Skip to main content

A Quantitative Description of the Vocal Types Emitted in the Indri’s Song

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Leaping Ahead

Abstract

The indri’s song is composed of a series of roars uttered simultaneously by several members of a group, followed by a long modulated howl. The latter part consists of overlapping or successive notes emitted by different individuals. Previous qualitative studies have described four different kinds of notes. We provide the first quantitative acoustic investigation of the indri’s song repertoire. After visual inspection of fundamental frequency (F0) modulation and duration in 30 songs and 1995 notes emitted by 30 individuals, we distinguished nine different unit types (roar + 8 modulated units). For these nine putative types, we measured six F0-related and three temporal parameters, which were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Both discriminant analyses and cross-validation procedures classified the vocal types correctly with high reliability.

Resume

Le chant de l’Indri est composé de séries de rugissements émis simultanément par plusieurs membres d’un groupe, suivi d’un long hurlement modulé. Cette dernière partie est composée de notes émises par différent individus qui se suivent ou se chevauchent. Des études précédentes ont décrit quatre types de notes sur des bases qualitatives. Nous présentons la première analyse acoustique quantitative du répertoire vocale des notes du chant de l’Indri. Après un examen visuel de 30 chants et 1995 notes émis par 30 individus, nous décrivons neuf différents types d’unités (rugissement + 8 unités modulées), en examinant la modulation et la durée de la Fréquence Fondamentale (F0). Pour ces 9 hypothétiques types, nous avons mesuré six paramètres liés à la F0 et six paramètres temporels, analysés à l’aide d’une méthode multi-variée, afin de valider notre hypothèse. L’analyse discriminante et l’analyse par validation croisée ont toutes deux classifié la plupart des vocalisations dans les catégories attendues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Boersma P, Weenink D (2006) Praat: doing phonetics by computer. http://www.praat.org

  • Gamba M, Giacoma C (2005) Key issues in the study of primate acoustic signals. J Anthropol Sci 83:61–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamba M, Giacoma C (2007) Quantitative acoustic analysis of the vocal repertoire of the crowned lemur. Ethol Ecol Evol 19:323–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamba M, Favaro L, Torti V, Sorrentino V, Giacoma C (2011) Vocal tract flexibility and variation in the vocal output in wild indris. Bioacoustics 20:251–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geissmann T, Mutschler T (2006) Diurnal distribution of loud calls in sympatric wild indri (Indri indri) and ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata): implications for call functions. Primates 47:393–396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giacoma C, Sorrentino V, Rabarivola C, Gamba M (2010) Sex differences in the song of Indri indri. Int J Primatol 31:539–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maretti G, Sorrentino V, Finomana A, Gamba M, Giacoma C (2010) Not just a pretty song: an overview of the vocal repertoire of Indri indri. J Anthropol Sci 88:151–165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA, Louis EE Jr, Richardson M, Schwitzer C, Langrand O, Rylands AB, Hawkins F, Rajaobelina S, Ratsimbazafy J, Rasoloalison R, Roos C, Kappeller PM, Mackinnon J (2010) Lemurs of Madagascar, 3rd edn. Conservation International, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Petter J-J, Charles-Dominique P (1979) Vocal communication in prosimians. In: Doyle GA, Martin RD (eds) The study of prosimian behavior. Academic, New York, pp 272–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Petter J-J, Albignac R, Rumpler Y (1977) Faune de Madagascar. Mammifères: Lémuriens, vol 44, pp 391–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Plichta B (2004) Akustyk. http://www.msu.edu/plichtab

  • Pollock JI (1979) Spatial distribution and ranging behaviour in lemurs. In: Doyle GA, Martin RD (eds) The study of prosimian behavior. Academic, New York, pp 359–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock JI (1986) The song of indris (Indri indri; Primates, Lemuroidea): natural history, form and function. Int J Primatol 7:225–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thalmann U, Geissmann T, Simona A, Mutschler T (1993) The indris of Anjanaharibe-Sud, northeastern Madagascar. Int J Primatol 14:357–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Aknowledgments

Our research was supported by the Università degli Studi di Torino and by grants from the Parco Natura Viva—Centro Tutela Specie Minacciate. We thank Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées Madagascar, Association Mitsinjo, Dr Cesare Avesani Zavorra, Dr Caterina Spiezio, Fanomezantsoa Andrianirina, and Lanto Rakotoarisoa for their help and support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Viviana Sorrentino .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sorrentino, V., Gamba, M., Giacoma, C. (2012). A Quantitative Description of the Vocal Types Emitted in the Indri’s Song. In: Masters, J., Gamba, M., Génin, F. (eds) Leaping Ahead. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4511-1_35

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics