed Programs to Mitigate Price Volatility in the U.S. Dairy Industry. Project report for consortium of dairy industry organizations administered by the Milk Producers Council. Available at: http://dairy.wisc.com (accessed February 2, 2012)
Nicholson CF, Stephenson MW (2010b) Spatial Normative Values of U.S. Farm Milk in 2006. Report to Dairy Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA
Novakovic AM (1995) Discussion of Eliminating Federal Milk Marketing Orders. Testimony presented to the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy and Poultry, Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC
Novakovic AM (2004) Do Federal Orders Still Help Dairy Farmers? Hoard’s Dairyman, p. 391
Novakovic AM Boynton RD (1984) Do Changes in Farmer-First Handler Exchange Eliminate the Need for Government Intervention? Amer J Agric Econ 66:769–775
Padberg DI, Hall C (1995) The Economic Rationale for Marketing Orders, San Joaquin Agric Law Rev 73
Pagel EJ (2005) Dynamic patterns of change in structure under different support policy regimes: an examination of U.S. dairy farming. M.S. thesis, Cornell University
Powers NJ (1991) Effects of Marketing Order Prorate Suspensions on California-Arizona Navel Oranges, Agribus 7:203–229
Rausser GC, Perloff JM, Zusman P (1987) The Food Marketing System: The Relevance of Economic Efficiency Measures. In Economic Efficiency in Agricultural and Food Marketing, R.L. Kilmer and W.J. Armbruster, eds. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA
Rausser GC, Perloff J, Zusman P (1985) The Food Marketing System: The Relevance of Economic Efficiency Measures., Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics Working Paper No. 369 University of California, Berkeley, CA
Reed AJ, Clark JS (2000) Structural Change and Competition in Seven U. S. Food Markets. Economic Research Service Tech Bull 1881, USDA
Saitone TL, Sexton RJ (2010) Impacts of Minimum Quality Standards Imposed Through Marketing Orders or Related Producer Organizations. Amer J Agric Econ 92:176
Schiek WA (1994) Regional Impacts of Federal Milk Marketing Order Policy Alternatives. Agric Res Econ Rev 23:207–217
Shonkwiler JS Pagoulatos E (1980) A Model of Weekly Price Discovery for Florida Celery. S J Agric Econ 12:113–18
Stephenson MW (2003) Dairy Programs and the Assumption of Competitive Equilibrium. 10th Annual Workshop for Dairy Economists and Policy Analysts, Memphis, TN
Sumner DA (1999) Domestic Price Regulations and Trade Policy: Milk Marketing Orders in the United States. Can J Agric Econ 47:5–16
Tauer LW, Belbase K (1987) Technical Efficiency of New York Dairy Farms. NE J Agri Econ 16:10–16
Taylor MR (July 29, 2009) “The Safety of Fresh Produce”, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Domestic Policy, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives
Taylor TG, Kilmer RL (1988) An Analysis of Market Structure and Pricing in the Florida Celery Industry. S J Agric Econ 20:35–43
Thompson GD, Lyon CC (1989) Marketing Order Impacts on Farm-Retail Price Spreads: The Suspension of Prorates on California-Arizona Navel Oranges. Am J Agric Econ 71:647–660
Thraen C (2003) Milk and Dairy Product Price Risk Management in a Non-Federal Milk Market Order Environment: A Concept Paper. 10th Annual Workshop for Dairy Economists and Policy Analysts, Memphis, TN
Townshend-Zellner N (1961) The Effect of Marketing Orders on Market Structures and Some Consequent Market Developments. J Farm Econ 43:1369
United States General Accounting Office (1985) The Role of Marketing Orders in Establishing and Maintaining Orderly Marketing Conditions. GAO/FCED-85-57
USDA (2010) “Report to Congress: Specialty Crop Report” Federal Crop Insurance Commission.
USDA (2008) “USDA Announces Final Rule to Establish a Dairy Forward Pricing Program.” Program Announcement, October 31, 2008. Agricultural Marketing Service Release 128–08
USDA (1982) “Guidelines For Fruit, Vegetable and Specialty Crop Marketing Orders.” January 25, 1982. Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA. Available at: http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=TemplateN&navID=LinktoCurrentFruitandVegetableMarketingOrders&rightNav1=LinktoCurrentFruitandVegetableMarketingOrders&topNav=&leftNav=&page=FVMarketingOrderIndex&resultType=&acct=fvmktord (accessed September 2, 2010)
USDA (1981) A Review of Federal Marketing Orders for Fruits, Vegetables and Specialty crops: Economic Efficiency and Welfare Implications. Agricultural Marketing ServiceAgric Econ Rep 477
Vassilos RA, McCalla AF (2009) “The Role of Regional Trade Agreements in Trade Liberalization.” University of California, Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Resource Economics UPDATE 12 4. Davis, CA
Weldon RN, VanSickle JJ (2002) The Expected Cost of an Income Support Program for Processing Oranges. International Agricultural Trade and Policy Center, University of Florida Policy Brief 01-5, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainsville, FL
Zepp G, Powers N (1990) Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Orders. National Food Rev. Economic Research Service, USDA
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paggi, M., Nicholson, C.F. (2013). Federal and State Marketing Orders. In: Armbruster, W., Knutson, R. (eds) US Programs Affecting Food and Agricultural Marketing. Natural Resource Management and Policy, vol 38. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4930-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4930-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4929-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4930-0
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)