Skip to main content

Introduction to Teeth

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dental Biotribology

Abstract

Human teeth are not only an important masticatory organ but also closely associated with both the pronunciation and facial aesthetics of humans. Without a doubt, teeth play an extremely significant role in our daily life. The wear of teeth, either natural or artificial, is unavoidable. However, excessive wear may lead to a lack of perfect contact between opposite teeth, a disturbance in the efficiency of the masticatory system, and an obliteration of chewing surfaces. Teeth also play a very important role in animals’ lives. Historically, the wear of teeth has been considered an indicator of age for animals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dowson D (1998) History of tribology. Professional Engineering Publishing, London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hair L, Stolarsk TA, Vowlest RW, Lloyd CH (1996) Wear: mechanisms, manifestations and measurement, report of a workshop. J Dent 24(1–2):141–148

    Google Scholar 

  3. Franek F, Bartz WJ, Pauschitz A (eds) (2001) In: The proceedings of the 2nd world tribology congress, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kimura Y (ed) (2009) In: proceedings of the 4th world tribology congress, Kyoto

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dowson D (2009) A tribological day. In: Proceedings of the IMech, Part J: J Eng Tribol 223:261–273

    Google Scholar 

  6. Murakami T (ed) (2011) In: Proceedings of the 6th international biotribology forum, Fukuoka

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cann PM (ed) (2011) In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on biotribology, London

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mair LH (1992) Wear in dentistry–current terminology. J Dent 20:140–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dahl BL, Carlsson GE, Ekfeldt A (1993) Occlusal wear of teeth and restorative materials. Acta Odontol Scand 51:299–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kellecher M, Bishop K (1999) Tooth surface loss: an overview. Br Dent J 186(2):61–66

    Google Scholar 

  11. Imfeld T (1996) Dental erosion: definition, classification and links. Eur J Oral Sci 104:151–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Grippo JO, Simring M, Schreiner S (2004) Attrition, abrasion, corrosion and abfraction revisited: a new perspective on tooth surface lesions. J Am Dent Assoc 135:1109–1118

    Google Scholar 

  13. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ (1977) A color atlas and textbook of oral anatomy. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  14. Braden M (1976) Biophysics of the tooth. Front Oral Physiol 2:1–37

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gwinnett AJ (1992) Structure and composition of enamel. Oper Dent (Supp. 5):10–17

    Google Scholar 

  16. Habelitz S, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW, Balooch M (2001) Mechanical properties of human dental enamel on the nanometre scale. Arch Oral Biol 39:173–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Taher SM (2000) A specimen preparation technique to study the organic phase of tooth enamel under scanning electron microscopy. Mater Res Bull 35:1725–1735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cuy JL, Mann AB, Livi KJ, Teaford MF, Weihs TP (2002) Nanoindentation mapping of the mechanical properties of human molar tooth enamel. Arch Oral Biol 47:281–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Xu HHK, Smith DT, Jahanmir S, Romberg E, Kelly JR, Thompson VP, Rekow ED (1998) Indentation damage and mechanical properties of human enamel and dentin. J Dent Res 77(3):472–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Zheng J, Zhou ZR, Zhang J, Li H, Yu HY (2003) On the friction and wear behaviour of human tooth enamel and dentin. Wear 255:967–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Yettram AL, Wright KWJ, Pickard HM (1976) Finite element stress analysis of the crowns of normal and restored teeth. J Dent Res 1976(55):1004–1011

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mjör IA (1972) Human coronal dentine: structure and reactions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 33:810–823

    Google Scholar 

  23. Goel VK, Khera SC, Ralston JL, Chang KH (1991) Stresses at the dentin-enamel junction of human teeth. A finite element investigation. J Prosthet Dent 66:451–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lin CP, Douglas WH (1994) Structure–property relations and crack resistance at the bovine dentin junction. J Dent Res 73:1072–1078

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wang RZ, Weiner S (1998) Strain-structure relations in human teeth using Moire fringes. J Biomech 31:135–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lewis R, Dwyer-Joyce RS (2005) Wear of human teeth: a tribological perspective. J Eng Tribol 219:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sajewicz E, Kulesza Z (2007) A new tribometer for friction and wear studies of dental materials and hard tooth tissues. Tribol Int 40:885–895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mair LH, Strlarski TA, Vowles RW, Lloyd CH (1996) Wear: mechanisms, manifestations and measurement. Report of a workshop. J Dent 24:141–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. DeLong R (2006) Inter-oral restorative materials wear: rethinking the current approaches: how to measure wear. Dent Mater 22:702–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. DeLong R, Douglas WH (1991) An artificial oral environment for testing dental materials. IEET Trans Biomed Eng 38:339–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hu X, Harrington E, Marquis PM, Shortall AC (1999) The influence of cyclic loading on the wear of a dental, composite. Biomaterials 20:907–912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. De Gee AJ, Pallav P, Davidson CL (1986) Effect of abrasion medium on wear of stress-bearing composites and amalgam in vitro. J Dent Res 65:654–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Waters NE (1980) Some mechanical and physical properties of teeth. In: Vincent JFV, Currey D (eds) Mechanical properties of biological material. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 99–135

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hagberg C (1987) Assessment of bite force: a review. J Craniomandib Disord 1:162–169

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rees JS, Jagger DC (2003) Abfraction lesions: myth or reality? J Esthet Restor Dent 15:263–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Every RG, Kuhne WG (1971) Biomodal wear of mammalian teeth. In: Kermack DM, Kermack KA (eds) Early mammals. Academic, London, pp 23–27

    Google Scholar 

  37. Addy M, Hunter ML (2003) Can tooth brushing damage your health? Effects on oral and dental tissues. Int Dent J 53:177–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hunter J (1778) The natural history of human teeth, Part I and Part II, 2nd edn.. J. Johnson, London

    Google Scholar 

  39. Darby ET (1892) Dental erosion and the gouty diathesis: are they usually associated? Dent Cosm 34:629–640

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lynch JB, Bell J (1947) Dental erosion in workers exposed to inorganic acid fume. Br J Ind Med 4:84–86

    Google Scholar 

  41. Elsbury WB, Browne RC, Boyes J (1951) Erosion of teeth due to tartaric acid dust. Br J Ind Med 8:179–180

    Google Scholar 

  42. Eccles JD (1982) Tooth surface loss from abrasion, attrition and erosion. Dent Update 9:373–381

    Google Scholar 

  43. Smith BGN, Robb ND (1989) Dental erosion in patients with chronic alcoholism. J Dent 17:219–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ten Bruggen Cate HJ (1968) Dental erosion in industry. Br J Ind Med 25:249–266

    Google Scholar 

  45. Davis WB, Winter PJ (1980) The effect of abrasion on enamel and dentine after exposure to dietary acid. Br Dent J 148:253–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Attin T, Koidl U, Buchalla W, Schaller HG, Kielbass AM, Hellwig E (1997) Correlation of microhardness and wear of different eroded enamel. Arch Oral Biol 42:243–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Featherstone JDB (1983) Remineralization of artificial carious lesion in vivo and in vitro. In: Leach SA, Edgar WM (eds) Demineralisation and remineralisation of the teeth. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 89–110

    Google Scholar 

  48. Edwards M, Ashwood RA, Littlewood SJ, Brocklebank LM, Fung DE (1998) A videofluoroscopic comparison of straw and cup drink: the potential influence on dental erosion. Br Dent J 185:244–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Jaeggi T, Lussi A (1999) Toothbrush abrasion of erosively altered enamel after intraoral exposure to saliva: an in situ study. Carious Res 33:455–461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Attin T, Knofel S, Buchalla W, Tutuncu R (2001) In situ evaluation of different remineralization periods to decrease brushing abrasion of demineralized enamel. Caries Res 35:216–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Bardsley PF, Taylor S, Milosevic A (2004) Epidemiological studies of tooth wear and dental erosion in 14-year-old children in northwest England. Part 1: the relationship with water fluoridation and social deprivation. Br Dent J 197(7):413–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Devlin H, Bassiouny A, Boston D (2006) Hardness of enamel exposed to Coca-Cola and artificial saliva. J Oral Rehabil 33:26–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Tantbirojn D, Huang A, Ericson MD, Poolthong S (2008) Change in surface hardness of enamel by a cola drink and a CPP-ACP paste. J Dent 36:74–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Levy SM et al (2003) Fluoride, beverages and dental caries in the primary dentition. Caries Res 37:157–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Marshall TA et al (2003) Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics 112:e184–e191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Stookey GK (2008) The effect of saliva on dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc 139:11s–17s

    Google Scholar 

  57. von der Fehr FR (1965) Maturation and remineralisation of enamel. Adv Fluorine Res 3:83–95

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nederfors T et al (1993) Oral mucosal friction and subjective perception of dry mouth in relation to salivary secretion. Scand J Dent Res 101:44–48

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gao SS et al (2009) Effect of gallic acid on the wear behavior of early carious enamel. Biomed Mater 4:034101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Gao SS et al (2010) Nanoscratch resistance of human tooth enamel treated by Nd: YAG laser irradiation. J Eng Tribol 224:529–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Poggio C et al (2009) Protective effect on enamel demineralization of a CPP-ACP paste: an AFM in vitro study. J Dent 37:949–954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Shen P et al (2001) Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by sugarfree chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J Dent Res 80:2066–2070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Reynolds EC (1997) Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by casein phosphopeptide-stabilized calcium phosphate solutions. J Dent Res 76:1587–1595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Reynolds EC et al (2003) Retention in plaque and remineralization of enamel lesions by various forms of calcium in a mouthrinse or sugar-free chewing gum. J Dent Res 82:206–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Miller WD (1907) Experimental and observation on the wasting of tooth tissue variously designated as erosion, abrasion, chemical abrasion, denudation, etc. Dent Cosmos 49(1):1–23

    Google Scholar 

  66. Siffre A (1914) L’usure des dents chez les préhistorique. Bull Mém Soc Anthropol 6:10–31, Paris

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Head J (1917) Modern dentistry. W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  68. Van Der Merve SW (1927) Some aspects of modern dentifrices. J Dent Res 7:327–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Ray KW, Chaden HC (1933) The abrasive powder of toothpaste. Dent Cosmos 75:1070

    Google Scholar 

  70. Wright HN, Fenske EL (1937) Relative abrasive properties of the more commonly used dentifrices abrasives. J Am Dent Assoc 24:1889

    Google Scholar 

  71. Smith ML (1939) Testing dentifrices abrasives. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 11(3):155–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Manly RY (1944) Factors influencing tests on abrasion of dentin by brushing with dentifrice. J Dent Res 23:59–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Tainter ML, Epstein S (1941) A standard procedure for determining abrasion by dentifrices. J Dent Res 20:583–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Tainter ML, Epstein S, Klein A (1943) The determination of particles size in dentifrice powder. J Am Coll Dent 10:23

    Google Scholar 

  75. Epstein S, Tainter ML (1943) Abrasion of teeth by commercial dentifrices. J Am Dent Assoc 30:1036

    Google Scholar 

  76. Epstein S, Tainter ML (1943) The relationship of particles size and other properties of dentifrice ingredients to toothbrush-abrasion of enamel. J Dent Res 22:335–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Tallgren A (1957) Change in adult face height due to ageing, wear and loss of teeth and prosthetic treatment. Acta Odontol Scand 15(24):310–311

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wright KH (1969) The abrasive wear resistance of human dental tissues. Wear 14:263–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Powers JM, Craig RG, Ludema KC (1973) Wear of dental enamel. Wear 23:141–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Weatherell JA, Robinson C, Hallsworth AS (1972) Changes in the fluoride concentration of the labial enamel surface with age. Caries Res 6:312–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Weatherell JA, Hallsworth AS, Robinson C (1973) The effect of tooth wear on the distribution of fluoride in the enamel surface of human teeth. Arch Oral Biol 18:1175–1189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Graf H, Zander HA (1963) Tooth contact patterns in mastication. J Prosthet Dent 13:1055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Xhonga FA (1977) Bruxism and its effect on the teeth. J Oral Rehabil 4:65–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Carlsson GE, Johansson A, Lundquist S (1985) Occlusal wear. Acta Odontol Scand 43:83–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Eccles JD, Jenkins WG (1974) Dental erosion and diet. J Dentistry 2:153–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Eccles JD (1979) Dental erosion of non-industrial original, a clinical survey and classification. J Prosthet Dent 42:649–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Smith AJ, Shaw L (1987) Baby fruit juices and tooth erosion. Br Dent J 162:65–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Roulet F, Mettler P, Friedrich U (1980) Ein klinischer vergleich dreier komposites mit amalgam fur klasse-II-fullungen unter besonderer berucksichtigung der abrasion, resultate nach 2 Jahren. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd 90:18–30

    Google Scholar 

  89. Molnar S, McKee JK, Molar IM, Przybeck TR (1983) Tooth wear rates among contemporary Australian aborigines. J Dent Res 62:562–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Lambrechts P, Braem M, Vuylsteke-Wauters M, Vanherle G (1989) Quantitative in vitro wear of human enamel. J Dent Res 68(12):1752–1754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Nystrom M, Kononem M, Alaluusua S, Evalahti M, Vartiovaara J (1990) Development of horizontal tooth wear in maxillary anterior teeth from five to 18 years of age. J Dent Res 69:1765–1770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Pintado MR, Anderson GC, DeLong R, Douglas H (1997) Variation in tooth wear in young adults over a two-year period. J Prosthet Dent 77(3):313–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Teaford MF, Tylenda CA (1991) A new approach to the study of tooth wear. J Dent Res 70(3):204–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Kaidonis JA, Richards LC, Townsend GC, Tansley GD (1998) Wear of human enamel: a quantitative in vitro assessment. J Dent Res 77(12):1983–1990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Hunter M, Addy M, Pickles M, Joiner A (2002) The role of toothpastes and toothbrushes in the aetiology of tooth wear. Int Dent J 52(5):399–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Addy M (2005) Tooth brushing, tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity—are they associated? Int Dent J 55(4):261–267

    Google Scholar 

  97. Arseculatatne JA, Hoffman M (2010) On the wear mechanism of human dental enamel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 3:347–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Arseculatatne JA, Hoffman M (2012) Ceramic-like wear behaviour of human dental enamel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 8:47–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Taylor RMS (1963) Cause and effects of wear and teeth. Acta Anat 53:97–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Molnar S (1970) Human tooth wear, tooth function and cultural variability. Am J Phys Anthropol 34:175–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Owen Lovejoy C (1985) Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. Am J Phys Anthropol 38:47–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Kaidonis JA, Townsend GC (1992) Brief communication: interproximal tooth wear: a new observation. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:105–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Schwarz WH (1987) The rheology of saliva. J Dent Res 66:660–666

    Google Scholar 

  104. Mandel ID (1987) The functions of saliva. J Dent Res 66:623–627

    Google Scholar 

  105. Li H, Zhou ZR (2002) Wear behaviour of human teeth in dry and artificial saliva conditions. Wear 249:980–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Berg ICH, Rutland MW, Arnebrant T (2003) Lubricating properties of the initial salivary pellicle: an AFM study. Biofouling 19(6):365–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Bongaerts JHH, Rossetti D, Stokes JR (2007) The lubricating properties of human whole saliva. Tribol Letter 27:277–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/ancient/AncientRepublish_1253943.htm

  109. http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2818686

  110. http://www.saveyoursmile.com/toothpaste/toothpaste-a.html

  111. http://www.incisorsandmolars.com/history-of-dentistry.html

  112. http://jk.66163.com/info.php?cid=13550(inChinese)

  113. Baker G, Jones LHP, Wardrop ID (1959) Cause of wear in sheep’s teeth. Nature 184:1583–1585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Fuller WA (1959) The bones and teeth as indicators of age in bison. J Wildl Manag 23:342–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Welsch U (1967) Tooth wear in living pongids. J Dent Res 46:989–992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Ainamo J (1971) Prenatal occlusal wear in guinea pig molars. Scand J Dent Res 79:69–71

    Google Scholar 

  117. Van Delen TR, Hollis KM, Anchor C, Etter DR (2000) Sex affects age determination and wear of molariform teeth in white-tailed deer. J Wildl Manag 64:1076–1083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Walker A, Hoeck H, Perez L (1978) Microwear of mammalian teeth as an indicator of diet. Science 201:908–910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Spinage CA (1973) A review of the age determination of mammals by means of teeth, with especial reference to Africa. Afr Wildl J 11:165–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Lowe VPW (1967) Teeth as indicator of age with special reference to red deer (Cervus elaphus) of known age from Rhum. J Zool 152:137–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Linhart SB, Knowlton FF (1967) Determining age of coyotes by tooth cementum layers. J Wildl Manag 31:362–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Aitken RJ (1975) Cementum layers and tooth wear as criteria for ageing roe deer. J Zool (London) 175:15–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Fiorillo AR (1998) Dental micro wear patterns of the sauropod dinosaurs Camarasaurus and Diplodocus: evidence for resource partitioning in the late Jurassic of North America. Hist Biol 13:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Hoyme LE, Koritzer RT (1971) Significance of canine wear in pongid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 35:145–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Throckmorton GS (1979) The effect of wear on the cheek teeth and associated dental tissues of the lizard Uromastix aegyptius. J Morphol 160:195–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Payne S (1985) Morphological distinctions between the mandibular teeth of young sheep, ovis and goats. J Archaeol Sci 12:139–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Payne S (1987) Reference codes for wear states in the mandibular cheek teeth of sheep and goats. J Archaeol Sci 14:609–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Brown BWA (1991) The dentition of red deer: a scoring scheme to assess age from wear of the permanent molariform teeth. J Zool (London) 22:519–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Every RG, Kuhne WG (1971) Bimodal wear of mammalian teeth. Zool J Linn Soc 50:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  130. Severinghaus CW (1949) Tooth development and wear as criteria of age in white-tailed deer. J Wildl Manag 13:195–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Walker PL (1976) Wear striations on the incisor of ceropithecid monkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference. Am J Phys Anthropol 45:299–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Skogland T (1988) Tooth wear by food limitation and its life history consequences in wild reindeer. Oilos 51:238–242

    Google Scholar 

  133. Loe LE, Mysterud A, Langvatn R, Stenseth N (2003) Decelerating and sex-dependent tooth wear in Norwegian red deer. Oecologia 135:346–353

    Google Scholar 

  134. Pigno MA, Hatch JP, Rodrigues-Garcia RCM, Sakai S, Rugh JD (2001) Severity, distribution, and correlates of occlusal tooth wear in a sample of Mexican-American and European-American adults. Int J Prosthodont 14:65–70

    Google Scholar 

  135. Eisenburger M, Addy M (2002) Erosion and attrition of human enamel in vitro. Part I: interaction effects. J Dent 20:341–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Zhou ZR, Zheng J (2011) On the anti-wear behaviour of human teeth. In: Proceedings of the international conference on biotribology, London, 18–21 Sep. 2011

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kim KY, Kho HS, Lee KH (2000) Age estimation by occlusal tooth wear. J Forensic Sci 45(2):303–309

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zhou, ZR., Yu, HY., Zheng, J., Qian, LM., Yan, Y. (2013). Introduction to Teeth. In: Dental Biotribology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4550-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4550-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4549-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4550-0

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics