Skip to main content

Bilingualism and Its Impact on Psychological Assessment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Guide to Psychological Assessment with Hispanics

Abstract

The role of bilingualism and biculturalism is reviewed with a specific focus on their measurement as well as their impact on psychological tests. Bilingualism appears to be a deterrent or confounding factor in the measurement of psychological constructs early in development but appears to have a facilitating impact on such constructs later in life. For example, there is increasing evidence that executive function is improved in bilingual individuals. The measurement of bilingualism, however, is not as simple as previously considered largely because of the increasing understanding that constructs that are assessed linguistically are clearly affected by other and possibly more salient variables, such as cultural ones. In addition, Spanish language demographics were described and types of bilingualism for Spanish speakers were presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albert, M., & Obler, L. (1978). The bilingual brain. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archila-Suerte, P., Zevin, J., Bunta, F., & Hernandez, A. E. (2012). Age of acquisition and proficiency in a second language independently influence the perception of non-native speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 190–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardila, A. (1995). Directions of research in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardila, A. (1998). Bilingualism: A neglected and chaotic area. Aphasiology, 12, 131–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardila, A. (2007). Bilingualism in the contemporary world. In A. Ardila & E. Ramos (Eds.), Speech and language disorders in bilinguals (pp. 1–20). New York: Nova.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., & Puente, A. E. (1994). Neuropsychological Evaluation of the Spanish Speaker. New York: Premium Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., Ostrosky-Solís, F., Marcos, J., Granda, G., & Soto, M. (2000). Syntactic comprehension, verbal memory, and calculation abilities in Spanish–English bilinguals. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(1), Special issue: Assessment of Spanish-speaking populations, 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., & Puente, A. E. (1994). Neuropsychological Evaluation of the Spanish Speaker. New York: Premium Press.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahrick, H. P., Hall, L. K., Goggin, J. P., Bahrick, L. E., & Berger, S. A. (1994). Fifty years of language maintenance and language dominance in bilingual Hispanic immigrants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123(3), 264–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bamford, K. W. (1991). Bilingual issues in mental health assessment and treatment. Hispanic Journal of the Behavioral Sciences, 13(4), 377–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beals, M. J., & Beals, K. L. (1993). Transcultural counseling and the Hispanic community. In J. McFadden (Ed.), Transcultural counseling: Bilateral and international perspectives (pp. 213–238). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bialystok, E. (2011). Reshaping the mind: The benefits of bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Expérimentale, 65(4), 229–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bialystok, E., & Cummins, J. (1991). Language, cognition, and education of bilingual children. In E. Bialystok (Ed.), Language processing in bilingual children (pp. 222–232). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bialystok, E., & Hakuta, K. (1999). Confounded age: Linguistic and cognitive factors in age differences for second language acquisition. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis (pp. 161–181). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birdsong, D. (1992). Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition. Language, 68, 706–755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buré-Reyes, A., Hidalgo, N., Vilar-López, R., Pérez-García, M., Gontier, J., Sánchez, L., et al. Neuropsychological test performance of Spanish speakers: Is performance different across different Spanish speaking subgroups? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cofresí, N. I., & Gorman, A. A. (2004). Testing and assessment issues with Spanish-English bilingual Latinos. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(1), 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. (1987). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danzak, R. L. (2011). The interface of language proficiency and identity: A profile analysis of bilingual adolescents and their writing. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(4), 506–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeKeyser, R. M. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22, 499–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingfelder, S. F. (2005). Closing the gap for Latino patients. Retrieved from APA monitor on psychology online database: http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan05/closingthegap.aspx.

  • Dollaghan, C. A., & Horner, A. A. (2011). Bilingual language assessment: A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 54(4), 1077–1088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabbro, F. (1999). The neurolinguistics of bilingualism. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flege, J. E. (1999). Age of learning and second-language speech. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis (pp. 101–131). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, L. (1978). Language impairment and recovery in polyglot aphasia: A case of a heptaglot. In M. Paradis (Ed.), Aspects of bilingualism (pp. 139–148). Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, E. E., & Nanez, J. E. (2011). Intelligence and bilinguals assessment. In E. G. Garcia & J. E. Nanez (Eds.), Bilingualism and cognition: Informing research, pedagogy and policy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gasquoine, P., Croyle, K., Cavazos-Gonzalez, C., & Sandoval, O. (2007). Language of administration and neuropsychological test performance in neurologically intact Hispanic American bilingual adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 991–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genesee, F., & Nicoladis, E. (1995). Language development in preschool bilingual children. In E. Garcia & B. McLaughlin (Eds.), Meeting the challenge of linguistic and cultural diversity in early childhood education. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., & Werner, G. A. (2002). Semantic and letter fluency in Spanish-English bilinguals. Neuropsychology, 16(4), 562–576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. G., Cullum, C., & Puente, A. E. (1995). Effects of bilingualism on verbal learning and memory in Hispanic adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1(1), 10–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, A. E., & Li, P. (2007). Age of acquisition: Its neural and computational mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 638–650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, A. E., Martinez, A., & Kohnert, K. (2000). In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish–English bilinguals. Brain and Language, 73, 421–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James, C. V. (1979). Foreign languages in school curriculum. In G. E. Perren (Ed.), Foreign language in education (pp. 7–28). London: CILT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilborn, K. (1994). Learning a language late: Second language acquisition in adults. In M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 917–944). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebrun, Y. (1976). Recovery in polyglots aphasics. In Y. Lebrun & R. Hoops (Eds.), Recovery in aphasics (pp. 96–108). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manuel-Dupont, S., Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., & Puente, A. E. (1992). Bilingualism. In A. E. Puente, R. McCaffrey, A. E. Puente, & R. McCaffrey (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychological assessment: A biopsychosocial perspective (pp. 193–210). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcos, J., & Ostrosky, F. (1995). Estrategias para la asignacion de papeles tematicos en la interpretacion de enunciados en espanol [Strategies for the assignment of thematic roles in the interpretation of Spanish statements]. In D. Pool (Ed.), Estudios en linguistica formal (pp. 47–62). Mexico City, Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin, G., & Marin, B. V. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, B. (1977). Second-language learning in children. Psychological Bulletin, 84(3), 438–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mindt, R. M., Arendtoft, A., Germano, K. K., D’Aquila, E., Scheiner, D., Pizzirusso, M., et al. (2008). Neuropsychological, cognitive and theoretical considerations for evaluation of bilingual individuals. Neuropsychology Review, 18, 255–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northover, M. (1988). Bilinguals or “dual linguistic identities?”. In J. W. Berry & R. C. Annis (Eds.), Ethnic psychology: Research and practice with immigrants, refugees, native peoples, ethnic groups, and sojourners (pp. 207–216). Berwyn, PA: Swets North America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padilla, A. (1971). Assessment and treatment of Hispanic individuals. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, M. & Ardila, A. (1989) Prueba de afasia para bilingües, (American Spanish version) Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 26 + 127pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, M. (Ed.). (1978). Aspects of bilingualism. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, M. (2004). Neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, M., & Libben, G. (1987). The assessment of bilingual aphasia. Hillsdale, NJ/England, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradis, M. & Ardila, A. (1989) Prueba de afasia para bilingües, (American Spanish version) Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 26 + 127pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Passel, J. S., & Cohn, D. (2011). Unauthorized immigrant population: National and state trends, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2012, from Pew Hispanic Center online database: http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/133.pdf.

  • Pew Hispanic Center. (2012a). Retrieved January 13, 2012, from Pew Hispanic Center online database: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/03/05/statistical-portrait-of-hispanics-in-the-united-states-2007/2007-portrait-of-hispanics-22/.

  • Pew Hispanic Center. (2012b). Retrieved January 13, 2012, from Pew Hispanic Center online database: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/03/05/statistical-portrait-of-the-foreign-born-population-in-the-united-states-2007/2007-portrait-of-foreign-born-population-27/.

  • Pontón, M. O., & Ardila, A. (1999). The future of neuropsychology with Hispanic populations in the United States. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14(7), 565–580.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pontón, M., Satz, P., Herrera, L., Ortiz, F., Urrutia, C., Young, R., et al. (1996). Normative data stratified by age and education for the neuropsychological battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS): Initial report. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 96–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, C., & Silverman, R. D. (2011). Confounds in assessing the associations between biliteracy and English language proficiency. Educational Researcher, 40(2), 62–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proficiency. (2012). Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/proficiency.

  • Proficient. (2012). Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/proficient.

  • Puente, A. E., & Ardila, A. (2000). Neuropsychological assessment of Hispanics. In E. Fletcher-Janzen, T. L. Strickland, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 87–104). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Puente, A. E., & Perez-Garcia, M. (2000). Neuropsychological assessment of ethnic minorities: Clinical issues. In I. Cuéllar & F. A. Paniagua (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural mental health (pp. 419–435). San Diego, CA: Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Puente, A. E., & Puente, A. N. (2009). The challenge of measuring abilities and competencies in Hispanics/Latinos. In E. L. Grigorenko (Ed.), Multicultural psychoeducational assessment (pp. 417–441). New York, NY US: Springer Publishing Co.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P. M., Garcia, L., Desrochers, A., & Hernandez, D. (2002). English performance of proficient bilingual adults on the Boston naming test. Aphasiology, 16, 635–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez Gomez, J. R., & Caban, M. (1992). The problem with bilingualism in psychiatric diagnoses of Hispanic patients. Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin, 26, 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romaine, S. (1989). Bilingualism. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Araujo, K., Weekes, V., Caracciolo, V., Padilla, M., et al. (2000). Verbal fluency and repetition skills in healthy older Spanish English bilinguals. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(1), 17–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Santisi, M., Del Rosario Arecco, M., Salvartierra, J., Conde, A., et al. (2002). Stroop effect in Spanish–English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 819–827.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, T. I., & Huer, M. B. (2003). Testing strategies involving least biased language assessment of bilingual children. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 24(4), 184–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sattler, J. M. (2001). Assessment of children: Cognitive applications (4th ed.). La Mesa, CA US: Jerome M Sattler Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sattler, J. M. (2008). Assessment of children: Cognitive applications (5th ed.). San Diego, CA: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebastián-Gallés, N., & Bosch, L. (2002). Building phonotactic knowledge in bilinguals: Role of early exposure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28(4), 974–989.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, L., & Sanchez, D. (2010). Spanish/English bilingual listeners on clinical word recognition tests: What to expect and how to predict. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 1096–1110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siguan, M. (2001). Bilingüismo y lenguas en contacto [Bilingualism and languages in contact]. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2012a). Retrieved on January 4, 2012, from http://2010.census.gov/2010census/index.php.

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2012b). The Hispanic population: 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2012, from U.S. Census Bureau online database: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br04.pdf.

  • Vaid, J. (Ed.). (1986). Language processing in bilinguals: Psycholinguistic and neuropsychological perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdez, J. N. (2000). Psychotherapy with bicultural Hispanic clients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 35, 188–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. D. (1945). Wechsler memory scale. San Antonio, TX US: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in contact: Findings and problems. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, H. A. (1978). Bilingualism: A neurolinguistics perspective. In W. C. Ritchie (Ed.), Second language acquisition research. Issues and implications (pp. 21–32). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, S., Yang, H., & Lust, B. (2011). Early childhood bilingualism leads to advances in executive attention: Dissociating culture and language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14(3), 412–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonio E. Puente Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Puente, A.E., Zink, D., Hernandez, M., Jackman-Venanzi, T., Ardila, A. (2013). Bilingualism and Its Impact on Psychological Assessment. In: Benuto, L. (eds) Guide to Psychological Assessment with Hispanics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4412-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics