Skip to main content

Vocalizations of Red Slender Lorises (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Leaping Ahead

Abstract

During a radio-tracking study of L. t. tardigradus in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka, we recorded the animals’ vocalizations and associated behaviors. The 1,720 calls we heard in the field fell into five call types: whistle (97.7%), chitter (2.0%), monosyllabic chitter (0.2%), “krik” and “zic” calls (0.1%). We provide a preliminary account of the contextual use of these vocalizations, with an emphasis on qualitative variation in the loud “whistle” call, by far the most common call type. Whistles vary greatly in their contextual use, structure, and usage frequency. Synchronous calls are uttered by mothers and infants in the context of infant parking and pick up. The average number of calls per hour was highest between 19:00 and 20:00 (1.9 calls/h) and lowest between 6:00 and 7:00 (<0.01 calls/h).

Resume

Au cours d’une étude par radio-pistage de L. t. tardigradus à Masmullah, une zone proposée pour un classement en Réserve Forestière, au Sri Lanka, nous avons construit le répertoire vocal de ces animaux et observé des comportements associés. Les 1720 vocalisations entendues sur le terrain entraient dans cinq [sept] types de cris : sifflement (97.7%), pépiement (2.0%), pépiement monosyllabique (0.2%), «kric» et «zic» (0.1%). Nous proposons un rapport préliminaire des ­contextes d’utilisation de ces vocalisations, en insistant sur les variations qualitatives observées sur le « sifflement » fort, de loin la plus commune des catégories de cris. Les sifflements montrent de grandes variations de contexte d’utilisation, de structure, et de fréquence d’utilisation. Des cris sont émis en synchronie par les mères et leurs jeunes, dans le contexte de parking et déplacements des jeunes. La fréquence moyenne des cris (1.9 cris par heure) était la plus grande entre 19 :00 et 20 :00 et la plus faible entre 6:00 et 7:00 (< 0.01 cris par heure).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bearder SK, Nekaris KAI, Buzzell CA (2002) Dangers in the night: are some nocturnal primates afraid of the dark? In: Miller L (ed) Eat or be eaten: predator sensitive foraging in ­primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 21–40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bearder SK, Nekaris KAI, Curtis DJ (2006) A re-evaluation of the role of vision in the activity and communication of nocturnal primates. Folia Primatol 77:50–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernede L (2009) A study of the social and behavioural ecology of the red slender loris (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown CH, Gomez R, Waser PM (1995) Old world monkey vocalizations: adaptation to the local habitat? Anim Behav 50:945–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coultas D (2002) Bioacoustic analysis of the loud call of two species of slender loris (Loris tardigradus and L. lydekkerianus nordicus) from Sri Lanka. Unpublished MSc dissertation, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies R (2006) Bioacoustical analysis of free-ranging slender loris (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) whistles: their role in loris communication and some factors influencing their production. Unpublished MSc Dissertation. University College, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitch WT, Hauser MD (1995) Vocal production in nonhuman primates: acoustics, physiology, and functional constraints on “honest” advertisement. Am J Primatol 37:191–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gridi-Papp M (2004) SoundRuler: acoustic analysis for research and teaching. http://soundruler.sourceforge.net

  • Masters JC (1991) Loud calls of Galago crassicaudatus and G. garnettii and their relation to ­habitat structure. Primates 32:153–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nekaris KAI (2003) Observations on mating, birthing and parental behaviour in three subspecies of slender loris (Loris tardigradus and Loris lydekkerianus) in India and Sri Lanka. Folia Primatol 74:312–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nekaris KAI, Jayewardene J (2003) Pilot study and conservation status of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus and Loris lydekkerianus) in Sri Lanka. Primate Conserv 19:83–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Oda R (2002) Individual distinctiveness of the contact calls of ring-tailed lemurs. Folia Primatol 73:132–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radakrishna S, Singh M (2004) Infant development in the slender loris. Curr Sci 86:1121–1141

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze H, Meier B (1995) Behavior of captive Loris tardigradus nordicus: a qualitative description, including some information about morphological bases of behavior. In: Alterman LA, Doyle GA, Izard MK (eds) Creatures of the dark: the nocturnal prosimians. Plenum, New York, pp 221–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon CT (1986) Vocal communication. In: Mitchell G, Irwin J (eds) Comparative primate biology, vol. 2a: conservation and ecology. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 495–530

    Google Scholar 

  • SoundForge (2006) Audacity 1.2.6. http://soundruler.sourceforge.net

  • Theis KR, Greene KM, Benson-Amram SR, Holekamp KE (2007) Sources of variation in the long-distance vocalizations of spotted hyenas. Behaviour 144:557–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann E (1995) Loud calls in nocturnal prosimians: structure, evolution and ontogeny. In: Zimmermann E, Newman JD, Jürgens U (eds) Current topics in primate vocal communication. Plenum, New York, pp 47–72

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the Departments of Forest, Wildlife Conservation, and Telecommunications for providing permits, A. Beresford and K. Davey for field and laboratory assistance, and Oxford Brookes University, the Primate Society of Great Britain Conservation Working Party, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, People’s Trust for Endangered Species, National Geographic, Columbus Zoo, and the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation for financial assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lilia Bernede .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bernede, L., Davies, R., Nekaris, K.AI., Gunawardene, A., Bearder, S.K. (2012). Vocalizations of Red Slender Lorises (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) in Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. In: Masters, J., Gamba, M., Génin, F. (eds) Leaping Ahead. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4511-1_30

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics