Abstract
Groundwater (GW) constitutes the most important source of drinking water, and despite the benefit of pesticides in food production, the contamination of GW by biologically active pesticides at unacceptable levels should be avoided. A number of pesticides and their degradation products have frequently been detected in field GW monitoring programs (Cohen et al. 1984; Hancock et al. 2008; Kolpin et al. 2000). Regulatory agencies in each country are responsible for preventing contamination of GW by pesticides or their degradates. Regulators have developed methods to assess both existing and newly developed pesticides for any tendency to leach in soil. The US EPA has performed monitoring studies to determine if pesticides contaminate GW (Wells et al. 1995) and has recently introduced a conceptual environmental model to better evaluate GW contamination (USEPA 2008b). In Europe, a stepwise evaluation procedure for regulating GW contamination by pesticides and their degradates is used, and this has recently been updated; the revision not only utilizes computer simulations of predicted environmental concentrations to determine if the 0.1 ppb trigger level is exceeded, but also relies on data from higher-tier field experiments (Boesten et al. 2009). To estimate the leaching behavior of a pesticide in soil or to compare its relative mobility with other pesticides, the sophisticated simulation approaches used generally require considerable data on the environmental fate of the pesticide. Because the cost of conducting field experiments over extended time periods can be extremely high, it is useful to collect relevant information on pesticide soil mobility by first using experimental laboratory approaches. For soil mobility, such approaches include batch adsorption studies, soil thin-layer chromatography, and soil column leaching (Häfner 1994; Helling and Dragun 1981; USEPA 2008a). Although laboratory soil column leaching and batch adsorption/desorption studies have been performed on many pesticides, the results of these studies do not always reflect what actually occurs in the field. Nevertheless, such studies normally provide valuable information on the potential mobility of pesticides in soil if they are well-controlled and focused, and the results are mathematically analyzed using an appropriate model.
Keywords
- Leaching Column Study
- Undisturbed Soil Columns
- Leaching Behavior
- Water-dispersible Colloids (WDC)
- Pesticide Mobility
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdulla AR, Sinnakkannu S, Tahir NM (2001) Adsorption, desorption and mobility of metsulfuron-methyl in Malaysian agricultural soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 66:762–769
Abu-Zreig M, Rudra RP, Dickinson WT (2000) Influence of surfactant on leaching of atrazine through soil columns. Toxicol Environ Chem 75:1–16
Aharonson N, Kafkafi U (1975) Adsorption, mobility and persistence of thiabendazole and methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate. J Agric Food Chem 23:720–724
Aharonson N, Cohen SZ, Drescher N, Gish TJ, Gorbach S, Kearney PC, Otto S, Roberts TR, Vonk JW (1987) Potential contamination of ground water by pesticides. Pure Appl Chem 59:1419–1446
Aktar MW, Sengupta D, Purkait S, Chowdhury A (2009) Vertical migration of some herbicides through undisturbed and homogenized soil columns. Orbital 1:17–25
Alhajjar BJ, Simsiman GV, Chesters G (1990) Fate and transport of alachlor, metolachlor and atrazine in large columns. Water Sci Technol 22:87–94
Alister C, Rojas S, Gómez P, Kogan M (2008) Dissipation and movement of flumioxazin in soil at four field sites in Chile. Pestic Manag Sci 64:579–583
Anderson JJ, Dulka JJ (1985) Environmental fate of sulfometuron methyl in aerobic soils. J Agric Food Chem 33:596–602
Anderson TA, Guthrie EA, Walton BT (1993) Bioremediation in the rhizosphere—Plant roots and associated microbes clean contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 27:2630–2636
Anderson TA, Kruger EL, Coats JR (1994) Enhanced degradation of a mixture of three herbicides in the rhizosphere of a herbicide-tolerant plants. Chemosphere 28:1551–1557
Angley JT, Brusseau ML, Lamar Miller W, Delfino JJ (1992) Nonequilibrium sorption and aerobic biodegradation of dissolved alkylbenzenes during transport in aquifer material: Column experiments and evaluation of a coupled-process model. Environ Sci Technol 26:1404–1410
Arienzo M, Crisanto T, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Sánchez-Camazano M (1994) Effect of soil characteristics on adsorption and mobility of (14C) diazinon. J Agric Food Chem 42:1803–1808
Arthur EL, Rice PJ, Rice PJ, Anderson TA, Coats JR (1998) Mobility and degradation of pesticides and their degradates in intact soil columns. In: Führ F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, Nelson JO (eds) The lysimeter concept, environmental behavior of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 699, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 7, pp 88–114
Baker FC, Estigoy L, Kimmel E, Ikemoto Y, Kimura Y, Shigemura M (2002) Field dissipation [14C] ET-751 (pyraflufen-ethyl) in bare ground in California. High specific activity radiolabelled test substance and small plot design afford excellent method to measure field dissipation. In: Authur EL, Barefoot AC, Clay VE (eds) Terrestrial field dissipation studies—Purpose, design and interpretation. ACS Symp Ser 842, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 11, pp 156–169
Ballard M (1971) Role of humic carrier substances in DDT movement through forest soil. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 35:145–147
Barnes RD, Bull AT, Poller RC (1973) Studies on the persistence of the organotin fungicide fentin acetate (triphenyltin acetate) in the soil and on surfaces exposed to light. Pestic Sci 4:305–317
Barton CD, Karathanasis AD (2003) Influence of soil colloids on the migration of atrazine and zinc through large soil monoliths. Water Air Soil Pollut 143:3–21
Baskaran S, Bolan NS, Rahman A, Tillman RW (1996) Non-equilibrium sorption during the movement of pesticides in soils. Pestic Sci 46:333–343
Baskaran S, Bolan NS, Rahman A, Tillman RW, Macregor AN (1994) Effect of drying of soils on the adsorption and leaching of phosphate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Aust J Soil Res 32:491–502
BBA (1990) Lysimeter tests for the translocation of plant protection products into the subsoil. In: Guidelines for the official testing of plant protection products, Part IV, 4–3. Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Braunschweig
Beck AJ, Lam V, Henderson DE, Beven KJ, Harris GL, Howse KR, Johnston AEJ, Jones KC (1995) Movement of water and herbicides atrazine and isoproturon through a large saturated clay soil core. J Contam Hydrol 19:237–260
Beckie HJ, McKercher RB (1990) Mobility of two sulfonylurea herbicides in soil. J Agric Food Chem 38:310–315
Bedmar F, Costa JL, Suero E, Gimenez D (2004) Transport of atrazine and metribuzin in three soils of the humid pampas of Argentina. Weed Technol 18:1–8
Behrendt H, Matthies M, Gildemeister H, Görlitz G (1990) Leaching and transformation of glufosinate-ammonium and its main metabolite in a layered soil column. Environ Toxicol Chem 9:541–549
Beigel C, Di Pietro L (1999) Transport of triticonazole in homogeneous soil columns: Influence of nonequilibrium sorption. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1077–1086
Belden JB, Coats JR (2004) Effect of grasses on herbicide fate in the soil column: Infiltration of runoff, movement and degradation. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2251–2258
Bending GD, Lincoln SD, Edmondson RN (2006) Spatial variation in the degradation rate of the pesticides isoproturon, azoxystrobin and diflufenican in soil and its relationship with chemical and microbial properties. Environ Pollut 139:279–287
Benoit P, Barriuso E, Vindon P, Réal B (2000) Isoproturon movement and dissipation in undisturbed soil cores from a grassed buffer strip. Agronomie 20:297–307
Bergström L (1990) Use of lysimeters to estimate leaching of pesticides in agricultural soils. Environ Pollut 67:325–347
Bergström L (2000) Leaching of agrochemicals in field lysimeters—A method to test mobility of chemicals in soil. In: Cornejo J, Jamet P (eds) Pesticide/Soil Interactions. Some Current Research Methods, INRA, Paris, pp 279–285
Bergström L, Jarvis NJ (1993) Leaching of dichlorprop, bentazon and 36Cl in undisturbed field lysimeters of different agricultural soils. Weed Sci 41:251–261
Beulke S, Dubus IG, Brown CD, Gottesbüren B (2000) Simulation of pesticide persistence in the field on the basis of laboratory data—A review. J Environ Qual 29:1371–1379
Beulke S, Brown CD, Fryer CJ, Walker A (2001) Lysimeter study to investigate the effect of rainfall pattern on leaching of isoproturon. Pestic Manag Sci 58:45–53
Beulke S, Brown CD, Fryer CJ, van Beinum W (2004a) Influence of kinetic sorption and diffusion on pesticide movement through aggregated soils. Chemosphere 57:481–490
Beulke S, Brown CD, Dubus IG, Fryer CJ, Walker A (2004b) Evaluation of probabilistic modeling approaches against data on leaching of isoproturon through undisturbed lysimeters. Ecolog Modelling 179:131–144
Beulke S, van Beinum W, Brown CD, Mitchell M, Walker A (2005) Evaluation of simplifying assumption on pesticide degradation in soil. J Environ Qual 34:1933–1943
Beven K, Germann P (1982) Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Res 18:1311–1325
Bewick D (1994) The mobility of pesticides in soil—Studies to prevent groundwater contamination. In: Börner H (ed) Chemistry of plant protection. Pesticides in ground and surface water, vol 9. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 57–86
Bi E, Schmidt TC, Haderlein SB (2006) Sorption of heterocyclic organic compounds to reference soils: Column studies for process identification. Environ Sci Technol 40:5962–5970
Bi E, Schmidt TC, Haderlein SB (2007) Environmental factors influencing sorption of heterocyclic aromatic compounds to soil. Environ Sci Technol 41:3172–3178
Bi E, Schmidt TC, Haderlein SB (2010) Practical issues relating to soil column chromatography for sorption parameter determination. Chemosphere 80:787–793
Bilkert JN, Rao PSC (1985) Sorption and leaching of three nonfumigant nematicides in soils. J Environ Sci Health 20B:1–26
Blasioli S, Braschi I, Pinna MV, Pusino A, Gessa CE (2008) Effect of undesalted dissolved organic matter from composts on persistence, adsorption and mobility of cyhalofop herbicide in soils. J Agric Food Chem 56:4102–4111
Boesten JJTI (1991) Sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model for pesticide leaching to groundwater. Pestic Sci 31:375–388
Boesten JJTI, van der Linden AMA (1991) Modelling the influence of sorption and transformation on pesticide leaching and persistence. J Environ Qual 20:425–435
Boesten JJTI, Fischer R, Gottesbüren B, Hanze K, Huber A, Jarvis T, Jones RL, Klein M, Pokludová M, Remy B, Sweeney P, Tiktak A, Trevisan M, Vanclooster M, Vanderborght J (2009) Assessing potential for movement of active substances and their metabolites to ground water in the EU. Report of the FOCUS Ground Water Work Group, EC Document Reference Sanco/13144/2010 version 1. pp 604
Börjesson E, Torstensson L, Stenström J (2004) The fate of imazapyr in a Swedish railway embankment. Pestic Manag Sci 60:544–549
Brown CD, Carter AD, Hollis JM (1995) Soils and pesticide mobility. In: Roberts TR, Kearney PC (eds) Progress in pesticide biochemistry and toxicology. Environmental behavior of agrochemicals, chap. 3, vol 9. Wiley, Chichester, pp 131–184
Brown CD, Fryer CJ, Walker A (2001) Influence of topsoil tilth and soil moisture status on losses of pesticide to drains from a heavy clay soil. Pestic Manag Sci 57:1127–1134
Brown CD, Hollis JM, Bettinson RJ, Walker A (2000) Leaching of pesticides and a bromide tracer through lysimeter from five contrasting soils. Pestic Manag Sci 56:83–93
Brown CD, Marshall VL, Deas A, Carter AD, Arnold D, Jones RL (1990) Investigation into the effect of tillage on solute movement to drain through a heavy clay soil. II. Interpretation using a radio-scanning technique, dye-tracing and modeling. Soil Use Manag 15:94–100
Brown CD, Marshall VL, Carter AD, Walker A, Arnold D, Jones RL (1999) Investigation into the effect of tillage on solute movement to drains through a heavy clay soil. I. Lysimeter experiment. Soil Use Manag 15:84–93
Brumhard B, Bergström LF, Snel M, Führ F, Baloch RI, Trozelli H (1991) Dissipation of clopyralid in soil under field conditions: Lysimeter studies in Germany and Sweden. Med Fac Landbouww Rijksuniv Gent 56/3a: 887–900
Brusseau ML, Jessup RE, Rao PSC (1991) Nonequilibrium sorption of organic chemicals: Elucidation of rate-limiting processes. Environ Sci Technol 25:134–142
Bundt M, Widmer F, Pesaro M, Zeyer J, Blaser P (2001) Preferential flow paths: biological ‘hot spot’ in soils. Soil Biol Biochem 33:729–738
Burauel P, Führ F (2000) Formation and long-term fate of non-extractable residues in outdoor lysimeter studies. Environ Pollut 108:45–52
Calderón MJ, Ortega M, Hermosín MC, García-Baudín J, Cornejo J (2004) Hexazinone and simazine dissipation in forestry field nurseries. Chemosphere 54:1–8
Capri E, Miao Z (2002) Modelling pesticide fate in rice paddy. Agronomie 22:363–371
Caracciolo AB, Giuliano G, Grenni P, Guzzella L, Pozzoni F, Bottoni P, Fava L, Crobe A, Orrú M, Funari E (2005) Degradation and leaching of the herbicides metolachlor and diuron: a case study in an area of Northern Italy. Environ Pollut 134:525–534
Caron J, Banton O, Angers DA, Villeneuve JP (1996) Preferential bromide transport through a clay loam under alfalfa and corn. Geoderma 69:175–191
Carter AD, Fogg P (1995) A critical evaluation of field monitoring techniques used to describe the leaching and run-off behavior of pesticides. In: Walker A, Allen R, Bailey SW, Blair AM, Brown CD, Günther P, Leake CR, Nichollas PH (eds) Pesticide Movement to Water. BCPC Monograph No. 62. British Crop Protection Council, 2–1, Brighton, pp 71–80
Celis R, Cox L, Hermosin MC, Cornejo J (2001) Porosity and surface fractal dimension of soils as affecting sorption, degradation and mobility of polar herbicides. BCPC Symposium Proceedings No. 78: Pesticide behaviour in soils and water. British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, pp 77–82
Celis R, Real M, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J (2005) Sorption and leaching behaviour of polar aromatic acids in agricultural soils by batch and column leaching tests. Eur J Soil Sci 56:287–297
Chang HT, Ying W (1998) A small-scale ground water leaching study for a primisulfuron herbicide. Ground Water Monitor Remed 18:103–110
Charnay MP, Tuis S, Coquet Y, Barriuso E (2005) Spatial variability in 14C-herbicide degradation in surface and subsurface soils. Pestic Manag Sci 61:845–855
Chen W, Wagenet RJ (1997) Description of atrazine transport in soil with heterogeneous nonequilibrium sorption. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61:360–371
Chen G, Lin C, Chen L, Yang H (2010) Effect of size-fractionation dissolved organic matter on the mobility of prometryn in soil. Chemosphere 79:1046–1055
Cherrier R, Boivin A, Perrin-Ganier C, Schiavon M (2005) Sulcotrione versus atrazine transport and degradation in soil columns. Pestic Manag Sci 61:899–904
Chiang HC, Duh JR, Wang YS (2001) Butachlor, thiobencarb and chlomethoxyfen movement in subtropical soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 66:1–8
Chopra I, Kumari B, Sharma SK (2010) Evaluation of leaching behaviour of pendimethalin in sandy loam soil. Environ Monit Assess 160:123–126
Clay SA, Koskinen WC, Carlson P (1991) Alachlor movement through intact soil columns taken from two tillage systems. Weed Technol 5:485–489
Cohen SZ (1998) Successful evaluation of EPA’s new screening model. Ground Water Monit Remed 18:55–57
Cohen SZ, Creeger SM, Carsel RF, Enfield CG (1984) Potential for pesticide contamination of ground water from agricultural uses. In: Krueger RF, Seiber JN (eds) Treatment and disposal of pesticide wastes. ACS Symp Ser 259, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 18, pp 297–325
Comfort SD, Inskeep WP, Macur RE (1992) Degradation and transport of dicamba in a clay soil. J Environ Qual 21:653–658
Conrad A, Dedourge O, Cherrier R, Couderchet M, Biagianti S (2006) Leaching of terbumeton and terbumeton-desethyl from mini-columns packed with soil aggregates in laboratory conditions. Chemosphere 65:1600–1609
Copin A, Jamet P, Deleu R, Grieβbach E, Roche-Hoyoux D, Kerhoas L, Dréze P (2000) Methodology for microlysimeters set up in semi-controlled or field conditions. In: Cornejo J, Jamet P (eds) Pesticide/Soil Interactions. Some Current Research Methods, INRA, Paris, pp 261–266
Coquet Y, Barriuso E (2002) Spatial variability of pesticide adsorption within the topsoil of a small agricultural catchment. Agronomie 22:389–398
Corbin M, Eckel W, Ruhman M, Spatz D, Thurman N, Gangaraju R, Kuchnicki T, Mathew R, Nicholson I (2006) NAFTA Guidance Document for Conducting Terrestrial Field Dissipation Studies. pp 58
Cox L, Walker A, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J (1996) Measurement and simulation of the movement of thiazafluron, clopyralid and metamitron in soil columns. Weed Res 36:419–429
Cox L, Calderón MJ, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J (1999) Leaching of clopyralid and metamitron under conventional and reduced tillage systems. J Environ Qual 28:605–610
Cox L, Celis R, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J (2000) Natural soil colloids to retard simazine and 2,4-D leaching in soil. J Agric Food Chem 48:93–99
Cox L, Celis R, Hermosín MC, Becker A, Cornejo J (1997) Porosity and herbicide leaching in soils amended with olive-mill wastewater. Agric Ecosys Environ 65:151–161
Cox L, Velarde P, Cabrera A, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J (2007) Dissolved organic carbon interactions with sorption and leaching of diuron in organic-amended soils. Eur J Soil Sci 58:714–721
Cox L, Cecchi A, Celis R, Hermosín MC, Koskinen WC, Cornejo J (2001) Effect of exogeneous carbon on movement of simazine and 2,4-D in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65:1688–1695
Crisanto Herrero T, Lorenzo Martín LF (1991) Mobility of flumeturon in soil columns sections. Toxicol Environ Chem 31(32):63–68
Cuevas MV, Cox L, Calderón MJ, Hermosín MC, Fernández JE (2008) Chloridazon and lenacil dissipation in a clayey soil of the Guadalquivir river marshes (southwest Spain). Agric Ecosys Environ 24:245–251
Czapar GF, Horton R, Fawcett RS (1992) Herbicide and tracer movement in soil columns containing an artificial macropore. J Environ Qual 21:110–115
Dao TH (1995) Subsurface mobility of metribuzin as affected by crop residue placement and tillage method. J Environ Qual 24:1193–1198
De Jonge LW, Kjaergaard C, Moldrup P (2004) Colloids and colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in soils: An introduction. Vadose Zone J 3:321–325
De Jonge H, Jacobson OH, de Jonge LW, Moldrup P (1998) Particle-facilitated transport of prochloraz in undisturbed sand loam soil columns. J Environ Qual 27:1495–1503
Delphin JE, Chapot JY (2006) Leaching of atrazine, metolachlor and diuron in the field in relation to their injection depth into a silt loam soil. Chemosphere 64:1862–1869
Doran G, Eberbach P, Helliwell S (2008) The mobility of thiobencarb and fipronil in two flooded rice-growing soils. J Environ Sci Health 43B:490–497
Dörfler U, Cao G, Grundmann S, Schroll R (2006) Influence of a heavy rainfall event on the leaching of [14C] isoproturon and its degradation products in outdoor lysimeters. Environ Pollut 144:695–702
Dousett S, Huguenot D, Andreux F (2007) Influence of grass cover on the leaching of pesticides in Beaujolais vineyards. 13th Symposium, Pesticide Chemistry—Environmental fate and ecological effects. Proceeding, Piacenza, pp 857–594
Dousset S, Chauvin C, Durlet P, Thévenot M (2004) Transfer of hexazinone and glyphosate through undisturbed soil columns in soils under Christmas tree cultivation. Chemosphere 57:265–272
Dousset S, Thévenot M, Schrack D, Gouy V, Carluer N (2010) Effect of grass cover on water and pesticide transport through undisturbed soil columns, comparison with field study (Morcille watershed, Beaujolcuis). Environ Pollut 158:2446–2453
Dousset S, Jacobson AR, Dessogne JB, Guichard N, Baveye PC, Andreux F (2007) Facilitated transport of diuron and glyphosate in high copper vineyard soils. Environ Sci Technol 41:8056–8061
Dubus IG, Brown CD, Beulke S (2003a) Sources of uncertainty in pesticide fate modeling. Sci Total Environ 317:53–72
Dubus IG, Brown CD, Beulke S (2003b) Sensitivity analyses for four pesticide leaching models. Pestic Manag Sci 59:962–982
Dubus IG, Beulke S, Brown CD, Gottesbüren B, Dieses A (2004) Inverse modelling for estimating sorption and degradation parameters for pesticides. Pestic Manag Sci 60:859–874
Dunnivant FM, Jardine PM, Taylor DL, McCarthy JF (1992a) Cotransport of cadmium and hexachlorobiphenyl by dissolved organic carbon through columns containing aquifer materials. Environ Sci Technol 26:360–368
Dunnivant FM, Jardine PM, Taylor DL, McCarthy JF (1992b) Transport of naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon in laboratory columns containing aquifer material. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:437–444
Düring RA, Hummel H (1999) Herbicide and metabolite movement in different soils as studied by computer assisted microlysimeters. Chemosphere 39:641–654
Dutch Commission (1987) Application for registration of a pesticide. Section G: Behaviour of the product and its metabolites in soil, water and air (G 3.1 Lysimeter studies). Dutch Commission for Registration of Pesticides
Edwards WM, Glass BL (1971) Methoxychlor and 2,4,5-T in lysimeter percolation and runoff waters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 6:81–84
Edwards WM, Norton LD, Redmond CE (1988) Characterizing macropores that affect infiltration into nontilled soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 52:483–487
Edwards WM, Shipitalo MJ, Owens LB, Norton LD (1989) Water and nitrate movement in earthworm burrows within long-term no-till cornfields. J Soil Water Conserv 44:240–243
Edwards WM, Shipitalo MJ, Dick WA, Owens LB (1992a) Rainfall intensity affects transport of water and chemicals through macropores in no-till soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:52–58
Edwards WM, Shipitalo MJ, Traina SJ, Edwards CA, Owens LB (1992b) Role of lumbricus terrestris (L.) burrows on quality of a filtrating water. Soil Biol Biochem 24:1555–1561
Edwards WM, Shipitalo MJ, Owens LB, Dick WA (1993) Factors affecting preferential flow of water and atrazine through earthworm burrows under continuous no-till corn. J Environ Qual 22:453–457
EFSA (2007a) Opinion of the scientific panel on plant protection products and their residues on a request from the commission related to the revision of Annex II and III to Council Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market—Fate and behaviour in the environment. EFSA J 448:1–17
EFSA (2007b) Opinion on a request from EFSA related to the default Q10 value used to describe the temperature effect on transformation rates of pesticides in soil. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR-Panel). EFSA J 622:1–32
EFSA (2011) PRAPeR, Pesticide risk assessment peer review, European Safe Food Authority, List of available rapporteur Member State assessment Reports http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/pesticidespeerreview/assessmentreports.htm
El Hadiri N, Ammati M, Chgoura M, Mounix K (2003) Behavior of 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl isothiocyanate in undisturbed soil columns. Chemosphere 52:893–899
El Ouaghlidi F, Düring RA, Hummel HA (1999) Leaching and degradation of fenamiphos and atrazine in nondisturbed Moroccan sandy soil columns. Med Fac Landbouww Univ Gent 64/3b: 765–773
Elabd H, Jurry WA, Cliath MM (1986) Spatial variability of pesticide adsorption parameters. Environ Sci Technol 20:256–260
Ellerbrock RH, Gerke HH (2004) Characterizing organic matter of soil aggregate coatings and biopores by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Soil Sci 55:219–228
Elliott JA, Cessna AJ, Nicholaichuk W, Tollefson LC (2000) Leaching rates and preferential flow of selected herbicides through tilled and untilled soil. J Environ Qual 29:1650–1656
Elrick DE, French LK (1966) Miscible displacement patterns on disturbed and undisturbed soil cores. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 30:153–156
Enfield CG, Bengtsson G, Lindgvist R (1989) Influence of macromolecules on chemical transport. Environ Sci Technol 23:1278–1286
Ertung T, Hartlieb N, Berns A, Klein W, Schaeffer A (2002) Investigations on the binding mechanism of the herbicide simazine to dissolved matter in leachates of compost. Chemosphere 49:597–604
Estrella MR, Brusseau ML, Maier RS, Pepper IL, Wierenga PJ, Miller RM (1993) Biodegradation, sorption and transport of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in saturated and unsaturated soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:4266–4273
EU (2011) Database on active substances. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/ database_act_subs_en.htm European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate—General, Plant health, Brussels
Farahani GHN, Sahid IB, Zakaria Z, Kuntom A, Omar D (2008) Study on the downward movement of carbofuran in two Malaysian soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81:294–298
Farenhorst A (2006) Importance of soil organic matter fractions in soil-landscape and regional assessments of pesticide sorption and leaching in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1005–1012
Farenhorst A, Topp E, Bowman BT, Tomlin AD (2000) Earthworm burrow and feeding activity and the potential for atrazine transport by preferential flow. Soil Biol Biochem 32:479–488
Farenhorst A, Londry KL, Nahar N, Gaultier J (2008) In-field variation in 2,4-D mineralization in relation to sorption and soil microbial communities. J Environ Sci Health 43B:113–119
Farenhorst A, Topp E, Bowman BT, Tomlin AD, Bryan RB (2001) Sorption of atrazine and metolachlor by burrow linings developed in soils with different crop residues at the surface. J Environ Sci Health 36B:389–396
Farran A, Chentouf A (2000) Study the behaviour of azinphos-methyl in a clay mineral by batch and column leaching. J Chromatogr 869A:481–485
Fava L, Orrú MA, Scardala S, Funari E (2007) Leaching potential of carbamates and their metabolites and comparison with triazines. Microchem J 86:204–208
Fava L, Bottoni P, Crobe A, Caracciolo AB, Funari E (2001) Assessment of leaching potential of aldicarb and its metabolites using laboratory studies. Pestic Manag Sci 57:1135–1141
Fava L, Orrú MA, Businelli D, Scardala S, Funari E (2006) Leaching potential of some phenylureas and their main metabolites through laboratory studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:386–391
Felding G (1995) Leaching of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides from farmland. Sci Total Environ 168:11–18
Felding G (1997) Pesticide adsorption as a function of depth below surface. Pestic Sci 50:64–66
Felsot AS, Evans RG, Ruppert JR (2003) Field studies of imidacloprid distribution following application to soil through a drip irrigation system. In: Authur EL, Barefoot AC, Clay VE (eds) Terrestrial field dissipation studies—purpose, design and interpretation. ACS Symp Ser 842, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 13, pp 189–205
Fenoll J, Ruiz E, Flores P, Hellǐn P, Navarro S (2010) Leaching potential of several insecticides and fungicides through disturbed clay-loam soil columns. Intern J Environ Anal Chem 90:276–285
Fent G, Kubiak R, Eichhorn KW (1993) Fate of the new sulfonylurea amidosulfuron in soil. Sci Total Environ 132:201–215
Fent G, Kubiak R, Jene B (1999) Spatial distribution of 14C-benazolin residues and two tracers in lysimeters in comparison to a field plot experiment. In: Del Re AAM, Brown C, Capri E, Errera G, Evans SP, Trevisan M (eds) Human and Environmental Exposure to Xenobiotics. Proceedings, XI Symp Pestic Chem, La Goliardica Pavese s.r.l., Pavia, pp 121–129
Fermanich KJ, Daniel TC, Lowery B (1991) Microlysimeter soil columns for evaluating pesticide movement through the root zone. J Environ Qual 20:189–195
Fernandes MC, Cox L, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J (2003) Adsorption-desorption of metalaxyl as affecting dissipation and leaching in soils: the role of mineral and organic components. Pestic Manag Sci 59:545–552
Fernandes MC, Cox L, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J (2006) Organic amendments affecting sorption, leaching and dissipation of fungicides in soils. Pestic Manag Sci 62:1207–1215
Flores-Céspedes F, González-Pradas E, Fernández-Pérez M, Villafranca-Sánchez M, Socías-Viciana M, Urenã-Amate MD (2002) Effects of dissolved organic carbon on sorption and mobility of imidacloprid in soil. J Environ Qual 31:880–888
Flury M (1996) Experimental evidence of transport of pesticides through field soils—A review. J Environ Qual 25:25–45
Flury M, Flühler H, Jury WA, Leuenberger J (1994) Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water: A field study. Water Resource Res 30:1945–1954
Flury M, Leuenberger J, Studer B, Flühler H (1995) Transport of anions and herbicides in a loamy and a sandy field soil. Water Resource Res 31:823–835
Focus (2011) Forum for the Co-ordination of Pesticide Fate Models and their Use, European Union. Focus GW Home. http://viso.ei.jrc.it/focus/index.html
Fogg P, Carter A, Brown CD (1994) A comparison of the use and regulatory interpretation of a predictive model, lysimeter and field studies to determine the leaching potential of a seed dressing. Proceedings, BCPC Conf – Pests and Diseases, British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, vol 3, 9 C–1, pp 1283–1288
Fogg P, Boxall ABA, Walker A, Jukes A (2004a) Degradation and leaching potential of pesticides in biobed systems. Pestic Manag Sci 60:645–654
Fogg P, Boxall ABA, Walker A, Jukes A (2004b) Leaching of pesticides from biobeds: Effect of biobed depth and water loading. J Agric Food Chem 52:6217–6227
Fomsgaard IS, Spliid NH, Felding G (2003a) Leaching of pesticides through normal-tillage and low-tillage soil—A lysimeter study. I. Isoproturon. J Environ Sci Health 38B:1–18
Fomsgaard IS, Spliid NH, Felding G (2003b) Leaching of pesticides through normal-tillage and low-tillage soil – A lysimeter study. II. Glyphosate. J Environ Sci Health 38B:19–35
Fortin J, Gagnon-Bertrand E, Vézina L, Rompré M (2002) Preferential bromide and pesticide movement to tile drains under different cropping practices. J Environ Qual 31:1940–1952
Fouqué-Brouard CM, Fournier JM (1996) Adsorption-desorption and leaching of phenylurea herbicides on soils. Talanta 43:1793–1802
Francaviglia R, Capri E, Trevisan M (2000) Experimental guidelines for lysimeter studies in the Mediterranean area. In: Cornejo J, Jamet P (eds) Pesticide/soil interactions. Some Current Research Methods, INRA, Paris, pp 287–295
Führ F, Steffens W, Mittelstaedt W, Brumhard B (1990) Lysimeter experiments with 14C-labeled pesticides – An agroecosystem approach. In: Frehse H (ed) Pesticide Chemistry, Advances in International Research, Development and Legislation. Proc 7th Intern Cong Pestic Chem, VCH, Weinheim, pp 37–48
Führ F, Burauel P, Mittelstaedt W, Pütz T, Wanner U (2003) The lysimeter concept: A comprehensive approach to study the environmental behavior of pesticides in agroecosystems. In: Coats JR, Yamamoto H (eds) Environmental fate and effects of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 853, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 1, pp 1–29
Führ F, Burauel P, Dust M, Mittelstaedt W, Pütz T, Reinken G, Stork A (1998) Comprehensive tracer studies on the environmental behavior of pesticides: The lysimeter concept. In: Führ F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, Nelson JO (eds) The lysimeter concept, environmental behavior of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 699, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 1, pp 1–20
Futch SH, Singh M (1999) Herbicide mobility using soil leaching columns. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62:520–529
Gaber HM, Inskeep WP, Comfort SD, Wraith JM (1995) Nonequilibrium transport of atrazine through large intact soil cores. Soil Sci Soc Am J 59:60–67
Gamerdinger AP, Wagenet RJ, van Genuchten MT (1990) Application of two-site/two-region models for studying simultaneous nonequilibrium transport and degradation of pesticides. Soil Sci Soc Am J 54:957–963
Gardner DS, Branham BE (2001a) Mobility and dissipation of ethofumesate and halofenozide in turfgrass and bare soil. J Agric Food Chem 49:2894–2898
Gardner DS, Branham BE (2001b) Effect of turfgrass cover and irrigation on soil mobility and dissipation of mefenoxam and propiconazole. J Environ Qual 30:1612–1618
Garratt JA, Kennedy A, Wilkins RM, Ureña-Amate MD, González-Pradas E, Flores-Céspedes F, Fernández-Perez M (2007) Modeling pesticide leaching and dissipation in a Mediterranean littoral greenhouse. J Agric Food Chem 55:7052–7061
Gaston LA, Locke MA (1996) Bentazon mobility through intact, unsaturated columns of conventional- and no-till Dundee soil. J Environ Qual 25:1350–1356
Gaston LA, Locke MA (2000) Acifluorfen sorption, degradation and mobility in a Mississippi Delta soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:112–121
Gaston LA, Locke MA (2002) Difference in microbial biomass, organic carbon and dye sorption between flow and non-flow regions of unsaturated soil. J Environ Qual 31:1406–1408
Gatzweiler EW, Schmidt B, Feyerabend M, Jones RL, Arnold DJ (1999) Isoproturon—Field studies on the behavior in fine-textured solid. In: Del Re AAM, Brown C, Capri E, Errera G, Evans SP, Trevisan M (eds) Human and Environmental Exposure to Xenobiotics. Proceedings, XI Symp Pestic Chem, La Goliardica Pavese s.r.l., Pavia, pp 305–312
Ghodrati M, Jury WA (1990) A field study using dyes to characterize preferential flow of water. Soil Sci Soc Am J 54:1558–1563
Ghosh RK, Singh N (2009) Leaching behavior of azoxystrobin and metabolites in soil columns. Pestic Manag Sci 65:1009–1014
Gjettermann B, Petersen CT, Koch CB, Spliid NH, Grøn C, Baun DL, Styczen M (2009) Particle-facilitated leaching from differently structured soil monoliths. J Environ Qual 38:2382–2393
Glass RL, Edwards WM (1979) Dicamba in lysimeter and percolation water. J Agric Food Chem 27:908–909
Goicolea MA, Arranz JF, Barrio RJ, de Balugera ZG (1991) Adsorption-leaching study of the herbicides metamitron and chloridazon. Pestic Sci 32:259–264
Gonod LV, Chenu C, Soulas G (2003) Spatial variability of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mineralization potential at a millimeter scale in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 35:373–382
Gonzalez J, Ukrainczyk L (1999) Transport of nicosulfuron in soil columns. J Environ Qual 28:101–107
González-Pradas E, Villafranca-Sánchez M, Fernández-Pérez M, Scocías-Viciana M, Ureña-Amate MD (1998) Sorption and leaching of diuron on natural peat-amended calcareous soil from Spain. Water Res 32:2814–2820
Graber ER, Sluszny C, Gerstl Z (1997) Influence of sludge amendment on transport and sorption ideality of s-triazines in soil columns. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:2463–2469
Graber ER, Gerstl Z, Fischer E, Mingelgrin U (1995) Enhanced transport of atrazine under irrigation with effluent. Soil Sci Soc Am J 59:1513–1519
Graber ER, Dror I, Bercovich FC, Rosner M (2001) Enhanced transport of pesticides in a field trial with treated sewage sludge. Chemosphere 44:805–811
Gray RA, Weierich AJ (1968) Leaching of five thiocarbamate herbicides in soils. Weed Sci 16:77–79
Green JD, Horton R, Baker JL (1995) Crop residue effects on the leaching of surface applied chemicals. J Environ Qual 24:343–351
Griessbach EFC, Copin A, Deleu R, Dreze P (1998) Mobility of a siliconepolyether studied by leaching experiments through disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. Sci Total Environ 221:159–169
Grolimund D, Borkovec M (1999) Long-term release kinetics of colloidal particles from natural porous media. Environ Sci Technol 33:4054–4060
Grolimund D, Borkovec M, Barmettler K, Sticher H (1996) Colloid-facilitated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in natural porous media: A laboratory column study. Environ Sci Technol 20:3118–3123
Grover R (1977) Mobility of dicamba, picloram and 2,4-D in soil columns. Weed Sci 25:159–162
Grundmann S, Dörfler U, Ruth B, Loos C, Wagner T, Karl H, Munch JC, Schroll R (2008) Mineralization and transfer processes of 14C-labeled pesticides in outdoor lysimeters. Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus 8:177–185
Guimont S, Perrin-Ganier C, Real B, Schiavon M (2005) Effects of soil moisture and treatment volume on bentazon mobility in soil. Agron Sustain Dev 25:323–329
Günther P, Pestemer W, Rahman A, Nordmeyer H (1993) A bioassay technique to study the leaching behavior of sulfonylurea herbicides in different soils. Weed Res 33:177–185
Guo J, Zhu G, Shi J, Sun J (2003) Adsorption, desorption and mobility of fomesafen in Chinese soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 148:77–85
Guo L, Wagenet RJ (1999) Evaluation of alachlor degradation under transport conditions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:443–449
Guo L, Bicki TJ, Hinesly TD, Felsot AS (1991) Effect of carbon-rich waste materials on movement and sorption of atrazine in a sandy, coarse-textured soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 10:1273–1282
Guo L, Bicki TJ, Felsot AS, Hinesly TD (1993) Sorption and movement of alachlor in soil modified by carbon-rich wastes. J Environ Qual 22:186–194
Guo M, Chorover J (2003) Transport and fractionation of dissolved organic matter in soil columns. Soil Sci 168:108–118
Gupta S, Gajbhiye VT (2002a) Adsorption-desorption, persistence, and leaching behaviour of dithiopyr in an Alluvial soil of India. J Environ Sci Health 37B:573–586
Gupta S, Gajbhiye VT (2002b) Persistence and leaching of β-cyfluthrin in alluvial soil of India. Pestic Manag Sci 58:1259–1265
Gupta S, Gajbhiye VT (2004) Adsorption-desorption, persistence and leaching behavior of thifluzamide in alluvial soil. Chemosphere 57:471–480
Gupta S, Gajbhiye VT, Gupta RK (2008) Soil dissipation and leaching behavior of a neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80:431–437
Gupta S, Gaibhiye VT, Kalpana ANP (2002) Leaching behaviour of imidacloprid formulation in soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 68:502–508
Gustafson DI (1989) Groundwater ubiquity score: A simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:339–357
Guzzella L, Rullo S, Pozzoni F, Giuliano G (2003) Studies on mobility and degradation pathways of terbuthylazine using lysimeters on a field scale. J Environ Qual 32:1089–2098
Haberhauer G, Temmel B, Gerzabek MH (2002) Influence of dissolved humic substances on the leaching of MCPA in a soil column experiment. Chemosphere 46:495–499
Häfner M (1994) Pesticides in soil: A German approach of predicting their movement into ground and surface water. In: Börner H (ed) Chemistry in plant protection. Pesticides in ground and surface water. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, vol. 9, pp 247–288
Hall DGM (1994) Simulation of dichlorprop leaching in three textually distinct soils using the pesticide leaching model. J Environ Sci Health 29A:1211–1230
Hall JK, Mumma RO (1994) Dicamba mobility in conventionally tilled and no-tilled soil. Soil Tillage Res 30:3–17
Hall JK, Murray MR, Hartwig NL (1989) Herbicide leaching and distribution in tilled and untilled soil. J Environ Qual 18:439–445
Hall JK, Mumma RO, Watts DW (1991) Leaching and runoff losses of herbicides in a tilled and untilled field. Agric Ecosys Environ 37:303–314
Hamaker J (1975) The interpretation of soil leaching experiments. In: Hague R, Freed V (eds) Environmental dynamics of pesticides. Plenum, New York, pp 115–133
Hance RJ, Führ F (1992) The present situation. In: Führ F, Hance RJ (eds) Lysimeter studies of pesticides in the soil. BCPC Monograph No. 53, The Lavenham: Lavenham, Suffolk, pp 181–189
Hance RJ, Embling SJ, Hill D, Graham-Bryce IJ, Nicholls P (1981) Movement of flumeturon, simazine, 36Cl− and 144Ce3+ in soil under field conditions: Qualitative aspects. Weed Res 21:289–297
Hancock TC, Sandstrom MW, Vogel JR, Webb RMT, Bayless ER, Barbash JE (2008) Pesticide fate and transport throughout unsaturated zones in five agricultural settings, USA. J Environ Qual 37:1086–1100
Haouari J, Dahchour A, Peña-Heras A, Louchard X, Lennartz B, Alaouri ME, Satrallah A (2006) Behavior of two phenylurea herbicides in clayey soils and effect of altering dry-wet condition on their availability. J Environ Sci Health 41B:883–893
Hassink J, Kördel W (2000) Transport and fate of pesticides in outdoor lysimeters. In: Cornejo J, Jamet P (eds) Pesticide/soil interactions. Some Current Research Methods, INRA, Paris, pp 297–303
Hassink J, Klein A, Kördel W, Klein W (1994) Behavior of herbicides in non-cultivated soils. Chemosphere 28:285–295
Heistermann M, Jene B, Fent G, Feyerabend M, Seppelt R, Richter O, Kubiak R (2003) Modelling approaches to compare sorption and degradation of metsulfuron-methyl in laboratory micro-lysimeter and batch experiments. Pestic Manag Sci 59:1276–1290
Helling CS, Dragun J (1981) Soil leaching tests for toxic organic chemicals. In: Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of toxicants. Proc Symp Assoc Off Anal Chem, 94th Annual Meeting, AOAC, Washington DC, pp 43–88
Helling CS, Gish TJ (1986) Soil characteristics affecting pesticide movement into ground water. In: Garner WY, Honeycutt RC, Nigg HN (eds) Evaluation of pesticides in ground water. ACS Symp Ser 315, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 2, pp 14–38
Hellpointer E (1998) Lysimeter study of imidacloprid after seed treatment of sugar beet in two crop rotations. In: Führ F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, Nelson JO (eds) The lysimeter concept, environmental behavior of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 699, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 3, pp 40–51
Heyer R, Stan HJ (1995) Comparison of the leaching behavior of alachlor and its metabolites under field and laboratory conditions. Intern J Environ Anal Chem 58:173–183
Hogue EJ, Khan SU, Gaunce A (1981) Leaching of four orchard herbicides in soil columns. Can J Soil Sci 61:401–407
Hollis JM, Carter AD (1990) A comparison of laboratory, lysimeter and field study techniques to determine environmental fate of pesticides in the UK. Proceedings, BCPC Conf—Pests and Diseases, British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, vol 3, 8 C – 10, pp 1005–1010
Hua R, Spliid NH, Heinrichson K, Laursen B (2009) Influence of surfactants on the leaching of bentazone in a sandy loam soil. Pestic Manag Sci 65:857–861
Irwin KC, Podoll RT, Starr RI, Elias DJ (1996) The mobility of [14C]3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in a loam soil profile. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1671–1675
Isensee AR, Sadeghi AM (1992) Laboratory apparatus for studying pesticide leaching in intact soil cores. Chemosphere 25:581–590
Isensee AR, Sadeghi AM (1995) Long-term effect of tillage and rainfall on herbicide leaching to shallow groundwater. Chemosphere 30:671–685
Isensee AR, Nash RG, Helling CS (1990) Effect of conventional vs. no-tillage on pesticide leaching to shallow groundwater. J Environ Qual 19:434–440
Ismail BS, Kalithasan K (2004) Adsorption, desorption and mobility of permethrin in Malaysian soils. J Environ Sci Health 39B:419–429
Ismail BS, Enoma AOS, Cheah UB, Lum KY, Malik Z (2002) Adsorption, desorption and mobility of two insecticides in Malaysian agricultural soil. J Environ Sci Health 37B:355–364
Jablonowski ND, Koeppchen S, Hofmann D, Schaeffer A, Burauel P (2008) Spatial distribution and characterization of long-term aged 14C-labeled atrazine residues in soil. J Agric Food Chem 56:9548–9554
Jacobson AR, Dousset S, Guichard N, Baveye P, Andreux F (2005) Diuron mobility through vineyard soils contaminated with copper. Environ Pollut 138:250–259
Jarvis NJ (2007) A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality. Eur J Soil Sci 58:523–546
Jaynes DB, Novak JM, Moorman TB, Cambardella CA (1995) Estimating herbicide partition coefficients from electromagnetic induction measurements. J Environ Qual 24:36–41
Jebellie SJ, Prasher SO, Bassi R (2000) Fate of metolachlor under subirrigation in a sandy soil: A lysimeter study. J Environ Sci Health 35B:13–38
Jene B, Erzgraeber B, Feyerabend M, Fent G, Kubiak R (1999) Comparison of bromide and benazolin transport in the undisturbed field with simulations by the computer models PELMO and MACRO. Del Re AAM, Brown C, Capri E, Errera G, Evans SP, Trevisan M (eds) Proceeding, XI Symp Pestic Chem, La Goliardica Pavese srl, Viale Golgi, pp 131–142
Jiang L, Huang J, Liang L, Zheng PY, Yang H (2008) Mobility of prometryne in soil as affected by dissolved organic matter. J Agric Food Chem 56:11933–11940
Johnson AC, Bettinson RJ, Williams RJ (1999) Differentiating between physical and chemical constraints on pesticide and water movement into and out of soil aggregates. Pestic Sci 55:524–530
Johnson AC, Worrall F, White C, Walker A, Besien TJ, Williams RJ (1997) The potential of incorporated organic matter to reduce pesticide leaching. Toxicol Environ Chem 58:47–61
Johnson DH, Shaner DL, Deane J, Mackersie LA, Tuxhorn G (2000) Time-dependent adsorption of imazethapyr to soil. Weed Sci 48:769–775
Jones RL, Parsons RG, Gatzweiler EW, Wicks RJ, Leake CR (1998) An industry approach to the application of the lysimeter concept. In: Führ F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, Nelson JO (eds) The lysimeter concept, environmental behavior of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 699, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 15, pp 203–212
Jones RL, Arnold DJS, Harris IGL, Bailey SW, Pepper TJ, Mason DJ, Brown CD, Leeds-Harrison PB, Walker A, Bromilow RH, Brockie D, Nicholls PH, Craven ACC, Lythgo CM (2000) Process affecting movement of pesticides to drainage in cracking clay soils. Pestic Outlook 11:174–178
Jørgensen PR, McKay LD, Spliid NH (1998) Evaluation of chloride and pesticide transport in a fractured clayey till using large undisturbed columns and numerical modeling. Water Resources Res 34:539–553
Jørgensen PR, Hoffmann M, Kistrup JP, Bryde C, Bossi R, Villholth KG (2002) Preferential flow and pesticide transport in a clay-rich till: Field, laboratory and modeling analysis. Water Resource Res 38:1246–1260
Jury WA, Flühler H (1992) Transport of chemicals through soil: Mechanisms, models and field applications. Adv Agron 47:141–201
Jury WA, Spencer WF, Farmer WJ (1983) Behavior assessment model for trace organics in soil: I. Model description. J Environ Qual 12:558–564
Kamra SK, Lennartz B, van Genuchten MT, Widmoser P (2001) Evaluating non-equilibrium solute transport in small soil columns. J Contam Hydrol 48:189–212
Kaneko H, Ohkawa H, Miyamoto J (1978) Degradation and movement of permethrin isomers in soil. J Pestic Sci 3:43–51
Kaplan DI, Bertsch PM, Adriano DC, Miller WP (1993) Soil-borne mobile colloids as influenced by water flow and organic carbon. Environ Sci Technol 27:1193–1200
Karpouzas DG, Ferrero A, Vidotto F, Capri E (2005) Application of the RICE-WQ-VADOFT model for simulating the environmental fate of pretilachlor in rice paddies. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:1007–1017
Karpouzas DG, Pantelelis I, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Golia E, Tsiropoulos NG (2007) Leaching of the organophosphorus nematicide fosthiazate. Chemosphere 68:1359–1364
Katagi T (2002) Abiotic hydrolysis of pesticides in the aquatic environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175:79–261
Katagi T (2004) Photodegradation of pesticides on plant and soil surfaces. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 182:1–195
Katagi T (2006) Behavior of pesticides in water-sediment systems. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 187:133–251
Katagi T (2008) Surfactant effects on environmental behavior of pesticides. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 194:71–177
Kaufman DD, Russel BA, Helling CS, Kayser AJ (1981) Movement of cypermethrin, decamethrin, and their degradation products in soil. J Agric Food Chem 29:239–245
Kay P, Blackwell PA, Boxall ABA (2005) Column studies to investigate the fate of veterinary antibiotics in clay soils following slurry application to agricultural land. Chemosphere 60:497–507
Kazemi HV, Anderson SH, Goyne KW, Gantzer CJ (2008) Atrazine and alachlor transport in Claypan soils as influenced by differential antecedent soil water content. J Environ Qual 37:1599–1607
Kazemi HV, Anderson SH, Goyne KW, Gantzer CJ (2009) Aldicarb and carbofuran transport in a Hapludalf influenced by differential antecedent soil water content and irrigation delay. Chemosphere 74:265–273
Keller KE, Weber JB (1995) Mobility and dissipation of 14C-labeled atrazine, metolachlor and primisulfuron in undisturbed field lysimeters of a coastal plain soil. J Agric Food Chem 43:1076–1086
Keller KE, Weber JB (1997) Soybean (Glycine max) influences metolachlor mobility in soil. Weed Sci 45:833–841
Kelsey JW, Alexander M (1995) Effect of flow rate and path length on p-nitrophenol biodegradation during transport in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 59:113–117
Khan AT, Thomson MB (1990) Groundwater transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Environ Toxicol Chem 9:253–263
Khoury R, Geahchan A, Coste CM, Abi Antoun M, Kawar NS (2001) Behavior or triadimefon in two Lebanese soils. J Environ Sci Health 36B:741–754
Khoury R, Geahchan A, Coste CM, Cooper JF, Bobe A (2003) Retention and degradation of metribuzin in sandy loam and clay soils of Lebanon. Weed Res 43:252–259
Kim IS, Beaudette LA, Shim JH, Trevors JT, Suh YT (2002) Environmental fate of the triazole fungicide propiconazole in a rice-paddy-soil lysimeter. Plant Soil 239:321–331
Kim JH, Feagley SE (1998) Adsorption and leaching of trifluralin, metolachlor and metribuzin in a commerce soil. J Environ Sci Health 33B:529–546
Kim JH, Feagley SE (2002) Leaching of trifluralin, metolachlor and metribuzin in a clay loam soil of Louisiana. J Environ Sci Health 37B:393–403
Kissel DE, Ritchie JT, Burnett E (1973) Chloride movement in undisturbed swelling clay soil. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 37:21–24
Kjær J, Olsen P, Ullum M, Grant R (2005) Leaching of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid from Danish agricultural field sites. J Environ Qual 34:608–620
Kjaergaard C, Moldrup P, de Jonge LW, Jacobsen OH (2004) Colloid mobilization and transport in undisturbed soil columns. II. The role of colloid dispersibity and preferential flow. Vadose Zone J 3:424–433
Kladivko EJ, van Scoyoc GE, Monke EJ, Oates KM, Pask W (1991) Pesticide and nutrient movement into subsurface tile drains on a silt loam soil in Indiana. J Environ Qual 20:264–270
Klein M, Klein W, Knoche H, Kördel W (1998) Comprehensive tracer studies on the environmental behavior of pesticides: The lysimeter concept. In: Führ F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, Nelson JO (eds) The lysimeter concept, environmental behavior of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 699, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, Chap 19, pp 246–258
Klier C, Grundmann S, Gayler S, Priesack E (2008) Modelling the environmental fate of the herbicide glyphosate in soil lysimeters. Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus 8:187–207
Kluitenberg GJ, Horton R (1990) Effect of solute application method on preferential transport of solutes in soil. Geoderma 46:283–297
Kogan M, Rojas S, Gómez P, Suárez F, Munõz JF, Alister C (2007) Evaluation of six pesticides leaching indexes using field data of herbicide application in Casablanca Valley, Chile. Water Sci Technol 56:169–178
Köhne JM, Gerke HH, Köhne S (2002) Effective diffusion coefficient of soil aggregates with surface skins. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:1430–1438
Köhne JM, Köhne S, Šimůnek J (2006) Multi-process herbicide transport in structured soil columns: Experiments and model analysis. J Contam Hydrol 85:1–32
Koleli N, Kantar C, Cuvalci U, Yilmag H (2006) Movement and adsorption of methamidophos in clay loam and sandy loam soils. Intern J Environ Anal Chem 86:1127–1134
Kolpin DW, Barbash JE, Gilliom RJ (2000) Pesticides in groundwater of the United States, 1992–1996. Ground Water 38:858–863
Kookana R, Correll RL, Miller RB (2005) Pesticide impact rating index—A pesticide risk indicator for water quality. Water Air Soil Pollu: Focus 5:45–65
Kördel W, Klein M (2006) Prediction of leaching and groundwater contamination by pesticides. Pure Appl Chem 78:1081–1090
Kördel W, Herrchen M, Klein W (1991) Experimental assessment of pesticide leaching using undisturbed lysimeters. Pestic Sci 31:337–348
Kördel W, Egli H, Klein M (2008) Transport of pesticides via macropores (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 80:105–160
Kördel W, Herrchen M, Klein M, Traub-Eberhard U, Klöppel H, Klein W (1992) Determination of the fate of pesticides in outdoor lysimeter experiments. Sci Total Environ 123(124):421–434
Koskinen WC, Cecchi AM, Dowdy RH, Norberg KA (1999) Adsorption of selected pesticides on a rigid PVC lysimeter. J Environ Qual 28:732–734
Koskinen WC, Sorenson BA, Buhler DD, Wyse DL, Strand EA, Lueschen WE, Jorgenson MD, Cheng HH (1998) Use of field lysimeters to determine 14C-dicamba persistence and movement in soil. In: Führ F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, Nelson JO (eds) The lysimeter concept, environmental behavior of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 699, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 8, pp 115–121
Krahe S, Schug B, Schütz S, Weissbecker B, Hummel HE (1997) Microlysimeter studies on plant protection agents. Med Fac Landbouww Univ Gent 62/2a: 145–155
Kruger EL, Rice PJ, Anhalt JC, Anderson TA, Coats JR (1996) Use of undisturbed soil columns under controlled conditions to study the fate of [14C]deethylatrazine. J Agric Food Chem 44:1144–1149
Krzyszowska AJ, Allen RD, Vance GF (1994) Assessment of the fate of two herbicides in a Wyoming Rangeland soil: Column studies. J Environ Qual 23:1051–1058
Kung KJS (1990) Preferential flow in a sandy vadose zone: 1. Field observation. Geoderma 46:51–58
Kung KJS, Steenhuis TS, Kladivko EJ, Gish TJ, Bubenzer G, Helling CS (2000) Impact of preferential flow on the transport of adsorbing and non-adsorbing tracers. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:1290–1296
Laegdsmand M, de Jonge LW, Moldrup P (2005) Leaching of colloids and dissolved organic matter from columns packed with natural soil aggregates. Soil Sci 170:13–27
Laegdsmand M, Villholth KG, Ullum M, Jensen KH (1999) Processes of colloid mobilization and transport in macroporous soil monoliths. Geoderma 93:33–59
Lalah JO, Njogu SN, Wandiga SO (2009) The effects of Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ ions on pesticide adsorption and mobility in a tropical soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 83:352–358
Landry D, Dousset S, Andreux F (2004) Laboratory leaching studies of oryzalin and diuron through three undisturbed vineyard soil columns. Chemosphere 54:735–742
Landry D, Dousset S, Andreux F (2006) Leaching of oryzalin and diuron through undisturbed vineyard soil columns under outdoor conditions. Chemosphere 62:1736–1747
Landry D, Dousset S, Fournier JC, Andreux F (2005) Leaching of glyphosate and AMPA under two soil management practices in Burgundy vineyards (vosne-Romanée, 21-France). Environ Pollut 138:191–200
Langenbach T, Schroll R, Paim S (2000) Fate and distribution of 14C-atrazine in a tropical oxisol. Chemosphere 40:449–455
Langner HW, Inskeep WP, Gaber HM, Jones WL, Das BS, Wraith JM (1998) Pore water velocity and residence time effects on the degradation of 2,4-D during transport. Environ Sci Technol 32:1308–1315
Larsson MH, Jarvis NJ (2000) Quantifying interactions between compound properties and macropore flow effects on pesticide leaching. Pestic Manag Sci 56:133–141
Larsson MH, Jarvis NJ, Torstensson G, Kasteel R (1999) Quantifying the impact of preferential flow on solute transport to tile drains in a sandy field soil. J Hydrol 215:116–134
Laskowski DA (2002) Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 174:49–170
Laskowski DA, Goring CAI, McCall JP, Swann RL (1982) Terrestrial environment. In: Conway RA (ed) Environmental risk analysis for chemicals. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, New York, pp 198–240
Leake CR (1991) Lysimeter studies. Pestic Sci 31:363–373
Lechón Y, Sánchez-Brunete C, Tadeo JL (1997) Influence of the laboratory incubation method on chlortoluron and terbutryn degradation in soil. J Agric Food Chem 45:951–954
Lee JK, Führ F, Kyung KS (1994) Behavior of carbofuran in a rice plant-grown lysimeter throughout four growing seasons. Chemosphere 29:747–758
Lee JK, Führ F, Kyung KS (1996) Fate of the herbicide bentazon in rice plant-grown lysimeters over four consecutive cultivation years. J Environ Sci Health 31B:179–201
Lee JK, Führ F, Kyung KS, Ahn KC, Kwon JW (1998) Fate of the herbicide cinosulfuron in rice plant-grown lysimeters over two consecutive years. In: Führ F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, Nelson JO (eds) The lysimeter concept, environmental behavior of pesticides. ACS Symp Ser 699, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 4, pp 52–64
Lee JK, Führ F, Park SH, Lee EY, Kim YJ, Kyung KS (2003) Long-term fate of the herbicide azimsulfuron in a rice-grown lysimeter over six consecutive years. In: Clark JM, Ohkawa H (eds) Environmental fate and safety management of agrochemicals. ACS Symp Ser 899, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 5, pp 50–61
Lee CH, Oloffs PC, Szeto SY (1986) Persistence, degradation and movement of triclopyr and its ethylene glycol butyl ether ester in a forest soil. J Agric Food Chem 34:1075–1079
Leistra M, Smelt JH, Lexmond TM (1976) Conversion and leaching of aldicarb in soil columns. Pestic Sci 7:471–482
Lennartz B (1999) Variation of herbicide transport parameters within a single field and its relation to water flux and soil properties. Geoderma 91:327–345
Letey J, Williams CF, Farmer WJ, Nelson SD, Agassi M, Ben-Hur M (2000) The role of dissolved organic matter in pesticide transport through soil. In: Steinheimer TR, Ross LJ, Spittler TD (eds) Agrochemical fate and movement. perspective and scale of study. ACS Symp Ser 751, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 22, pp 347–360
Levanon D, Codling EE, Meisinger JJ, Starr JL (1993) Mobility of agrochemicals through soil from two tillage systems. J Environ Qual 22:155–161
Levanon D, Meisinger JJ, Codling EE, Starr JL (1994) Impact of tillage on microbial activity and the fate of pesticides in the upper soil. Water Air Soil Pollut 72:179–189
Li K, Xing B, Torello WA (2005) Effect of organic fertilizers derived dissolved organic matter on pesticide sorption and leaching. Environ Pollut 134:187–194
Li ZC, Yost RS, Green RE (1998) Incorporating uncertainty in a chemical leaching assessment. J Contam Hydrol 29:285–299
Liang X, Xu F, Lin B, Su F, Schramm KW, Kettrup A (2002) Retention behavior of hydrophobic chemicals as a function of temperature in soil leaching column chromatography. Chemosphere 49:569–574
Lin CH, Lerch RN, Garrett HE, Johnson WG, Jordan D, George MF (2003) The effect of five forage species on transport and transformation of atrazine and isoxaflutole (Balance) in lysimeter leachate. J Environ Qual 32:1992–2000
Lipiec J, Kuś J, Stowińska-Jurkiewicz A, Nosalewicz A (2006) Soil porosity and water infiltration as influenced by tillage methods. Soil Tillage Res 89:210–220
Liu Z, Clay SA, Clay DE, Harper SS (1995) Ammonia impacts on atrazine leaching through undisturbed soil columns. J Environ Qual 24:1170–1173
Locke MA, Harper SS, Gaston LA (1994) Metribuzin mobility and degradation in undisturbed soil column. Soil Sci 157:279–288
Lopetz-Avila V, Hitara P, Kraska S, Flanagan M, Taylor Jr JH, Hern SC, Melacon S, Pollard J (1986) Movement of selected pesticides and herbicides through columns of sandy loam. In: Honeycutt RC, Nigg HN (eds) Evaluation of pesticides in groundwater. ACS Symp Ser 315, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 16, pp 311–328
Lynch MR (1995) Procedures for assessing the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of pesticides. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Brussels, p 54
Magee BR, Lion LW, Lemley AT (1991) Transport of dissolved organic macromolecules and their effect on the transport of phenanthrene in porous media. Environ Sci Technol 25:323–331
Majumdar K, Singh N (2007) Effect of soil amendments on sorption and mobility in soils. Chemosphere 66:630–637
Mallawatantri AP, McConkey BG, Mulla DJ (1996) Characterization of pesticide sorption and degradation in macropore linings and soil horizons of Thatuna silt loam. J Environ Qual 25:227–235
Malone RW, Shipitalo MJ, Wauchope RD, Sumner H (2004) Residual and contact herbicide transport through field lysimeters via preferential flow. J Environ Qual 33:2141–2148
Manoj VB, Gajbhiye VT (2007) Adsorption-desorption and leaching of bifenthrin in soil. Pestic Res J 19:257–261
Mao M, Ren L (2004) Simulating non-equilibrium transport of atrazine through saturated soil. Ground Water 42:500–508
Martins JMF, Mermoud A (1999) Transport of rimsulfuron and its metabolites in soil columns. Chemosphere 38:601–616
Martins EL, Weber OLS, Dores EFGC, Spadotto CA (2007) Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State – Brazil. J Environ Sci Health 42B:877–882
Matallo M, Romero E, Peña A, Sánchez-Rasero F, Dios G (1999) Leaching of mecoprop and dichlorprop in calcareous soil. Effect of the exogen organic matter addition in this process. J Environ Health Sci 34B:617–632
Matocha CJ, Hossner LR (1999) Mobility of the herbicide pyrithiobac through intact soil columns. J Agric Food Chem 47:1755–1759
McCall PJ, Laskowski DE, Swann RL, Disburger HJ (1981) Measurement of sorption coefficients of organic chemicals and their use, in environment fate analysis. In: Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of toxicants. Proc Symp Assoc Off Anal Chem, 94th Annual Meeting, AOAC, Washington DC, pp 89–109
McCall PJ, Swann RL, Laskowski DA, Unger SM, Vrona SA, Dishburger HJ (1980) Estimation of chemical mobility in soil from liquid chromatographic retention time. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 24:190–195
McCarthy JF, Zachara JM (1989) Subsurface transport of contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 23:496–502
McDonald JA, Gaston LA, Jackson SH, Locke MA, Zablotowicz RM (2006) Degradation kinetics assessment for the fungicide BAS 505 in intact soil cores versus batch soils. Soil Sci 171:239–248
McMahon MA, Thomas GW (1974) Chloride and tritiated water flow in disturbed and undisturbed soil cores. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 38:727–732
Meeks YJ, Dean JD (1990) Evaluating ground-water vulnerability to pesticides. J Water Resources Planning Manag 116:693–707
Mersie W, Foy CL (1986) Adsorption, desorption, and mobility of chlorsulfuron in soils. J Agric Food Chem 34:89–92
Mersie W, Seybold C, Tsegaye T (1999) Movement, adsorption and mineralization of atrazine in two soils with and without switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) roots. Eur J Soil Sci 50:343–349
Miao Z, Cheplick MJ, Williams M, Trevisan M, Padovani L, Gennari M, Ferrero A, Vidotto F, Capri E (2003) Simulating pesticide leaching and runoff in rice paddies with the RICEWQ-VADOFT model. J Environ Qual 32:2189–2199
Mikata K, Ohta K, Tashiro S (2001) Degradation and leaching of herbicide imazosulfuron in upland soils. J Pestic Sci 26:376–382
Mills MS, Hill IR, Newcombe AC, Simmons ND, Vaughan PC, Verity AA (2001) Quantification of acetochlor degradation in the unsaturated zone using two novel in situ field techniques: comparisons with laboratory-generated data and implications for groundwater risk assessment. Pestic Manag Sci 57:351–359
Mora A, Hermosin MC, Cornejo J (1997) Mobility of terbacil as influenced by soil characteristics. Intern J Environ Anal Chem 66:149–161
Morgan P, Buttle JM, Metcalfe CD, Ostrander D (1995) Laboratory studies on the leaching of aldicarb through a tropical soil from Belize, Central America. Water Air Soil Pollut 81:49–65
Mori Y, Maruyama T, Mitsuno T (1999) Soft X-ray radiography of drainage patterns of saturated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:733–740
Morillo E, Undabeytia T, Cabrera A, Villaverde J, Maqueda C (2004) Effect of soil type on adsorption-desorption, mobility and activity of the herbicide norflurazon. J Agric Food Chem 52:884–890
Morrod RS (1982) Factors affecting the distribution of pesticide drenches in soil using the fungicide metazoxolon as a model. Pestic Sci 13:49–59
Mueller TC, Banks PA (1991) Flurtamone adsorption and mobility in three Georgia soils. Weed Sci 39:275–279
Münch JM, Totsche KU, Kaiser K (2002) Physicochemical factor controlling the release of dissolved organic carbon from columns of forest subsoils. Eur J Soil Sci 53:311–320
Nambu K, Ohkawa H, Miyamoto J (1980) Metabolic fate of phenothrin in plants and soils. J Pestic Sci 5:177–197
Nelson EA, Penner D (2007) Leaching of isoxaflutole and the herbicide safeners R-29148 and furilazole. Weed Technol 21:106–109
Nelson SD, Letey J, Farmer WJ, Williams CF, Ben-Hur M (1998) Facilitated transport of napropamide by dissolved organic matter in sewage sludge-amended soil. J Environ Qual 27:1194–1200
Nelson SD, Letey J, Farmer WJ, Williams CF, Ben-Hur M (2000) Herbicide application method effects on napropamide complexation with dissolved organic matter. J Environ Qual 29:987–994
Newcombe AC, Gustafson DI, Fuhrman JD, van Wesenbeeck IJ, Simmons ND, Klein AJ, Travis KZ, Harradine KJ (2005) The acetochlor registration partnership: Prospective ground water monitoring program. J Environ Qual 34:1004–1015
Nhung DTT, Phong TK, Watanabe H, Iwafune T, Thuyet DQ (2009) Simulating the dissipation of two herbicides using micropaddy lysimeters. Chemosphere 77:1393–1399
Ni Y, Liang X, Chen J, Zhang Q, Ma L, Wu W, Kettrup A (2004) Investigation on the influence of methanol on adsorption and leaching of pesticides with soil column liquid chromatography. Chemosphere 56:1137–1142
Nielsen DR, Biggar JW (1961) Miscible displacement in soils: I. Experimental information. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 25:1–5
Nkedl-Kizza P, Rao PSC, Hornsby AG (1987) Influence of organic cosolvents on leaching of hydrophobic organic chemicals through soils. Environ Sci Technol 21:1107–1111
Novak JM, Moorman TB, Karlen DL (1994) Influence of soil aggregate size on atrazine sorption kinetics. J Agric Food Chem 42:1809–1812
Novak JM, Moorman TB, Camberdella CA (1997) Atrazine sorption at the field scale in relation to soils and landscape position. J Environ Qual 26:1271–1277
Novak SM, Portal JM, Schiavon M (2001a) Influence of soil aggregate size on atrazine and trifluralin leaching. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 66:514–521
Novak SM, Portal JM, Schiavon M (2001b) Effects of soil type upon metolachlor losses in subsurface drainage. Chemosphere 42:235–244
O’Dell JD, Wolt JD, Jardine PM (1992) Transport of imazethapyr in undisturbed soil columns. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:1711–1715
OECD (2000) Guidance document for the performance of out-door monolith lysimeter studies. In: OECD Environmental health and safety publications. Series on testing and assessment. No 22. Environment Directorate, Paris, pp 25
OECD (2004) OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, Leaching in soil columns. No 312. OECD Publishing, Brussels, p 15
Ohkawa H, Nambu K, Inui H, Miyamoto J (1978) Metabolic fate of fenvalerate (Sumicidin®) in soil and by soil organisms. J Pestic Sci 3:129–141
Ohkawa H, Shibaike R, Okihara Y, Morikawa M, Miyamoto J (1976) Degradation of the fungicide Denmart® (S-n-butyl S’-p-tert-butylbenzyl N-3-pyridyldithiocarbon imidate, S-1358) by plants, soils and light. Agric Biol Chem 40:943–951
Ohmes GA, Mueller TC (2007) Sulfentrazone adsorption and mobility in surface soil of the Southern United States. Weed Technol 21:796–800
Oi M (1999) Time-dependent sorption of imidacloprid in two different soils. J Agric Food Chem 47:327–332
Ouyang Y, Shinde D, Mansell RS, Harris W (1996) Colloid-enhanced transport of chemicals in subsurface environments: A review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 26:189–204
Park BJ, Kyung KS, Choi JH, Im GJ, Kim IS, Shim JH (2005) Environmental fate of the herbicide molinate in a rice-paddy-soil lysimeter. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 75:937–944
Parsons RG, Wicks RJ, Gatzweiler EW, Jones RJ (1995) Variability in lysimeter results. In: Pesticide movement to water. Walker A, Allen R, Bailey SW, Blair AM, Brown CD, Günther P, Leake CR, Nichollas PH (eds) BCPC Monograph No. 62, British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, 4–11, pp 257–262
Pearson RJ, Inskeep WP, Wraith JM, Gaber HM, Comfort SD (1996) Observed and simulated solute transport under varying water regimes: II. 2,6-Difluorobenzoic acid and dicamba. J Environ Qual 25:654–661
Perret J, Prasher SO, Kantzas A, Langford C (2000) Preferential solute flow in intact soil columns measured by SPECT scanning. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:469–477
Perret J, Prasher SO, Kantzas A, Hamilton K, Langford C (1999) Three-dimensional quantitation of macropore networks in undisturbed soil cores. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1530–1543
Persson L, Bergström L (1991) Drilling method for collection of undisturbed soil monoliths. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:285–287
Peters B, Feyerabend M, Schmidt B (2002) Design of a terrestrial field leaching and dissipation study within the European registration process. In: Authur EL, Barefoot AC, Clay VE (eds) Terrestrial field dissipation studies—purpose, design and interpretation. ACS Symp Ser 842, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 3, pp 31–42
Petersen CT, Holm J, Koch CB, Jensen HE, Hansen S (2002) Movement of pendimethalin, ioxynil and soil particles to field drainage tiles. Pestic Manag Sci 59:85–96
Petrovic AM, Barrett WC, Larsson-Kovach IM, Reid CM, Lisk DJ (1996) The influence of a peat amendment and turf density on downward migration of metalaxyl fungicide in creeping bentgrass sand lysimeters. Chemosphere 33:2335–2340
Pignatello JJ (2000) The measurement and interpretation of sorption and desorption rates for organic compounds in soil media. Adv Agronomy 69:1–73
Pignatello JJ, Ferrandino FJ, Huang LQ (1993) Elution of aged and freshly added herbicides from a soil. Environ Sci Technol 27:1563–1571
Pot V, Šimůnek J, Benoit P, Coquet Y, Yra A, Martínez-Cordón MJ (2005) Impact of rainfall intensity on the transport of two herbicides in undisturbed grassed filter strip soil cores. J Contam Hydrol 81:63–88
Poulsen TG, Moldrup P, de Jonge LW, Komatsu T (2006) Colloid and bromide transport in undisturbed soil columns: Application of two-region model. Vadose Zone J 5:649–656
PPDB (2009) The Pesticide Properties Database (PPDB) developed by the Agriculture & Environment Research Unit (AERU), University of Hertfordshire, funded by UK national sources and the EU-funded FOOTPRINT project (FP6-SSP-022704)
Pütz T, Mittelstaedt W, Führ F (1998) Seasonal changes of [Phenyl-14C]methabenzthiazuron loads in soil solution under practical farming conditions. Chemosphere 37:1531–1545
Rao PSC, Hornby AG, Jessup RE (1985) Indices for ranking the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater. Proc Soil Crop Sci Soc Fla 44:1–8
Rao PSC, Edvardsson KSV, Ou LT, Jessup RE, Nkedi-Kizza P, Hornsby AG (1986) Spatial variability of pesticide sorption and degradation parameters. In: Garner WY, Honeycutt RC, Nigg HN (eds) Evaluation of pesticides in ground water. ACS Symp Ser 315, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 6, pp 100–115
Raturi S, Carroll MJ, Hill RL (2003) Turfgrass thatch effects on pesticide leaching: A laboratory and modeling study. J Environ Qual 32:215–223
Reemtsma T, Mehrtens J (1997) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) leaching from contaminated soil by a column test with on-line solid phase extraction. Chemosphere 35:2491–2501
Reemtsma T, Bredow A, Gehring M (1999) The nature and kinetics of organic matter release from soil by salt solutions. Eur J Soil Sci 50:53–64
Regitano JB, Da Rocha WSD, Alleoni LRF (2005) Soil pH on mobility of imazaquin in oxisols with positive balance of charges. J Agric Food Chem 53:4096–4102
Regitano JB, Prata F, Rocha WSD, Tornisielo VL, Lavorenti A (2002) Imazaquin mobility in tropical soils in relation to soil moisture and rainfall timing. Weed Res 42:271–279
Reinken G, Führ F, Zadgorsky N, Halling H, Schult O (1995) Application of a novel high-resolution tomographic method for non-destructive characterization of pore structure in soil column. In: Walker A, Allen R, Bailey SW, Blair AM, Brown CD, Günther P, Leake CR, Nichollas PH (eds) Pesticide movement to water. BCPC Monograph No. 62, British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, 1–6, pp 39–44
Renaud FG, Brown CD, Fryer CJ, Walker A (2004) A lysimeter experiment to investigate temporal changes in the availability of pesticide residues for leaching. Environ Pollut 131:81–91
Riise G, Eklo OM, Lode O, Pettersen MN (1992) Mobility of dichlorprop in the soil-water system as a function of different environmental factors. II. A lysimeter experiment. Sci Total Environ 123(124):411–420
Riise G, Eklo OM, Lode O, Pettersen MN (1994) Mobility of atrazine and tribenuron-methyl in the soil-water system—Lysimeter experiments. Norw J Agric Sci, Suppl, pp 31–41
Roberts TR, Hutson DH, Lee PW, Nicholls PH, Plimmer JR (1998) Metabolic pathways of agrochemicals. Part 1 and 2, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Jones JE, Bending GD (2006) Field-scale study of the variability in pesticide biodegradation with soil depth and its relationship with soil characteristics. Soil Biol Biochem 38:2910–2918
Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Jones JE, Bending GD (2008) Study of the spatial variation of the biodegradation rate of the herbicide bentazon with soil depth using contrasting incubation methods. Chemosphere 73:1211–1215
Romero E, Sánchez-Rasero F, Peña A, de la Colina C, Dios G (1996) Bentazone leaching in Spanish soils. Pestic Sci 47:7–15
Rosenbom AE, Kjær J, Olsen P (2010) Long-term leaching of rimsulfuron degradation products through sandy agricultural soils. Chemosphere 79:830–838
Roulier S, Jarvis N (2003) Modeling macropore flow effects on pesticide leaching: Inverse parameter estimation using microlysimeters. J Environ Qual 32:2341–2353
Roy JW, Hall JC, Parkin GW, Wagner-Riddle C, Clegg BS (2001) Seasonal leaching and biodegradation of dicamba in turfgrass. J Environ Qual 30:1360–1370
Rüdel H, Schmidt S, Kördel W, Klein W (1993) Degradation of pesticides in soil: comparison of laboratory experiments in a biometer system and outdoor lysimeter experiments. Sci Total Environ 132:181–200
Russell MH (1995) Recommended approaches to assess pesticide mobility in soil. In: Roberts TR, Kearney PC (eds) Progress in pesticide biochemistry and toxicology. Environmental behavior of agrochemicals. vol 9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chichester, chap 2, pp 57–129
Sabbagh GJ, Fox GA, Ma L, Malone RW, Arthur EL, Dyer DG (2007) Modeling pesticide fate and nonideal transport from seed treated with a slow-release pesticide in a laboratory soil column. Trans Am Soc Agric Biol Eng 50:523–532
Sadeghi AM, Isensee AR, Shirmohammadi A (2000) Influence of soil texture and tillage on herbicide transport. Chemosphere 41:1327–1332
Saison C, Cattan P, Louchart X, Voltz M (2008) Effect of spatial heterogeneities of water fluxes and application pattern on cadusafos fate on banana-cultivated andosols. J Agric Food Chem 56:11947–11955
Sakaliene O, Papiernik SK, Koskinen WC, Kavoliūnaite I, Brazenaitei J (2009) Using lysimeters to evaluate the relative mobility and plant uptake of four herbicides in a rye production system. J Agric Food Chem 57:1975–1981
Sakata S, Mikami N, Matsuda T, Miyamoto J (1986) Degradation and leaching behavior of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in soils. J Pestic Sci 11:71–79
Sakata S, Yoshimura J, Nambu K, Mikami N, Yamada H (1990) Degradation and leaching behavior of the pyrethroid insecticide fenpropathrin in soils. J Pestic Sci 15:363–373
Sánchez L, Romero E, Peña A (2003) Ability of biosolids and a cationic surfactant to modify methidathion leaching. Modelling with pescol. Chemosphere 53:843–850
Sánchez-Camazano M, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Delgado-Pascual R (2000) Adsorption and mobilities of linuron in soils as influenced by soil properties, organic amendments and surfactants. J Agric Food Chem 48:3018–3026
Sánchez-Camazano M, Gonzalez-Pozuelo JM, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Crisanto T (1994) Adsorption and mobility of acephate in soils. Ecotox Environ Safety 29:61–69
Sánchez-Martín MJ, Piccolo A, Sánchez-Camazano M, Arienzo M (1997) Diazinon leaching through a sandy soil amended with different humic materials. Toxicol Environ Chem 62:21–33
Sander T, Gerke HH (2007) Preferential flow patterns in paddy fields using a dye tracer. Vadose Zone J 6:105–115
Schiavon M (1988) Studies of the leaching of atrazine, of its chlorinated derivatives, and of hydroxyatrazine from soil using 14C ring-labeled compounds under outdoor conditions. Ecotox Environ Safety 15:46–54
Schnitzler F, Lavorenti A, Berns AE, Drewes N, Vereecken H, Burauel P (2007) The influence of maize residues on the mobility and binding of benazolin: Investigating physically extracted soil fractions. Environ Pollut 147:4–13
Schoen R, Gaudet JP, Bariac T (1999a) Preferential flow and solute transport in a large lysimeter, under controlled boundary conditions. J Hydrol 215:70–81
Schoen R, Gaudet JP, Elrick DE (1999b) Modelling of solute transport in a large undisturbed lysimeter, during steady-state water flux. J Hydrol 215:82–93
Schroll R, Kühn S (2004) Test system to establish mass balances for 14C-labeled substances in soil-plant-atmosphere systems under field conditions. Environ Sci Technol 38:1537–1544
Schroll R, Dörfler U, Scheunert I (1999) Volatilization and mineralization of 14C-labeled pesticides on lysimeter surfaces. Chemosphere 39:595–602
Schroll R, Grundmann S, Dörfler U, Ruth B, Munch JC (2008) Lysimeter experiments to investigate the fate of chemicals in soils – comparison of five different lysimeter systems. Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus 8:209–216
Schroll R, Langenbach T, Cao G, Dörfler U, Schneider P, Scheunert I (1992) Fate of [14C]terbutylazine in soil-plant system. Sci Total Environ 123(124):377–389
Schwartz RC, McInnes KJ, Juo ASR, Cervantes CE (1999) The vertical distribution of a dye tracer in a layered soil. Soil Sci 164:561–572
Scorza Júnior RP, Smelt JH, Boesten JJTI, Hendriks RFA, van der Zee SEATM (2004) Preferential flow of bromide, bentazon and imidacloprid in a Dutch clay soil. J Environ Qual 33:1473–1486
Selim HM, Zhu H (2002) Retention and mobility of deltamethrin in soils: 2. Transport. Soil Sci 167:580–589
Selim HM, Zhou L, Xue SK (2002) Alachlor transport during transient water flow in unsaturated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:1773–1783
Seta AK, Karathanasis AD (1996) Colloid-facilitated transport of metolachlor through intact soil columns. J Environ Sci Health 31B:949–968
Seta AK, Karathanasis AD (1997a) Stability and transportability of water-dispersible soil colloids. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61:604–611
Seta AK, Karathanasis AD (1997b) Atrazine adsorption by soil colloids and co-transport through subsurface environments. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61:612–617
Seyfried MS, Rao PSC (1987) Solute transport in undisturbed columns of an aggregated tropical soil: Preferential flow effects. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:1434–1444
Shaw LJ, Burns RG (1998) Biodegradation—transport interactions of pulse applied 2,4-D in repacked soil microcosms. J Environ Qual 27:1472–1478
Shipitalo MJ, Edwards WM, Dick WA, Owens LB (1990) Initial storm effects on macropore transport of surface-applied chemicals in no-till soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 54:1530–1536
Shukla S, Mostaghimi S, Shanholt VO, Collins MC, Ross BB (2000) A county-level assessment of ground water contamination by pesticides. Ground Water Monit Remed 20:104–119
Si Y, Wang S, Zhou J, Hua R, Zhou D (2005) Leaching and degradation of ethametsulfuron-methyl in soil. Chemosphere 60:601–609
Si Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Zhang L, Zhou D (2006) Influence of organic amendments on the adsorption and leaching of ethametsufuron-methyl in acidic soils in China. Geoderma 130:66–76
Siczek A, Kotowska U, Lipiec J, Nosalewicz A (2008) Macro-porosity and leaching of atrazine in tilled and orchard loamy soils. Chemosphere 70:1973–1978
Sigua GC, Isensee AR, Sadeghi AM, Im GJ (1995) Distribution and transport of atrazine as influenced by surface cultivation, earthworm population and rainfall pattern. Chemosphere 31:4237–4242
Simunek J, van Genuchten M, Sejna M, Toride N, Leij FJ (1999) The STANMOD computer software for evaluating solute transport in porous media using analytical solutions of convection-dispersion equation. Versions 1.0 and 2.0. U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverside, p 119
Singh N (2003) Organic manure and urea effect on metolachlor transport through packed soil columns. J Environ Qual 32:1743–1749
Singh N (2005) Mobility of four triazole fungicides in two Indian soils. Pestic Manag Sci 61:191–196
Singh N (2006) Metribuzin mobility in soil columns as affected by urea fertilizer. Pestic Manag Sci 62:402–406
Singh N, Kloeppel H, Klein W (2002) Movement of metolachlor and terbuthylazine in core and packed soil columns. Chemosphere 47:409–415
Singh P, Kanwar RS (1991) Preferential solute transport through macropores in large undisturbed saturated soil columns. J Environ Qual 20:295–300
Smetnik A, Frost M (1999) Simulation of 14C-triadimenol leaching in lysimeter studies with PELMO. In: Del Re AAM, Brown C, Capri E, Errera G, Evans SP, Trevisan M (eds) Human and Environmental Exposure to Xenobiotics. Proceeding, XI Symp Pestic Chem, La Goliardica Pavese srl, Viale Golgi, pp 449–455
Smith S, Willis GH (1985) Movement of pesticides in soil columns as affected by anhydrous ammonia. Environ Toxicol Chem 4:425–434
Socías-Viciana MM, Fernández-Pérez M, Villafranca-Sánchez M, González-Pradas E, Flores-Céspedes F (1999) Sorption and leaching of atrazine and MCPA in neutral and peat-amended calcareous soils from Spain. J Agric Food Chem 47:1236–1241
Song NH, Chen L, Yang H (2008) Effect of dissolved organic matter on mobility and activation of chlortoluron in soil and wheat. Geoderma 146:344–352
Sonon LS, Schwab AP (2004) Transport and persistence of nitrate, atrazine and alachlor in large intact soil columns under two levels of moisture content. Soil Sci 169:541–553
Sorenson BA, Koskinen WC, Buhler DD, Wyse DL, Lueschen WE, Jorgenson MD (1994) Formation and movement of 14C-atrazine degradation products in a clay loam soil in the field. Weed Sci 42:618–624
Spadotto CA (2002) Screening method for assessing pesticide leaching potential. Pesticidas: Revista Ecotoxicol Meio Ambiente 12:69–78
Spark KM, Swift RS (1998) Effect of dissolved organic matter on the movement of pesticides in soil columns. In: Davies G, Ghabbour EA (eds) Humic substances: structure, properties and uses. Special Publ. Royal Soc Chem 228: 195–201
Sprague LA, Herman JS, Hornberger GM, Mills AL (2000) Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone. J Environ Qual 29:1632–1641
Spurlock FC, Biggar JW (1990) Effect of naturally occurring soluble organic matter on the adsorption and movement of simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] in Hanford sandy loam. Environ Sci Technol 24:736–741
Spurlock FC, Huang K, van Genuchten MT (1995) Isotherm nonlinearity sorption effects on transport of fenuron and monuron in soil columns. Environ Sci Technol 29:1000–1007
Srivastava A, Agarwal V, Srivastava PC, Guru SK, Singh G (2006) Leaching of sulfosulfuron from two textually different soils under saturated moisture regime. J Food Agric Environ 4:287–290
Starrett SK, Christians NE, Al-Austin T (1996) Movement of pesticides under two irrigation regimes applied to turfgrass. J Environ Qual 25:566–571
Steenhuis TS, Staubitz W, Andreini MS, Surface J, Richard TL, Paulsen R, Pickering NB, Hagerman JR, Geohring LD (1990) Preferential movement of pesticides and tracers in agricultural soils. J Irrig Drain Engineer 116:50–66
Stehouwer RC, Dick WA, Traina SJ (1993) Characteristics of earthworm burrow lining affecting atrazine sorption. J Environ Qual 22:181–185
Stehouwer RC, Dick WA, Traina SJ (1994) Sorption and retention of herbicides in vertically oriented earthworm and artificial burrows. J Environ Qual 23:286–292
Stenrød M, Charnay MP, Benoit P, Eklo OM (2006) Spatial variability of glyphosate mineralization and soil microbial characterization in two Norwegian sandy loam soils as affected by the surface topological features. Soil Biol Biochem 38:962–971
Stockmaier M, Kreuzig R, Bahadir M (1996) Investigations on the behavior of fenpropimorph and its metabolite fenpropimorphic acid in soils. Pestic Sci 46:361–367
Stone DM, Harris AR, Koskinen WC (1993) Leaching of soil-active herbicides in acid, low base saturated sands: Worst-case conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 12:399–404
Strömqvist J, Jarvis N (2005) Sorption, degradation and leaching of the fungicide iprodione in a golf green under Scandinavian conditions: measurements, modeling and risk assessments. Pestic Manag Sci 61:1168–1178
Sundaram KMS (1997) Mobility and metabolic fate of mexacarbate in soil columns containing sandy and clay loam forest soils. J Environ Sci Health 32B:147–175
Suárez F, Bachmann J, Muñoz JF, Oritz C, Tyler SW, Alister C, Kogan M (2007) Transport of simazine in unsaturated sandy soil and prediction of its leaching under hypothetical field conditions. J Contam Hydrol 94:166–177
Suzuki S (2000) Leaching of several pesticides in andosol upland field under natural rain conditions. J Pestic Sci 25:1–9
Suzuki T, Kondo H, Yaguchi K, Maki T, Suga T (1998) Estimation of leachability and persistence of pesticides as golf courses from point-source monitoring and model to predict pesticide leaching to groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 32:920–929
Swoboda AR, Thomas GW (1968) Movement of parathion in soil columns. J Agric Food Chem 16:923–927
Taboada ER, Dekker A, van Kammen-Polman A, Smelt JH, Boesten JJTI, Leistra M (1994) Adsorption, degradation and leaching of pirimicarb in orchard soils. Sci Total Environ 153:253–260
Takamatsu T, Koshikawa MK, Watanabe M, Hou H, Murata T (2007) Design of a meso-scale indoor lysimeter for undisturbed soil to investigate the behaviour of solutes in soil. Eur J Soil Sci 58:329–334
Takimoto Y, Hirota M, Inui H, Miyamoto J (1976) Decomposition and leaching of radioactive Sumithion in 4 different soils under laboratory conditions. J Pestic Sci 1:131–143
Tames RS, Hance RJ (1969) The adsorption of herbicides by roots. Plant Soil 30:221–226
Tan S, Singh M (1995) Effects of cationic surfactants on leaching of bromacil and norflurazon. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55:359–365
Thevenot M, Dousset S, Rousseaux S, Andreux F (2008) Influence of organic amendments on diuron leaching through an acidic and a calcareous vineyard soil using undisturbed lysimeters. Environ Pollut 153:148–156
Thevenot M, Dousset S, Hertkorn N, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Andreux F (2009) Interactions of diuron with dissolved organic matter from organic amendments. Sci Total Environ 407:4297–4302
Tiktak A, Boesten JJTI, van der Linden AMA, Vanclooster M (2006) Mapping ground water vulnerability to pesticide leaching with a process-based metamodel of EuroPEARL. J Environ Qual 35:1213–1216
Tindall JA, Vencill WK (1995) Transport of atrazine, 2,4-D and dicamba through preferential flowpaths in an undisturbed claypan soil near Centrolia, Missouri. J Hydrol 166:37–59
Tingle CH, Shaw DR, Gerard PD (1999) Flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils as influenced by irrigation timing. Weed Sci 47:349–352
Topp E, Smith WN, Reynolds WD, Khan SU (1994) Atrazine and metolachlor dissipation in soils incubated in undisturbed cores, repacked cores and flasks. J Environ Qual 23:693–700
Traub-Eberhard U, Kördel W, Klein W (1994) Pesticide movement into subsurface drains on a loamy silt soil. Chemosphere 28:273–284
Tsegaye T, Johnson A, Mersier W, Dennis S, Golson K (2007) Transport of atrazine through soil columns with or without switchgrass roots. J Food Agric Environ 5:345–350
Undabeytia T, Sanchez-Verdejo T, Morillo E, Maqueda C (2004) Effect of organic amendments on the retention and mobility of imazaquin in soils. J Agric Food Chem 52:4493–4500
USEPA (2008a) Fate, transport and transformation test guidelines. Leaching studies. OPPTS 835.1240, EPA 712-c-08-010. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, p 14
USEPA (2008b) Guidance for prospective ground-water monitoring studies. Environmental fate and effects division, Office of pesticide programs. USEPA, Washington DC, p 87
USEPA (2008c) Fate, transport and transformation test guidelines. Terrestrial field dissipation. OPPTS 835.6100, EPA 712-c-08-020. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, p 50
USEPA (2011) Pesticides, Science and Policy, Aquatic models. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ science/models_pg.htm#aquatic. US EPA, Washington, DC
Beinum V, Beulke S, Brwon CD (2005) Pesticide sorption and diffusion in natural clay loam aggregates. J Agric Food Chem 53:9146–9154
Van Beinum W, Beulke S, Fryer C, Brown C (2006) Lysimeter experiment to investigate the potential influence of diffusion-limited sorption on pesticide availability for leaching. J Agric Food Chem 54:9152–9159
Van der Linden AMA, Tiktak A, Boesten JJTI, Leijnse A (2009) Influence of pH-dependent sorption and transformation on simulated pesticide leaching. Sci Total Environ 407:3415–3420
Van Genuchten MT, Wagenet RJ (1989) Two-site/two-region models for pesticide transport and degradation: Theoretical development and analytical solutions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 53:1303–1310
Van Leemput L, Swysen E, Meuldermans W, Heykants J (1986) On the leaching of imazalil and its transformation products in soil. Med Fac Landbouww Rijksuniv Gent 51/2a: 245–257
Vanderborght J, Gähwiller P, Flühler H (2002) Identification of transport processes in soil cores using fluorescence tracers. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:774–787
Veeh RH, Inskeep WP, Roe FL, Ferguson AH (1994) Transport of chlorsulfuron through soil columns. J Environ Qual 23:542–549
Villaverde J, van Beinum W, Beulke S, Brown CD (2009) The kinetics of sorption by retarded diffusion into soil aggregate pores. Environ Sci Technol 43:8227–8232
Villholth KG, Jarvis NJ, Jacobsen OH, de Jonge H (2000) Field investigation and modeling of particle-facilitated pesticide transport in macroporous soil. J Environ Qual 29:1298–1309
Vincent A, Benoit P, Pot V, Madrigal I, Delgado-Moreno L, Labat C (2007) Impact of different land uses on the migration of two herbicides in a silt loam soil: unsaturated soil column displacement studies. Eur J Soil Sci 58:320–328
Vink JPM, Gottesbüren B, Diekkrüger B, van der Zee SEATM (1997) Simulation and model comparison of unsaturated movement of pesticides from a large clay lysimeter. Ecol Modelling 105:113–127
Vinten AJA, Yaron B, Nye PH (1983) Vertical transport of pesticides into soil when adsorbed on suspended particles. J Agric Food Chem 31:662–664
Vinther FP, Eiland F, Lind AM, Elsgaard L (1999) Microbial biomass and numbers of detrifiers related to macropore channels in agricultural and forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 31:603–611
Vinther FP, Brinch UC, Elsgaard L, Fredslund L, Iversen V, Top S, Jacobsen CS (2008) Field-scale variation in microbial activity and soil properties in relation to mineralization and sorption of pesticides in a sandy soil. J Environ Qual 37:1710–1718
Vischetti C, Businelli M (1992) Evaluation of a simulation model for prediction of chlorsulfuron fate in an Umbrian soil. Sci Total Environ 123(124):561–569
Vischetti C, Marucchini C, Leita L, Ceccon P, Giovanardi R (1997) Soil behavior of metanitron in laboratory and lysimeter studies. Agronomie 17:367–373
Vischetti C, Marucchini C, Leita L, Cantone P, Danuso F, Giovanardi R (2002) Behavior of two sunflower herbicides (metbromuron, aclonifen) in soil. Eur J Agronomy 16:231–238
Walker A (1974) A simulation model for prediction of herbicide persistence. J Environ Qual 3:396–401
Walker A, Welch SJ (1989) The relative movement and persistence in soil of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl and triasulfuron. Weed Res 29:375–383
Walker A, Cotterill EG, Welch SJ (1989) Adsorption and degradation of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl in soils from different depths. Weed Res 29:281–287
Walker A, Rodriguez-Cruz MS, Mitchell MJ (2005) Influence of ageing of residues on the availability of herbicides for leaching. Environ Pollut 133:43–51
Walker A, Welch SJ, Melacini A, Moon YH (1996) Evaluation of three pesticide leaching models with experimental data for alachlor, atrazine and metribuzin. Weed Res 36:37–47
Walker A, Turner IJ, Cullington JE, Welch SJ (1999) Aspects of the adsorption and degradation of isoproturon in a heavy clay soil. Soil Use Manag 15:9–13
Walker A, Jurado-Exposito M, Bending GD, Smith VJR (2001) Spatial variability in the degradation rate of isoproturon in soil. Environ Pollut 111:407–415
Wang YS, Chen SW, Yen JH, Chen YL (1994) Dissipation and movement of acaricide chlorobenzilate in the environment. Ecotox Environ Safety 28:193–200
Wauchope RD, Yeh S, Linders JBHJ, Kloskowski R, Tanaka K, Rubin B, Katayama A, Kördel W, Gerstl Z, Lane M, Unsworth JB (2002) Review: Pesticide soil sorption parameters: theory, measurement, uses, limitations and reliability. Pestic Manag Sci 58:419–445
Weber JB, Peeper TF (1982) Mobility and distribution of buthidazole and metabolites in four leached soils. Weed Sci 30:585–588
Weber JB, Whitacre DM (1982) Mobility of herbicides in soil columns under saturated- and unsaturated-flow conditions. Weed Sci 30:579–584
Weber JB, Strek HJ, Sartori JL (1993) Mobility of fomesafen and atrazine in soil columns under saturated- and unsaturated-flow conditions. Pestic Sci 39:39–46
Weber JB, Jane McKinnon E, Swain LR (2003) Sorption and mobility of 14C-labeled imazaquin and metolachlor in four soils as influenced by soil properties. J Agric Food Chem 51:5752–5759
Weber JB, Taylor KA, Wilkerson GG (2006) Soil and herbicide properties influenced mobility of atrazine, metolachlor, and primisulfuron-methyl in field lysimeters. Agron J 98:8–18
Weber JB, Swain LR, Strek HJ, Sartori JL (1986) Herbicide mobility in soil leaching columns. In: Camper ND (ed) Research methods in weed science. Southern Weed Science Society, chap IX, pp 189–200
Weber JB, Warren RL, Swain LR, Yelverton FH (2007) Physicochemical property effects of three herbicides and three soils on herbicide mobility in field lysimeters. Crop Protect 26:299–311
Wells DA, Waldman E, Behl E (1995) Groundwater monitoring studies for agrochemicals: Directions and guidelines. In: Leng ML, Leovey EMK, Zubkoff PL (eds) Agrochemical environmental fate, state of the art. CRC, Boca Raton, chap 25, pp 263–272
White RE (1985) The influence of macropores on the transport of dissolved and suspended matter through soil. Adv Soil Sci 3:95–120
Wietersen RC, Daniel TC, Fermanich KJ, Girard BD, Mc Sweeney K, Lowery B (1993) Atrazine, alachlor and metolachlor mobility through two sandy Wisconsin soils. J Environ Qual 22:811–818
Williams CF, Letey J, Farmer WJ (2002) Molecular weight of dissolved organic matter-napropamide complex transported through soil column. J Environ Qual 31:619–627
Williams CF, Letey J, Farmer WJ (2006) Estimating the potential for facilitated transport of napropamide by dissolved organic matter. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:24–30
Williams CF, Agassi M, Letey J, Farmer WJ, Nelson SD, Ben-Hur M (2000) Facilitated transport of napropamide by dissolved organic matter through soil columns. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:590–594
Wilson GV, Yunsheng L, Selim HM, Essington ME, Tyler DD (1998) Tillage and cover crop effects on saturated and unsaturated transport of fluometuron. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:46–55
Wolt JD, Nelson HP Jr, Cleveland CB, van Wesenbeeck IJ (2001) Biodegradation kinetics for pesticide exposure assessment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 169:123–164
Wolters A, Linnemann V, Herbst M, Klein M, Schäffer A, Vereecken H (2003) Pesticide volatilization from soil: lysimeter measurements versus predictions of European registration models. J Environ Qual 32:1183–1193
Wood AL, Bouchard DC, Brusseau ML, Rao PSC (1990) Cosolvent effects on sorption and mobility of organic contaminants in soils. Chemosphere 21:575–587
Wood LS, Scott HD, Marx DB, Lavy TL (1987) Variability in sorption coefficients of metolachlor on a Captina silt loam. J Environ Qual 16:251–256
Worrall F, Parker A, Rae JE, Johnson AC (1999) A study of suspended and colloidal matter in the leachate from lysimeters and its role in pesticide transport. J Environ Qual 28:595–604
Worrall F, Fernandez-Perez M, Johnson AC, Flores-Cesperedes F, Gonzalez-Pradas E (2001) Limitations on the role of incorporated organic matter in reducing pesticide leaching. J Contam Hydrol 49:241–262
Wu CH, Santelmann PW (1975) Comparison of different soil leaching technique. Weed Sci 23:508–511
Wu L, Green RL, Liu G, Yates MV, Pacheco P, Gan J, Yates SR (2002a) Partitioning and persistence of trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos in a creeping bentgrass putting green. J Environ Qual 31:889–895
Wu L, Liu G, Yates MV, Green RL, Pacheco P, Gan J, Yates SR (2002b) Environmental fate of metalaxyl and chlorothalonil applied to a bentgrass putting green under southern California climate conditions. Pestic Manag Sci 58:335–342
Xu F, Liang XM, Lin B, Su F, Zhong H, Schramm KW, Kettrup A (1999) Soil leaching column chromatographic technique for estimation of leaching behavior of atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine on soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63:87–93
Yen JH, Hsiao FL, Wang YS (1997) Assessment of the insecticide carbofuran’s potential to contaminate groundwater through soils in the subtropics. Ecotox Environ Safety 38:260–265
Yen JH, Lin KH, Wang YS (2000) Potential of the insecticide acephate and methamidophos to contaminate groundwater. Ecotox Environ safety 45:79–86
Yen JH, Sheu WS, Wang YS (2003) Dissiaption of the herbicide oxyfluorfen in subtropical soils and its potential to contaminate groundwater. Ecotox Environ safety 54:151–156
Yen JH, Tsai PW, Chen WC, Wang YS (2008) Fate of anilide and aniline herbicides in plant-materials-amended soils. J Environ Sci Health 43B:382–389
Yon DA (1992) The Letcombe lysimeter station. In: Führ F, Hance RJ (eds) Lysimeter studies of pesticides in the soil. BCPC Monograph No. 53, The Lavenham: Lavenham, Suffolk, pp 65–71
Zhou Y, Wang Y, Hunkeler D, Zwahlen F, Boillat J (2010) Differential transport of atrazine and glyphosate in undisturbed sandy soil column. Soil Sed Contam 19:365–377
Zins AB, Wyse DL, Koskinen WC (1991) Effect of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots on movement of atrazine and alachlor through soil. Weed Sci 39:262–269
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix 1: Chemical Structures
Appendix 1: Chemical Structures
Organophosphorus pesticides | ||||
(1) Parathion | (2) Fenitrothion | (3) Diazinon | (4) Chlorpyrifos | (5) Azinphos-methyl |
|
|
|
|
|
(6) Methidathion | (7) Fosthiazate | (8) Fenamiphos | (9) Phorate | (10) Terbufos |
|
|
|
|
|
(11) Acephate | (12) Methamidophos | (13) Trichlorfon | (14) Cadusafos | (15) Glyphosate |
|
|
|
|
|
(16) Glufosinate | ||||
| ||||
Carbamates | ||||
(17) Carbofuran | (18) Carbaryl | (19) Mexacarbate | (20) Aldicarb | (21) Benthiocarb |
|
|
|
|
|
(22) Molinate | (23) Pirimicarb | (24) Carbendazim | ||
|
|
| ||
Pyrethroid insecticides | ||||
(25) Phenothrin | (26) Permethrin | (27) Bifenthrin (Z)-(1RS)-cis | (28) Fenpropathrin | (29) Cypermethrin |
|
|
|
|
|
(30) β-Cyfluthrin | (31) Deltamethrin | (32) Fenvalerate | ||
(1R)-cis,trans-(αS), (1 S)-cis,trans-(αR) | (1R)-cis-(αS) | |||
|
|
| ||
Urea herbicides | ||||
(33) Fenuron | (34) Monuron | (35) Diuron | (36) Chlortoluron | (37) Fluometuron |
|
|
|
|
|
(38) Isoproturon | (39) Linuron | (40) Metobromuron | (41) Chloroxuron | (42) Difenoxuron |
|
|
|
|
|
(43) Thiazafluron | (44) Tebuthiuron | (45) Buthidazole | ||
|
|
| ||
Sulfonylurea herbicides | ||||
(46) Chlorsulfuron | (47) Metsulfuron-methyl (Me) | (48)Sulfometuron-methyl(Me) | (49) Triasulfuron | (50)Primisulfuron-methyl(Me) |
|
|
|
|
|
(51) Tribenuron-methyl (Me) | (52) Ethametsulfuron | (53) Cinosulfuron | (54) Nicosulfuron | (55) Rimsulfuron |
|
|
|
|
|
(56) Azimsulfuron | (57) Sulfosulfuron | (58) Imazosulfuron | ||
|
|
| ||
Arylalkanoate herbicides | ||||
(59) 2,4-D | (60) Dichlorprop | (61) MCPA | (62) Mecoprop | (63) Triclopyr |
|
|
|
|
|
(64) Cyhalofop (R) | ||||
| ||||
Acetoanilide herbicides | ||||
(65) Alachlor | (66) Acetochlor | (67) Metolachlor | (68) Butachlor | (69) Metalaxyl |
|
|
|
|
|
Diphenylether herbicides | ||||
(70) Acifluorfen | (71) Chlomethoxyfen | (72) Fomesafen | (73) Oxyfluorfen | |
|
|
|
| |
Triazine herbicides | ||||
(74) Atrazine | (75) Simazine | (76) Cyanazine | (77) Prometon | (78) Terbuthylazine |
|
|
|
|
|
(79) Prometryn | (80) Terbutryn | (81) Terbumeton | ||
|
|
| ||
Miscellaneous pesticides | ||||
(82) Bromoxynil | (83) Dicamba | (84) Picloram | (85) Clopyralid | (86) Pyrithiobac |
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous pesticides | ||||
(87) Imazethapyr | (88) Imazaquin | (89) Bromacil | (90) Terbacil | (91) Lenacil |
|
|
|
|
|
(92) Hexazinone | (93) Bentazon | (94) Metribuzin | (95) Metamitron | (96) Chloridazon |
|
|
|
|
|
(97) Norflurazon | (98) Trifluralin | (99) Pendimethalin | (100) Oryzalin | (101) DDT |
|
|
|
|
|
(102) Chlorobenzilate | (103) Endosulfan | (104) Toxaphene | (105) Flurtamone | (106) Dithiopyr |
|
|
|
|
|
(107) Benazolin-ethyl | (108) Azoxystrobin (E) | (109) Fipronil | (110) Flumetsulam | (111) Sulfentrazone |
|
|
|
|
|
(112) Buthiobate | (113) Thifluzamide | (114) Napropamide | (115) Procymidone | (116) Iprodione |
|
|
|
|
|
(117) Imidacloprid | (118) Thiamethoxam (E) | (119) Etofumesate | (120) Sulcotrione | (121) Metazoxolon |
|
|
|
|
|
(122) Halofenozide | (123) Fenpropimorph (cis) | (124) Fentin acetate | (125) Imazalil | (126) Procloraz |
|
|
|
|
|
(127) Tebuconazole | (128) Triadimefon | (129) Triadimenol | (130) Triticinazole (E) | (131) Propiconazole |
|
|
|
|
|
(132) Tricyclazole | (133) Paraquat | |||
|
|
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Katagi, T. (2013). Soil Column Leaching of Pesticides. In: Whitacre, D. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 221. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 221. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4448-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4448-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4447-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4448-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)