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Global Trade Linkages: National Security and Human Security

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Linking Trade and Security

Part of the book series: The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific ((PEAP,volume 1))

Abstract

This chapter explores the linkages between international trade rules, national security, and various dimensions of human security, which includes the environment, labor, and human rights. It shows how and why such linkages emerged, describes who initiated and opposed them, and explains how they have affected the membership, terms, scope, and interpretations of global trade agreements. In contrast to several other essays in this volume, this chapter focuses not on regional or bilateral trade agreements, but on multilateral ones. It specifically explores trade policy linkages in the context of the International Trade Organization (ITO) , the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a detailed discussion of the ITO, see Drache (2000).

  2. 2.

    Ibid, 17.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    Ibid.

  5. 5.

    Ibid, 4.

  6. 6.

    This section is based on McKenzie (2008), 79–109.

  7. 7.

    Ibid., 87.

  8. 8.

    Ibid., 79.

  9. 9.

    Ibid., 87–88.

  10. 10.

    Ibid., 79.

  11. 11.

    See Miller (2000).

  12. 12.

    For an extensive discussion of the accession of communist states, see Haus (1992).

  13. 13.

    Quoted in Vogel (1995), 110. For a more extensive discussion of this case and the debate over its implications, see ibid., 103–125.

  14. 14.

    Quoted in ibid., 112.

  15. 15.

    See for example, Zaelke et al. (1993), Runge (1994), Steinberg (2002), Brack (1998), Esty (1994), and Vogel (1995), 98–114.

  16. 16.

    Quoted in Vogel (1995), 136.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., 137.

  18. 18.

    Quoted in ibid., 138.

  19. 19.

    For a detailed discussion of this issue, see Kuijper (2010).

  20. 20.

    See Cottier (2002) and Howse and Meltzer (2002).

  21. 21.

    See Weinstein and Charnovitz (2001) and Wofford (2000), 563–592. For a comprehensive analysis of the seven trade disputes that have addressed environment and public health regulations, see Kelly (2007).

  22. 22.

    For a discussion of under what conditions they would be required to meet to be judged WTO consistent, see Pauwelyn (2007).

  23. 23.

    See, for example, Charnovitz (2003), Low et al. (2011), Zhang and Assuncao (2002), Pauwelyn (2010) and World Trade Organization (2009).

  24. 24.

    Low, “The Interface,” ii.

  25. 25.

    Quoted in Vogel (2006), 364.

  26. 26.

    Ibid, 64.

  27. 27.

    For a highly critical analysis of the CTE’s weak environmental impact, see Gabler (2010), 80–117.

  28. 28.

    See Shaffer (2002), 80–114. He notes that not only has there been no agreement within the CTE among countries, but in many cases, the interests and policy preference within WTO members have been divided.

  29. 29.

    Quoted in Charnovitz (2002), 259.

  30. 30.

    See, for example, Esty (2002), 7–22 and Conca (2000), 484–494.

  31. 31.

    For an extended discussion of how these provisions and other mechanisms could be utilized to incorporate labor standards into the WTO, see Turnell (2001).

  32. 32.

    Quoted in Charnovitz (2002), 259.

  33. 33.

    Quoted in ibid., 261.

  34. 34.

    Quoted in ibid.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., 280.

  36. 36.

    Ibid., 263.

  37. 37.

    Quoted in Pauwelyn (2003), 1185–1186.

  38. 38.

    See Marceau (2002), 753–814.

  39. 39.

    Quoted in Aaronson (2007b), 19.

  40. 40.

    For an analysis of the limitations of the WTO in enforcing human rights provisions, see Marceau (2002), 753–814.

  41. 41.

    For a more detailed discussion of the KP, see Vogel (2009), 172–173.

  42. 42.

    This criticism of the WTO is detailed in Pauwelyn (2003), 1177–1207.

  43. 43.

    See Vogel (2009), 155–188 and Vogel (2005).

  44. 44.

    For a detailed discussion of these labels and their policy impact, see Zarrilli (1997) and OECD (1997).

  45. 45.

    See Conroy (2007).

  46. 46.

    For this trade dispute, see Vogel (1995), 130.

  47. 47.

    Quoted in Aaronson (2007a), 650.

  48. 48.

    Quoted in Melser and Robertson (2005), 52.

  49. 49.

    For an extended discussion of these trade agreements and why they were adopted, see Hafner-Burton (2009). For the use of CSR standards in several trade agreements, see Aaronson (2007a), 638–639.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 

    David Vogel

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  1. David Vogel
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Correspondence to David Vogel .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Berkeley Asia Pacific Economic, Cooperation Study Center (BASC), University of California, Barrows Hall 802, Berkeley, 94720-1970, California, USA

    Vinod K. Aggarwal

  2. , Department of Political Science, University of California, Barrows Hall 210, Berkeley, 94720, USA

    Kristi Govella

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Vogel, D. (2013). Global Trade Linkages: National Security and Human Security. In: Aggarwal, V., Govella, K. (eds) Linking Trade and Security. The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4765-8_2

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