Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention pp 129–149Cite as

Distribution of Prevention Resources and Impact on Sexual Health in the USA

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1810 Accesses

Abstract

The hypothesis that reductions in sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention resources can lead to subsequent increases in STD rates is known in the STD field as “Brown’s Law.” This aphorism is named for Dr. William Brown, the former leader of what is now the Division of STD Prevention within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), who warned against premature reductions in STD prevention budgets [1, 2]. “As the point of eradication is approached,” he said, “it is more often the program that is eradicated than the disease.” [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chaulk CP, Zenilman J. Sexually transmitted disease control in the era of managed care: “magic bullet” or “shadow on the land”? J Public Health Manag Pract. 1997;3:61–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Etheridge EW. Sentinel for health: a history of the centers for disease control. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Siegel JE. Estimates of the economic burden of STDs: review of the literature with updates. In: Eng TR, Butler WT, editors. The hidden epidemic: confronting sexually transmitted diseases. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997. p. 330–56.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Alexander LL, Cates JR, Herndon N, Ratcliffe JF, American Social Health Association. Sexually transmitted diseases in America how many cases and at what cost? Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chesson HW, Blandford JM, Gift TL, Tao G, Irwin KL. The estimated direct medical cost of sexually transmitted diseases among American youth, 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2004;36:11–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Institute of Medicine (Committee on Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases). The hidden epidemic: confronting sexually transmitted diseases. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chesson HW, Harrison P, Scotton CR, Varghese B. Does funding for HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevention matter? Evidence from panel data. Eval Rev. 2005;29:3–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Linas BP, Zheng H, Losina E, Walensky RP, Freedberg KA. Assessing the impact of federal HIV prevention spending on HIV testing and awareness. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1038–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Holtgrave DR, Kates J. HIV incidence and CDC’s HIV prevention budget: an exploratory correlational analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32:63–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sansom SL, Harris NS, Sadek R, Lampe MA, Ruffo NM, Fowler MG. Toward elimination of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission in the United States: effectiveness of funded prevention programs, 1999–2001. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:S90–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chesson H, Owusu-Edusei Jr K. Examining the impact of federally-funded syphilis elimination activities in the USA. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:2059–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Holtgrave DR. The president’s fiscal year 2007 initiative for human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing expansion in the United States: a scenario analysis of its coverage, impact, and cost-effectiveness. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2007;13:239–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Holtgrave DR. Estimating the effectiveness and efficiency of US HIV prevention efforts using scenario and cost-effectiveness analysis. AIDS. 2002;16:2347–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Holtgrave DR. When “heightened” means “lessened”: the case of HIV prevention resources in the United States. J Urban Health. 2007;84:648–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Holtgrave DR, Pinkerton SD, Merson M. Estimating the cost of unmet HIV-prevention needs in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23:7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chesson HW. Estimated effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of federally funded prevention efforts on gonorrhea rates in the United States, 1971–2003, under various assumptions about the impact of prevention funding. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33:S140–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. White PJ, Ward H, Cassell JA, Mercer CH, Garnett GP. Vicious and virtuous circles in the dynamics of infectious disease and the provision of health care: gonorrhea in Britain as an example. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:824–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hornberger J, Holodniy M, Robertus K, Winnike M, Gibson E, Verhulst E. A systematic review of cost-utility analyses in HIV/AIDS: Implications for public policy. Medical Decision Making. 2007;27:789–821.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pinkerton SD, Johnson-Masotti AP, Holtgrave DR, Farnham PG. Using cost-effectiveness league tables to compare interventions to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. AIDS. 2001;15:917–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Holtgrave DR, Qualls NL, Curran JW, Valdiserri RO, Guinan ME, Parra WC. An overview of the effectiveness and efficiency of HIV prevention programs. Public Health Rep. 1995;110:134–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Oakley A, Fullerton D, Holland J. Behavioural interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention. AIDS. 1995;9:479–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Stephenson JM, Imrie J, Sutton SR. Rigorous trials of sexual behaviour interventions in STD/HIV prevention: what can we learn from them? AIDS. 2000;14 Suppl 3:S115–124.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mullen PD, Ramirez G, Strouse D, Hedges LV, Sogolow E. Meta-analysis of the effects of behavioral HIV prevention interventions on the sexual risk behavior of sexually experienced adolescents in controlled studies in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30 Suppl 1:S94–105.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Johnson WD, Hedges LV, Ramirez G, et al. HIV ­prevention research for men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30 Suppl 1:S118–129.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Semaan S, Des Jarlais DC, Sogolow E, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of HIV prevention interventions on the sex behaviors of drug users in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30 Suppl 1:S73–93.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Neumann MS, Johnson WD, Semaan S, et al. Review and meta-analysis of HIV prevention intervention research for heterosexual adult populations in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30 Suppl 1:S106–117.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Semaan S, Kay L, Strouse D, et al. A profile of U.S.-based trials of behavioral and social interventions for HIV risk reduction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30 Suppl 1:S30–50.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Honey E, Augood C, Templeton A, et al. Cost effectiveness of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis: a review of published studies. Sex Transm Infect. 2002;78:406–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lyles CM, Kay LS, Crepaz N, et al. Best-evidence interventions: findings from a systematic review of HIV behavioral interventions for US populations at high risk, 2000–2004. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:133–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Institute of Medicine (Committee on HIV prevention strategies in the United States). No time to lose: getting more from HIV prevention. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Paltiel AD, Stinnett AA. Resource allocation and the funding of HIV prevention. In: Holtgrave DR, editor. Handbook of economic evaluation of HIV prevention programs. New York: Plenum; 1998. p. 135–52.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Brandeau ML. Difficult choices, urgent needs: optimal investment in HIV prevention programs. In: Kaplan EH, Brookmeyer R, editors. Quantitative evaluation of HIV prevention programs. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2002. p. 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kaplan EH, Pollack H. Allocating HIV prevention resources. Socioecon Plann Sci. 1998;32:257–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kahn JG. The cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention targeting: how much more bang for the buck? Am J Public Health. 1996;86:1709–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bautista-Arredondo S, Gadsden P, Harris JE, Bertozzi SM. Optimizing resource allocation for HIV/AIDS prevention programmes: an analytical framework. AIDS. 2008;22 Suppl 1:S67–74.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Brandeau ML, Zaric GS, de Angelis V. Improved allocation of HIV prevention resources: using information about prevention program production functions. Health Care Manag Sci. 2005;8:19–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cohen DA, Wu SY, Farley TA. Cost-effective allocation of government funds to prevent HIV infection. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24:915–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Earnshaw SR, Hicks K, Richter A, Honeycutt A. A linear programming model for allocating HIV prevention funds with state agencies: a pilot study. Health Care Manag Sci. 2007;10:239–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lasry A, Carter MW, Zaric GS. S4HARA: System for HIV/AIDS resource allocation. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2008;6:7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Richter A, Brandeau ML, Owens DK. An analysis of optimal resource allocation for prevention of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in injection drug users and non-users. Med Decis Making. 1999;19:167–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Richter A, Hicks KA, Earnshaw SR, Honeycutt AA. Allocating HIV prevention resources: a tool for state and local decision making. Health Policy. 2008;87:342–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pinkerton SD, Abramson PR. Model-based allocation of HIV-prevention resources. AIDS Public Policy J. 1996;11:153–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bibus DP. A model for distributing HIV-prevention resources. AIDS Public Policy J. 1994;9:197–207.

    Google Scholar 

  44. American Social Health Association. Show me the money: state investment in STD prevention, FY2007. 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kates J, Penner M, Kern D, Carbaugh A, Ginsberg B, Jorstad C. The national HIV prevention inventory: the state of HIV prevention across the U.S. A report by NASTAD and the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park, CA: National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Summers T, Alagiri P, Kates J. Federal HIV/AIDS spending. A budget chartbook: fiscal year 2002. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Department of Health and Human Services. Justification of estimates for appropriation committees: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fiscal year 2010; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Division of STD Prevention, CDC. CDC history of STD funding. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC’s HIV/AIDS prevention activities. 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Douglas Jr JM. Sexually transmitted infections in young women. Congressional Briefing, 24 April 2008. 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  51. National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis STD and TB prevention. NCHHSTP state profiles. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Colander DC. Economics. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kaplan EH, Merson MH. Allocating HIV-prevention resources: balancing efficiency and equity. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1905–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2007. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cutler JC, Arnold RC. Venereal disease control by health departments in the past: lessons for the present. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:372–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Holtgrave DR, Pinkerton SD. Implications of economic evaluation for national HIV prevention policy makers. In: Kaplan EH, Brookmeyer R, editors. Quantitative evaluation of HIV prevention programs. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2002. p. 32–52.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hallett TB, White PJ, Garnett GP. Appropriate evaluation of HIV prevention interventions: from experiment to full-scale implementation. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83 Suppl 1:i55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Walker PT, Hallett TB, White PJ, Garnett GP. Interpreting declines in HIV prevalence: impact of spatial aggregation and migration on expected declines in prevalence. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84 Suppl 2:ii42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Heaton LM, Komatsu R, Low-Beer D, Fowler TB, Way PO. Estimating the number of HIV infections averted: an approach and its issues. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84 Suppl 1:i92–96.

    Google Scholar 

  60. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. The domestic epidemic is worse than we thought: a wake-up call for HIV prevention. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Zaric GS, Brandeau ML. A little planning goes a long way: multilevel allocation of HIV prevention resources. Med Decis Making. 2007;27:71–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. The Futures Group International. Resource allocation for HIV/AIDS programs: using the goals model to relate expenditures to program goals. The Futures Group International; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  63. World Bank. Optimizing the allocation of resources for HIV prevention: the allocation by cost-effectiveness (ABC) model. Guidelines. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Cohen DA, Farley T, Wu S. Maximizing the benefit: HIV prevention planning based on cost-effectiveness. A practical tool for community planning groups and health departments. RAND; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Cohen DA, Wu SY, Farley TA. Comparing the ­cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37:1404–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lasry A, Sansom SL, Hicks KA, Uzunangelov V. Modeling the impact of HIV prevention strategies in the United States. 2009 National HIV Prevention Conference; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Division of STD Prevention. SOCRATES: Screening optimally for chlamydia: resource allocation, testing and evaluation software. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Tao G, Gift TL, Walsh CM, Irwin KL, Kassler WJ. Optimal resource allocation for curing Chlamydia trachomatis infection among asymptomatic women at clinics operating on a fixed budget. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:703–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Chesson H, Collins D, Koski K. STIC Figure. Sexually Transmitted Infection Costs saved. Instruction manual. Atlanta: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Chesson HW, Collins D, Koski K. Formulas for estimating the costs averted by sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs in the United States. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2008;6:10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Karlsson G, Johannesson M. The decision rules of cost-effectiveness analysis. Pharmacoeconomics. 1996;9:113–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Drummond M, Torrance G, Mason J. Cost-effectiveness league tables: more harm than good? Soc Sci Med. 1993;37:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mason J, Drummond M, Torrance G. Some guidelines on the use of cost effectiveness league tables. BMJ. 1993;306:570–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Neumann PJ, Jacobson PD, Palmer JA. Measuring the value of public health systems: the disconnect between health economists and public health practitioners. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:2173–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Valdiserri RO, Robinson C, Lin LS, West GR, Holtgrave DR. Determining allocations for HIV-prevention interventions: assessing a change in federal funding policy. AIDS Public Policy J. 1997;12:138–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Holtgrave DR, Curran JW. What works, and what remains to be done, in HIV prevention in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006;27:261–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Holtgrave DR. Measuring the value of public health systems. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:775–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Weinstein B, Melcchreit RL. Economic evaluation and HIV prevention decision making. In: Holtgrave DR, editor. Handbook of economic evaluation of HIV prevention programs. New York: Plenum; 1998. p. 153–62.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Lasry A, Richter A, Lutscher F. Recommendations for increasing the use of HIV/AIDS resource allocation models. BMC Public Health. 2009;9 Suppl 1:S8.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kahn JG, Brandeau ML, Dunn-Mortimer J. OR modeling and AIDS policy: from theory to practice. Interfaces. 1998;28:3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E-80, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA

    Harrell W. Chesson

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), 2071 North Summit Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA

    Steven D. Pinkerton

  3. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    David R. Holtgrave

Authors
  1. Harrell W. Chesson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Steven D. Pinkerton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David R. Holtgrave
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harrell W. Chesson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Division of STD Prevention, NCHHSTP, Ctrs for Disease Control and Prevention, Clifton Road, NE 1600, Atlanta, 30333, Georgia, USA

    Sevgi O. Aral

  2. , Division of STD Prevention, NCHHSTP, Ctrs for Disease Control and Prevention, Clifton Rd., NE 1600, Atlanta, 30333, Georgia, USA

    Kevin A. Fenton

  3. Ctrs for Disease Control and Prevention, Buford Hwy 4770, Atlanta, 30341, Georgia, USA

    Judith A. Lipshutz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chesson, H.W., Pinkerton, S.D., Holtgrave, D.R. (2013). Distribution of Prevention Resources and Impact on Sexual Health in the USA. In: Aral, S., Fenton, K., Lipshutz, J. (eds) The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4526-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4526-5_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4525-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4526-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation