Abstract
With improvements in medical care, individuals are living longer than any time in human history. However, with age comes increasing susceptibility to a cadre of age-related illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. While chronological age remains the best predictor of disease onset, the rates at which these diseases befall aged individuals vary. Accordingly, a deeper understanding of factors that contribute to “biological aging” may illuminate novel therapeutic interventions with broad public benefit. In this regard, there is growing interest in the influence of obesity on the aging process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abramson JL, Vaccarino V (2002) Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US adults. Arch Intern Med 162(11):1286–1292
Adam TC, Epel ES (2007) Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiol Behav 91(4):449–458
Akiyama M, Yamada O, Hideshima T, Yanagisawa T, Yokoi K, Fujisawa K et al (2004) TNFalpha induces rapid activation and nuclear translocation of telomerase in human lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 316(2):528–532
Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Alfadda A, Bamakhramah A, Sabico S et al (2010) Adiposity and insulin resistance correlate with telomere length in middle-aged Arabs: the influence of circulating adiponectin. Eur J Endocrinol 163(4):601–607
Alavian SM, Tabatabaei SV (2010) The effect of diabetes mellitus on immunological response to hepatitis B virus vaccine in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of current literature. Vaccine 28(22):3773–3777
Allman D, Miller JP (2005) B cell development and receptor diversity during aging. Curr Opin Immunol 17(5):463–467
Averhoff F, Mahoney F, Coleman P, Schatz G, Hurwitz E, Margolis H (1998) Immunogenicity of hepatitis B Vaccines. Implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Prev Med 15(1):1–8
Aviv A, Chen W, Gardner JP, Kimura M, Brimacombe M, Cao X et al (2009) Leukocyte telomere dynamics: longitudinal findings among young adults in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 169(3):323–329
Aviv A, Valdes A, Gardner JP, Swaminathan R, Kimura M, Spector TD (2006) Menopause modifies the association of leukocyte telomere length with insulin resistance and inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(2):635–640
Balistreri CR, Caruso C, Candore G (2010) The role of adipose tissue and adipokines in obesity-related inflammatory diseases. Mediators of inflammation. doi:10.1155/2010/802078
Barcelo A, Pierola J, Lopez-Escribano H, de la Pena M, Soriano JB, Alonso-Fernandez A et al (2010) Telomere shortening in sleep apnea syndrome. Respir Med 104(8):1225–1229
Barger JL, Walford RL, Weindruch R (2003) The retardation of aging by caloric restriction: its significance in the transgenic era. Exp Gerontol 38(11–12):1343–1351
Bekaert S, De Meyer T, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer D, Langlois M et al (2007) Telomere length and cardiovascular risk factors in a middle-aged population free of overt cardiovascular disease. Aging Cell 6(5):639–647
Benetos A, Okuda K, Lajemi M, Kimura M, Thomas F, Skurnick J et al (2001) Telomere length as an indicator of biological aging: the gender effect and relation with pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity. Hypertension 37(2 Part 2):381–385
Blackburn EH (1991) Structure and function of telomeres. Nature 350(6319):569–573
Bock HL, Kruppenbacher J, Sanger R, Hobel W, Clemens R, Jilg W (1996) Immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in adults. Arch Intern Med 156(19):2226–2231
Borghouts LB, Keizer HA (2000) Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review. Int J Sports Med 21(1):1–12
Braig M, Lee S, Loddenkemper C, Rudolph C, Peters AH, Schlegelberger B et al (2005) Oncogene-induced senescence as an initial barrier in lymphoma development. Nature 436(7051):660–665
Brouilette SW, Moore JS, McMahon AD, Thompson JR, Ford I, Shepherd J et al (2007) Telomere length, risk of coronary heart disease, and statin treatment in the West of Scotland Primary Prevention Study: a nested case-control study. Lancet 369(9556):107–114
Campisi J (2001) Cellular senescence as a tumor-suppressor mechanism. Trends Cell Biol 11(11):S27–31
Campisi J, d’Adda di Fagagna F (2007) Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8(9):729–740
Cassidy A, De Vivo I, Liu Y, Han J, Prescott J, Hunter DJ et al (2010) Associations between diet, lifestyle factors, and telomere length in women. Am J Clin Nutr 91(5):1273–1280
Cawthon RM, Smith KR, O’Brien E, Sivatchenko A, Kerber RA (2003) Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older. Lancet 361(9355):393–395
Civitarese AE, Smith SR, Ravussin E (2007) Diet, energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care 10(6):679–687
Colman RJ, Anderson RM, Johnson SC, Kastman EK, Kosmatka KJ, Beasley TM et al (2009) Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 325(5937):201–204
Daubenmier J, Lin J, Blackburn E, Hecht FM, Kristeller J, Maninger N et al (under review) Changes in stress and metabolic factors predict changes in telomerase activity among women enrolled in a randomized trial of a 4-month mindfulness intervention
Demissie S, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Cupples LA, Gardner JP, Herbert A et al (2006) Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, hypertension, and leukocyte telomere length in men from the Framingham Heart Study. Aging Cell 5(4):325–330
Diaz VA, Mainous AG, Player MS, Everett CJ (2010) Telomere length and adiposity in a racially diverse sample. Int J Obes (Lond) 34(2):261–265
Dixit VD (2010) Thymic fatness and approaches to enhance thymopoietic fitness in aging. Curr Opin Immunol 22(4):521–528
Effros RB (2009) Kleemeier Award Lecture 2008– the canary in the coal mine: telomeres and human healthspan. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64(5):511–515
Effros RB, Dagarag M, Spaulding C, Man J (2005) The role of CD8+ T-cell replicative senescence in human aging. Immunol Rev 205:147–157
Eliakim A, Schwindt C, Zaldivar F, Casali P, Cooper DM (2006) Reduced tetanus antibody titers in overweight children. Autoimmunity 39(2):137–141
Elosua R, Molina L, Fito M, Arquer A, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Covas MI et al (2003) Response of oxidative stress biomarkers to a 16-week aerobic physical activity program, and to acute physical activity, in healthy young men and women. Atherosclerosis 167(2):327–334
Enriori PJ, Evans AE, Sinnayah P, Cowley MA (2006) Leptin resistance and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14(Suppl 5):254S-258S
Epel ES (2009) Psychological and metabolic stress: a recipe for accelerated cellular aging? Hormones (Athens) 8(1):7–22
Epel ES, McEwen B, Seeman T, Matthews K, Castellazzo G, Brownell KD et al (2000) Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosom Med 62(5):623–632
Epel ES, Merkin SS, Cawthon R, Blackburn EH, Adler NE, Pletcher MJ et al (2009) The rate of leukocyte telomere shortening predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease in elderly men. Aging (Albany NY) 1(1):81–88
Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M et al (2002) Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation 106(16):2067–2072
Fantuzzi G (2005) Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115(5):911–919; quiz 920
Ferroni P, Basili S, Falco A, Davi G (2004) Inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity. Curr Atheroscler Rep 6(6):424–431
Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Gardner JP, Psaty BM, Jenny NS, Tracy RP et al (2007) Leukocyte telomere length and cardiovascular disease in the cardiovascular health study. Am J Epidemiol 165(1):14–21
Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Kimura M, Gardner JP, Psaty BM, Jenny NS et al (2011) Leukocyte telomere length and mortality in the cardiovascular health study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 66(4):421–429
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL (1998) Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994. InterJ Obes Metc Disorder 22(1):39–47
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR (2010) Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. J Am Med Assoc 303(3):235–241
Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH (2007) Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. J Am Med Assoc 298(17):2028–2037
Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S (2007) Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes 56(4):1010–1013
Ford ES (2002) Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology 13(5):561–568
Franceschi C, Bonafe M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E et al (2000) Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann NY Acad Sci 908:244–254
Friedman JM (2002) The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutr Rev 60(10 Pt 2):S1–14; discussion S68–84:85–17
Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Boden-Albala B, Heymsfield SB (2005) Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. Sleep 28(10):1289–1296
Gardner JP, Li S, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Kimura M, Lu X et al (2005) Rise in insulin resistance is associated with escalated telomere attrition. Circulation 111(17):2171–2177
Gentile M, Panico S, Rubba F, Mattiello A, Chiodini P, Jossa F et al (2010) Obesity, overweight, and weight gain over adult life are main determinants of elevated hs-CRP in a cohort of Mediterranean women. Eur J Clin Nutr 64(8):873–878
Gletsu-Miller N, Hansen JM, Jones DP, Go YM, Torres WE, Ziegler TR et al (2009) Loss of total and visceral adipose tissue mass predicts decreases in oxidative stress after weight-loss surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17(3):439–446
Graziani F, Cialdella P, Liuzzo G, Basile E, Brugaletta S, Pedicino D et al (2011) Cardiovascular risk in obesity: different activation of inflammation and immune system between obese and morbidly obese subjects. Eur J Internal Med 22(4):418–423
Harman D (1956) Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11(3):298–300
Hayflick L (1965) The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 37:614–636
Haynes L, Swain SL (2006) Why aging T cells fail: implications for vaccination. Immunity 24(6):663–666
High KP, D’Aquila RT, Fuldner RA, Gerding DN, Halter JB, Haynes L et al (2010) Workshop on immunizations in older adults: identifying future research agendas. J Am Geriat Soc 58(4):765–776
Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM (1995) Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 95(5):2409–2415
Howard JK, Lord GM, Matarese G, Vendetti S, Ghatei MA, Ritter MA et al (1999) Leptin protects mice from starvation-induced lymphoid atrophy and increases thymic cellularity in ob/ob mice. J Clin Invest 104(8):1051–1059
Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP (1983) Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 67(5):968–977
Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM (2006) Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 444(7121):840–846
Kaminski DA, Randall TD (2010) Adaptive immunity and adipose tissue biology. Trends Immunol 31(10):384–390
Kao TM, Hsieh SM, Kung HC, Lee YC, Huang KC, Huang LM et al (2010) Immune response of single dose vaccination against 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the Taiwanese elderly. Vaccine 28(38):6159–6163
Karlsson EA, Sheridan PA, Beck MA (2010a) Diet-induced obesity impairs the T cell memory response to influenza virus infection. J Immunol 184(6):3127–3133
Karlsson EA, Sheridan PA, Beck MA (2010b) Diet-induced obesity in mice reduces the maintenance of influenza-specific CD8+ memory T cells. J Nutr 140(9):1691–1697
Keaney JF Jr, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Wilson PW, Lipinska I, Corey D et al (2003) Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(3):434–439
Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH (1999) Effects of physical activity on insulin action and glucose tolerance in obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31(Suppl 11):S619–623
Keylock KT, Lowder T, Leifheit KA, Cook M, Mariani RA, Ross K et al (2007) Higher antibody, but not cell-mediated, responses to vaccination in high physically fit elderly. J Appl Physiol 102(3):1090–1098
Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2010) Stress, food, and inflammation: psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition at the cutting edge. Psychosom Med 72(4):365–369
Kiefer A, Lin J, Blackburn E, Epel E (2008) Dietary restraint and telomere length in pre- and postmenopausal women. Psychosom Med 70(8):845–849
Kim S, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Chen H, Taylor JA, Cawthon RM et al (2009) Obesity and weight gain in adulthood and telomere length. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(3):816–820
Klebanov S, Astle CM, DeSimone O, Ablamunits V, Harrison DE (2005) Adipose tissue transplantation protects ob/ob mice from obesity, normalizes insulin sensitivity and restores fertility. J Endocrinol 186(1):203–211
Kohut ML, Arntson BA, Lee W, Rozeboom K, Yoon KJ, Cunnick JE et al (2004) Moderate exercise improves antibody response to influenza immunization in older adults. Vaccine 22(17–18):2298–2306
Kuo LE, Kitlinska JB, Tilan JU, Li L, Baker SB, Johnson MD et al (2007) Neuropeptide Y acts directly in the periphery on fat tissue and mediates stress-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nat Med 13(7):803–811
Lange T, Perras B, Fehm HL, Born J (2003) Sleep enhances the human antibody response to hepatitis A vaccination. Psychosom Med 65(5):831–835
Lara-Castro C, Fu Y, Chung BH, Garvey WT (2007) Adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome: mechanisms mediating risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 18(3):263–270
LaRocca TJ, Seals DR, Pierce GL (2010) Leukocyte telomere length is preserved with aging in endurance exercise-trained adults and related to maximal aerobic capacity. Mech Ageing Dev 131(2):165–167
Lauderdale DS, Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, Yan LL, Hulley SB, Liu K (2009) Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between objectively measured sleep duration and body mass index: the CARDIA Sleep Study. Am J Epidemiol 170(7):805–813
Lee M, Martin H, Firpo MA, Demerath EW (2011) Inverse association between adiposity and telomere length: Fels Longitudinal Study. Am J Hum Biol 23(1):100–106
Lim JS, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A, Schwarz JM, Lustig RH (2010) The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Nature reviews. Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(5):251–264
Ling PR, Smith RJ, Bistrian BR (2007) Acute effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on hepatic oxidative stress and the systemic inflammatory response in rats. Crit Care Med 35(2):555–560
Lopez-Garcia E, Faubel R, Leon-Munoz L, Zuluaga MC, Banegas JR, Rodriguez-Artalejo F (2008) Sleep duration, general and abdominal obesity, and weight change among the older adult population of Spain. Am J Clin Nutr 87(2):310–316
Makino N, Maeda T, Oyama J, Higuchi Y, Mimori K (2009) Improving insulin sensitivity via activation of PPAR-gamma increases telomerase activity in the heart of OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297(6):H2188–2195
Marfella R, Quagliaro L, Nappo F, Ceriello A, Giugliano D (2001) Acute hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress in healthy subjects. J Clin Invest 108(4):635–636
Martin-Ruiz C, Dickinson HO, Keys B, Rowan E, Kenny RA, Von Zglinicki T (2006) Telomere length predicts poststroke mortality, dementia, and cognitive decline. Ann Neurol 60(2):174–180
McElhaney JE, Effros RB (2009) Immunosenescence: what does it mean to health outcomes in older adults? Curr Opin Immunol 21(4):418–424
Meier-Ewert HK, Ridker PM, Rifai N, Regan MM, Price NJ, Dinges DF et al (2004) Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(4):678–683
Messaoudi I, Warner J, Fischer M, Park B, Hill B, Mattison J et al (2006) Delay of T cell senescence by caloric restriction in aged long-lived nonhuman primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(51):19448–19453
Miller RA (1996) The aging immune system: primer and prospectus. Science 273(5271):70–74
Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Loeser RF (2008) Inflammatory biomarkers and physical function in older, obese adults with knee pain and self-reported osteoarthritis after intensive weight-loss therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 56(4):644–651
Mirabello L, Huang WY, Wong JY, Chatterjee N, Reding D, Crawford ED et al (2009) The association between leukocyte telomere length and cigarette smoking, dietary and physical variables, and risk of prostate cancer. Aging Cell 8(4):405–413
Mito N, Hosoda T, Kato C, Sato K (2000) Change of cytokine balance in diet-induced obese mice. Metabolism 49(10):1295–1300
Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS et al (1997) Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(12):4196–4200
Neels JG, Olefsky JM (2006) Inflamed fat: what starts the fire? J Clin Invest 116(1):33–35
Nettleton JA, Diez-Roux A, Jenny NS, Fitzpatrick AL, Jacobs DR Jr (2008) Dietary patterns, food groups, and telomere length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Clin Nutr 88(5):1405–1412
Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BW, Loeser RF et al (2004) Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. The Am J Clin Nutr 79(4):544–551
Nordfjall K, Eliasson M, Stegmayr B, Melander O, Nilsson P, Roos G (2008) Telomere length is associated with obesity parameters but with a gender difference. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16(12):2682–2689
O’Donnell CJ, Demissie S, Kimura M, Levy D, Gardner JP, White C et al (2008) Leukocyte telomere length and carotid artery intimal medial thickness: the Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28(6):1165–1171
Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, Weidner G, Epel E, Kemp C et al (2008) Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol 9(11):1048–1057
Ott M, Gogvadze V, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B (2007) Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death. Apoptosis: Int J Prog Cell Death 12(5):913–922
Ouchi N, Walsh K (2007) Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor. Clin Chim Acta 380(1–2):24–30
Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K (2011) Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature reviews. Immunology 11(2):85–97
Parish ST, Wu JE, Effros RB (2009) Modulation of T lymphocyte replicative senescence via TNF-{alpha} inhibition: role of caspase-3. J Immunol 182(7):4237–4243
Patel SR, Malhotra A, White DP, Gottlieb DJ, Hu FB (2006) Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women. Am J Epidemiol 164(10):947–954
Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2007) Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Chest 132(1):325–337
Pejovic S, Vgontzas AN, Basta M, Tsaoussoglou M, Zoumakis E, Vgontzas A et al (2010) Leptin and hunger levels in young healthy adults after one night of sleep loss. J Sleep Res 19(4):552–558
Phillips AC, Carroll D, Burns VE, Ring C, Macleod J, Drayson M (2006) Bereavement and marriage are associated with antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly. Brain Behav Immun 20(3):279–289
Potter JM, O’Donnel B, Carman WF, Roberts MA, Stott DJ (1999) Serological response to influenza vaccination and nutritional and functional status of patients in geriatric medical long-term care. Age Ageing 28(2):141–145
Pou KM, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, Maurovich-Horvat P, Larson MG et al (2007) Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 116(11):1234–1241
Prather AA, Hall M, Fury JM, Ross D, Muldoon MF, Cohen S et al (2011) Sleep duration and antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychosomatic Society
Prather AA, Puterman E, Lin J, O’Donovan A, Krauss J, Tomiyama AJ et al (in press) Shorter leukocyte telomere length in midlife women with poor sleep quality. J Aging Res
Puterman E, Lin J, Blackburn E, O’Donovan A, Adler N, Epel E (2010) The power of exercise: buffering the effect of chronic stress on telomere length. PLoS One 5(5):e10837
Redman LM, Martin CK, Williamson DA, Ravussin E (2008) Effect of caloric restriction in non-obese humans on physiological, psychological and behavioral outcomes. Physiol Behav 94(5):643–648
Ren H, Zhao T, Wang X, Gao C, Wang J, Yu M et al (2010) Leptin upregulates telomerase activity and transcription of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394(1):59–63
Risques RA, Vaughan TL, Li X, Odze RD, Blount PL, Ayub K et al (2007) Leukocyte telomere length predicts cancer risk in Barrett’s esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(12):2649–2655
Rochon J, Bales CW, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Holloszy JO, Racette SB et al (2011) Design and conduct of the CALERIE study: comprehensive assessment of the long-term effects of reducing intake of energy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 66A(1):97–108
Rodier F, Coppe JP, Patil CK, Hoeijmakers WA, Munoz DP, Raza SR et al (2009) Persistent DNA damage signalling triggers senescence-associated inflammatory cytokine secretion. Nat Cell Biol 11(8):973–979
Roome AJ, Walsh SJ, Cartter ML, Hadler JL (1993) Hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness in Connecticut public safety personnel. JAMA 270(24):2931–2934
Ross, R (1999) Atherosclerosis– an inflammatory disease. New Eng J Med 340(2):115–126
Sahin E, Colla S, Liesa M, Moslehi J, Muller FL, Guo M et al (2011) Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise. Nature 470(7334):359–365
Samani NJ, Boultby R, Butler R, Thompson JR, Goodall AH (2001) Telomere shortening in atherosclerosis. Lancet 358(9280):472–473
Sampson MJ, Winterbone MS, Hughes JC, Dozio N, Hughes DA (2006) Monocyte telomere shortening and oxidative DNA damage in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29(2):283–289
Segerstrom SC, Miller GE (2004) Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull 130(4):601–630
Sennello JA, Fayad R, Pini M, Gove ME, Fantuzzi G (2006) Transplantation of wild-type white adipose tissue normalizes metabolic, immune and inflammatory alterations in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Cytokine 36(5–6):261–266
Shearer WT, Reuben JM, Mullington JM, Price NJ, Lee BN, Smith EO et al (2001) Soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spaceflight. Journal Allerg Clin Immunol 107(1):165–170
Spiegel K, Leproult R, L’Hermite-Baleriaux M, Copinschi G, Penev PD, Van Cauter E (2004a) Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 89(11):5762–5771
Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E (1999) Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354(9188):1435–1439
Spiegel K, Sheridan JF, Van Cauter E (2002) Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization. JAMA 288(12):1471–1472
Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E (2004b) Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 141(11):846–850
Stern MP, Haffner SM (1986) Body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia as risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 6(2):123–130
Stranges S, Cappuccio FP, Kandala NB, Miller MA, Taggart FM, Kumari M et al (2008) Cross-sectional versus prospective associations of sleep duration with changes in relative weight and body fat distribution: the Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol 167(3):321–329
Synowski SJ, Kop WJ, Warwick ZS, Waldstein SS (2011) Effects of acute glucose administration on cardiovascular reactivity to mental challenge. Paper presented at the American Psychosomatic Society
Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ et al (2003) Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA 289(2):179–186
Turrens JF (2003) Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. J Physiol 552(Pt 2):335–344
Valdes AM, Andrew T, Gardner JP, Kimura M, Oelsner E, Cherkas LF et al (2005) Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women. Lancet 366(9486):662–664
Van Der Wielen M, Van Damme P, Chlibek R, Smetana J, von Sonnenburg F (2006) Hepatitis A/B vaccination of adults over 40 years old: comparison of three vaccine regimens and effect of influencing factors. Vaccine 24(26):5509–5515
Verwaerde C, Delanoye A, Macia L, Tailleux A, Wolowczuk I (2006) Influence of high-fat feeding on both naive and antigen-experienced T-cell immune response in DO10.11 mice. Scand J Immunol 64(5):457–466
Vincent HK, Taylor AG (2006) Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 30(3):400–418
von Zglinicki T (2002) Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends Biochem Sci 27(7):339–344
Wang YC, Colditz GA, Kuntz KM (2007) Forecasting the obesity epidemic in the aging U.S. population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(11):2855–2865
Wardle J, Chida Y, Gibson EL, Whitaker KL, Steptoe A (2010) Stress and adiposity: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Obesity (Silver Spring)
Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Samsa GP, Bradshaw SE, Lemon SM (1986) Impaired immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in obese persons. N Engl J Med 314(21):1393
Weinberger B, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Schwanninger A, Weiskopf D, Grubeck-Loebenstein B (2008) Biology of immune responses to vaccines in elderly persons. Clin Infect Dis 46(7):1078–1084
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112(12):1796–1808
Weng NP (2008) Telomere and adaptive immunity. Mechs Ageing Dev 129(1–2):60–66
Willeit P, Willeit J, Mayr A, Weger S, Oberhollenzer F, Brandstatter A et al (2010) Telomere length and risk of incident cancer and cancer mortality. JAMA 304(1):69–75
Wood RC, MacDonald KL, White KE, Hedberg CW, Hanson M, Osterholm MT (1993) Risk factors for lack of detectable antibody following hepatitis B vaccination of Minnesota health care workers. JAMA 270(24):2935–2939
Woods JA, Keylock KT, Lowder T, Vieira VJ, Zelkovich W, Dumich S et al (2009) Cardiovascular exercise training extends influenza vaccine seroprotection in sedentary older adults: the immune function intervention trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 57(12):2183–2191
Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ et al (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112(12):1821–1830
Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD (2006) Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med 12(1):62–66
Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K et al (2001) The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med 7(8):941–946
Yang H, Youm YH, Dixit VD (2009) Inhibition of thymic adipogenesis by caloric restriction is coupled with reduction in age-related thymic involution. J Immunol 183(5):3040–3052
Yang H, Youm YH, Vandanmagsar B, Rood J, Kumar KG, Butler AA et al (2009) Obesity accelerates thymic aging. Blood 114(18):3803–3812
Youm YH, Yang H, Amin R, Smith SR, Leff T, Dixit VD (2010) Thiazolidinedione treatment and constitutive-PPARgamma activation induces ectopic adipogenesis and promotes age-related thymic involution. Aging Cell 9(4):478–489
Zannolli R, Mohn A, Buoni S, Pietrobelli A, Messina M, Chiarelli F et al (2008) Telomere length and obesity. Acta Paediatr 97(7):952–954
Zee RY, Castonguay AJ, Barton NS, Germer S, Martin M (2010) Mean leukocyte telomere length shortening and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Transl Res 155(4):166–169
Zhu H, Wang X, Gutin B, Davis CL, Keeton D, Thomas J et al (2010) Leukocyte telomere length in healthy caucasian and African-American adolescents: relationships with race, sex, adiposity, adipokines, and physical activity. J Pediatr
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prather, A.A., Aschbacher, K., Lustig, R.H., Epel, E.S. (2013). Obesity and Immunosenescence: Psychological, Behavioral and Biochemical Pathways. In: Bosch, J., Phillips, A., Lord, J. (eds) Immunosenescence. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4776-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4776-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4775-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4776-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)