Skip to main content

Burnout Symptoms and Cycles of Burnout: The Comparison with Psychiatric Disorders and Aspects of Approaches

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Burnout is a syndrome caused by chronic stress, mostly at work. The syndrome consists of three components: emotional exhaustion (a state of losing mental and psychological resources that causes depletion of mental energy), cynicism or depersonalization (a negative attitude toward relationships in a workplace), and diminished professional competence (feeling of reduced sense of personal accomplishment or by a negative view of self-efficacy). Individuals with burnout may present with either or all of the physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and motivational symptoms. Burnout shares some symptoms with chronic stress, depression, neurasthenia, or adjustment disorder. Nevertheless, the core emotional and cognitive symptoms are different.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahola, K., & Hakanen, J. (2007). Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among dentists. Journal of Affective Disorders, 104(1–3), 103–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahola, K., et al. (2005). The relationship between job-related burnout and depressive disorders – Results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 88(1), 55–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahola, K., et al. (2006). Contribution of burnout to the association between job strain and depression: The health 2000 study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 48(10), 1023–1030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armon, G., et al. (2008). On the nature of burnout-insomnia relationships: A prospective study of employed adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65(1), 5–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armon, G., et al. (2010). Elevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among apparently healthy employees. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 399–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong-Stassen, M., et al. (1994). Determinants and consequences of burnout: A cross-cultural comparison of Canadian and Jordanian nurses. Health Care for Women International, 15(5), 413–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Van Emmerik, H., & Van Riet, P. (2008). How job demands, resources, and burnout predict objective performance: A constructive replication. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 21(3), 309–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belcastro, P. A. (1982). Burnout and its relationship to teachers’ somatic complaints and illnesses. Psychological Reports, 50(3 Pt 2), 1045–1046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borritz, M., et al. (2006). Burnout as a predictor of self-reported sickness absence among human service workers: Prospective findings from three year follow up of the PUMA study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(2), 98–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, S., et al. (2010). Associations between satisfaction with life, burnout-related emotional and physical exhaustion, and sleep complaints. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 11(5), 744–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castelo-Branco, C., et al. (2007). Stress symptoms and burnout in obstetric and gynaecology residents. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 114(1), 94–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. W., & Lu, L. P. (1993). Assessment of job-related burnout among health education specialists in Taiwan. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 14(2), 207–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Y., et al. (2011). Employment insecurity, workplace justice and employees’ burnout in Taiwanese employees: A validation study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21380932. Accessed 14 Oct 2011.

  • Cherniss, C. (1980). Staff burnout: Job stress in the human services. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, S. F., & Tsai, M. C. (2006). Relationships among burnout, job involvement, and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Psychology, 140(6), 517–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W., et al. (1994). Staff burnout in a psychiatric hospital: A cross-lagged panel design. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(1), 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, J. M., Yu, H. Z., Wu, J. H., Xu, H. H., Shen, W. R., Wang, Z. B., & Fu, H. (2006). [Hierarchical regression analysis for relationship between job stress and job burnout in Shanghai employees]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi = Zhonghua Laodong Weisheng Zhiyebing Zazhi = Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 24(8), 450–453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, J. M., Collins, S., Yu, H. Z., & Fu, H. (2008). Combining job stress models in predicting burnout by hierarchical multiple regressions: A cross-sectional investigation in Shanghai. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50(7), 785–790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demerouti, E., et al. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, L. B., Iglewicz, A., & Moutier, C. (2008). A conceptual model of medical student well-being: Promoting resilience and preventing burnout. Academic Psychiatry: The Journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry, 32(1), 44–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckleberry-Hunt, J., Van Dyke, A., Lick, D., & Tucciarone, J. (2009). Changing the conversation from burnout to wellness: Physician well-being in residency training programs. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 1(2), 225–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekstedt, M., et al. (2006). Disturbed sleep and fatigue in occupational burnout. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(2), 121–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elloy, D. F., Terpening, W., & Kohls, J. (2001). A causal model of burnout among self-managed work team members. The Journal of Psychology, 135(3), 321–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Embriaco, N., et al. (2007). High level of burnout in intensivists: Prevalence and associated factors. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 175(7), 686–692.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism: Developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(6), 921–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evers, W. J. G., Brouwers, A., & Tomic, W. (2002). Burnout and self-efficacy: A study on teachers’ beliefs when implementing an innovative educational system in the Netherlands. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(Pt 2), 227–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, G. (2007). Encyclopedia of stress, 3-Vol. Set: Encyclopedia of stress, 4-Vol. Set (2nd ed.). Academic. Boston: Elsevier/Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R., & Boer, D. (2011). What is more important for national well-being: Money or autonomy? A meta-analysis of well-being, burnout, and anxiety across 63 societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 164–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberger, H. J., & North, G. (2006, June/July). The burnout cycle. Scientific American MIND, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friberg, T. (2009). Burnout: From popular culture to psychiatric diagnosis in Sweden. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 33(4), 538–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., et al. (2003). Interpersonal conflict, social support, and burnout among home care workers in Japan. Journal of Occupational Health, 45(5), 313–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrosa, E., et al. (2008). The relationship between socio-demographic variables, job stressors, burnout, and hardy personality in nurses: An exploratory study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(3), 418–427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girdin, D. A., Everly, G. S., & Dusek, D. E. (1996). Controlling stress and tension. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, J., et al. (2004). Spirituality and burnout: An incremental validity study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32, 115. Rosemead School of Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., et al. (2011). Perceived collective burnout: A multilevel explanation of burnout. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 25(1), 43–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, E. A., & Boss, R. W. (2002). The phase model of burnout and employee turnover. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 25(1), 33–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorkin, M. (2004). Practice safe stress: Healing & laughing in the face of stress. AuthorHouse: Burnout  +  Depression.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorter, R. C., Eijkman, M. A. J., & Hoogstraten, J. (2000). Burnout and health among Dutch dentists. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 108(4), 261–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grosch, W. N., & Olsen, D. C. (2000). Clergy burnout: An integrative approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(5), 619–632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Günüşen, N. P., & Ustün, B. (2009). Turkish nurses’ perspectives on a programme to reduce burnout. International Nursing Review, 56(2), 237–242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, N., Sverke, M., & Näswall, K. (2009). Predicting nurse burnout from demands and resources in three acute care hospitals under different forms of ownership: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(1), 95–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honkonen, T., et al. (2006). The association between burnout and physical illness in the general population–results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61(1), 59–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houkes, I., et al. (2011). Development of burnout over time and the causal order of the three dimensions of burnout among male and female GPs. A three-wave panel study. BMC Public Health, 11, 240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, H. Y., et al. (2010). Job stress, achievement motivation and occupational burnout among male nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(7), 1592–1601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huff, M. R., et al. (1983). Preventing burnout: An alternative approach. Hospital Pharmacy, 18(11), 588–589.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huibers, M., et al. (2003). Fatigue, burnout, and chronic fatigue syndrome among employees on sick leave: Do attributions make the difference? Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(Suppl 1), i26–i31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imai, H., et al. (2004). Burnout and work environments of public health nurses involved in mental health care. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(9), 764–768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, P. P., Jonge, J. D., & Bakker, A. B. (1999). Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intentions: A study among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(6), 1360–1369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, R., & Elliott, P. (2004). Stressors, burnout and social support: Nurses in acute mental health settings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(6), 622–631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jourdain, G., & Chênevert, D. (2010). Job demands—resources, burnout and intention to leave the nursing profession: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), 709–722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahill, S. (1988). Symptoms of professional burnout: A review of the empirical evidence. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 29(3), 284–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanai-Pak, M., et al. (2008). Poor work environments and nurse inexperience are associated with burnout, job dissatisfaction and quality deficits in Japanese hospitals. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(24), 3324–3329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kania, M. L., Meyer, B. B., & Ebersole, K. T. (2009). Personal and environmental characteristics predicting burnout among certified athletic trainers at National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(1), 58–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanste, O., Miettunen, J., & Kyngäs, H. (2006). Factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Finnish nursing staff. Nursing & Health Sciences, 8(4), 201–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, B. C. (1994). A model of stress and burnout in collegiate coaches: Effects of gender and time of season. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(1), 48–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, W. O., Moon, S. J., & Han, S. S. (2010). Contingent nurses’ burnout and influencing factors. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40(6), 882–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., Ji, J., & Kao, D. (2011). Burnout and physical health among social workers: A three-year longitudinal study. Social Work, 56(3), 258–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, J., et al. (2010). Effort-reward imbalance, job strain and burnout among clinicians in surgery. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 60(9–10), 374–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure? (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudielka, B. M., Bellingrath, S., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2006). Cortisol in burnout and vital exhaustion: An overview. Giornale Italiano Di Medicina Del Lavoro Ed Ergonomia, 28(1 Suppl 1), 34–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, G., Goldberg, R., & Compton, S. (2009). Tolerance for uncertainty, burnout, and satisfaction with the career of emergency medicine. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 54(1), 106–113.e6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., et al. (2011). Stresses experienced by psychiatrists and their role in burnout: A national follow-up study. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(2), 166–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., & Perel, J. M. (1989). The advantage of early treatment intervention in recurrent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(9), 771–775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lederer, W., et al. (2008). Fully developed burnout and burnout risk in intensive care personnel at a university hospital. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 36(2), 208–213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H., et al. (2003). A comprehensive model for predicting burnout in Korean nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44(5), 534–545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leiter, M. P., Frank, E., & Matheson, T. J. (2009). Demands, values, and burnout: Relevance for physicians. Canadian Family Physician Médecin De Famille Canadien, 55(12), 1224–1225. 1225.e1-6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Nurse turnover: the mediating role of burnout. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 331–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leone, S. S., et al. (2008). A comparison of the course of burnout and prolonged fatigue: A 4-year prospective cohort study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65(1), 31–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leone, S. S., et al. (2011). Two sides of the same coin? On the history and phenomenology of chronic fatigue and burnout. Psychology & Health, 26(4), 449–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, T. Y. (1989). Neurasthenia revisited: Its place in modern psychiatry. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13, 105–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lue, B. H., et al. (2010). Stress, personal characteristics and burnout among first postgraduate year residents: A nationwide study in Taiwan. Medical Teacher, 32(5), 400–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machizawa, S. (1992). Neurasthenia in Japan. Psychiatric Annals, 22(4), 190–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C. (1976). Burned-out. Human Behavior, 5(9), 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Goldberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7(1), 63–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meier, S. T. (1984). The construct validity of burnout. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57, 211–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., & Shapira, I. (2006a). Burnout and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study of apparently healthy employed persons. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(6), 863–869.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., et al. (2006b). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 327–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menezes de Lucena Carvalho, V. A., et al. (2006). Resilience and the burnout-engagement model in formal caregivers of the elderly. Psicothema, 18(4), 791–796.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. H., & Smith, A. D. (1993). The stress solution: An action plan to manage the stress in your life. New York: Pocket Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitani, S., et al. (2006). Impact of post-traumatic stress disorder and job-related stress on burnout: A study of fire service workers. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31(1), 7–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mollart, L., et al. (2011). Factors that may influence midwives work-related stress and burnout. Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2011.08.002.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2009). Depression: The treatment and management of depression in adults. London: MidCity Place.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norlund, S., Reuterwall, C., Höög, J., Lindahl, B., Janlert, U., & Birgander, L. S. (2010). Burnout, working conditions and gender – Results from the northern Sweden MONICA Study. BMC Public Health, 10, 326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohue, T., Moriyama, M., & Nakaya, T. (2011). Examination of a cognitive model of stress, burnout, and intention to resign for Japanese nurses. Japan Journal of Nursing Science: JJNS, 8(1), 76–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onder, C., & Basim, N. (2008). Examination of developmental models of occupational burnout using burnout profiles of nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64(5), 514–523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otero-López, J. M., Santiago Mariño, M. J., & Castro Bolaño, C. (2008). An integrating approach to the study of burnout in university professors. Psicothema, 20(4), 766–772.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S., & Lake, E. T. (2005). Multilevel modeling of a clustered continuous outcome: Nurses’ work hours and burnout. Nursing Research, 54(6), 406–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, P. K. (1984). Organizational strategies: Promoting retention and job satisfaction. Family & Community Health, 6(4), 57–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peisah, C., et al. (2009). Secrets to psychological success: Why older doctors might have lower psychological distress and burnout than younger doctors. Aging & Mental Health, 13(2), 300–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, U., et al. (2008). Burnout and physical and mental health among Swedish healthcare workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 84–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pines, A. M., Aronson, E., & Kafry, D. (1981). Burnout: From tedium to personal growth. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakovec-Felser, Z. (2011). Professional burnout as the state and process – What to do? Collegium Antropologicum, 35(2), 577–585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rella, S., Winwood, P. C., & Lushington, K. (2009). When does nursing burnout begin? An investigation of the fatigue experience of Australian nursing students. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(7), 886–897.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. G. (1989). Anxiety disorders in Japan: A review of the Japanese literature on Shinkeishitsu and taijinkyofusho. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13, 391–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, W. (1971). Blaming the victim (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarmiento, T. P., Laschinger, H. K. S., & Iwasiw, C. (2004). Nurse educators’ workplace empowerment, burnout, and job satisfaction: Testing Kanter’s theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(2), 134–143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, M., et al. (2009). Relationship between stress coping and burnout in Japanese hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 359–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2003). Burnout: An overview of 25 years of research and theorizing. In Handbook of work and health psychology (pp. 383–429). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis (1st ed.). CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schüler-Schneider, A., Schneider, B., & Hillert, A. (2011). Burnout as a disease category. Psychiatrische Praxis, 38(7), 320–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, P. Y. (2002). Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures? The Western Journal of Medicine, 176(4), 257–258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizutani, M., et al. (2008). Relationship of nurse burnout with personality characteristics and coping behaviors. Industrial Health, 46(4), 326–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirom, A. (1989). Burnout in work organizations. In International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 25–48). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. J. (2011). Work-family conflict and job burnout among correctional staff: A comment on Lambert and Hogan (2010) 1. Psychological Reports, 108(1), 23–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. C. S., & Tulane University School of Social Work. (2008). Job burnout, spirituality and social support in women who are perinatal social workers: A quantitative and qualitative study. Tulane University, School of Social Work. New Orleans: LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. J., Davy, J. A., & Everly, G. S., Jr. (2006). An assessment of the construct distinctiveness of stress arousal and burnout. Psychological Reports, 99(2), 396–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spence Laschinger, H. K., & Finegan, J. (2008). Situational and dispositional predictors of nurse manager burnout: A time-lagged analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(5), 601–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stenlund, T., et al. (2007). Patients with burnout in relation to gender and a general population. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 35(5), 516–523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephey, M. J. (2008). Gen-X: The ignored generation? Time. Available at: http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1731528,00.html. Accessed 3 Dec 2011.

  • Sundin, L., et al. (2007). The relationship between different work-related sources of social support and burnout among registered and assistant nurses in Sweden: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(5), 758–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, E., et al. (2009). Relationship between assertiveness and burnout among nurse managers. Japan Journal of Nursing Science: JJNS, 6(2), 71–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda, F., et al. (2005). The relationship of job type to burnout in social workers at social welfare offices. Journal of Occupational Health, 47(2), 119–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talbott, S., Christopulos, A. M., & Ekberg, E. (2010). Ancient wisdom meets modern ailment—traditional Asian medicine improves psychological Vigor in stressed subjects. Progress in Nutrition, 12(1), 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taormina, R. J., & Law, C. M. (2000). Approaches to preventing burnout: The effects of personal stress management and organizational socialization. Journal of Nursing Management, 8(2), 89–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashman, L. S., Tenenbaum, G., & Eklund, R. (2010). The effect of perceived stress on the relationship between perfectionism and burnout in coaches. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23(2), 195–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B., & Barling, J. (2004). Identifying sources and effects of carer fatigue and burnout for mental health nurses: A qualitative approach. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 13(2), 117–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Te Brake, H., et al. (2008). Burnout development among dentists: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 116(6), 545–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toker, S., et al. (2005). The association between burnout, depression, anxiety, and inflammation biomarkers: C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in men and women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 344–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tokuda, Y., et al. (2009). The interrelationships between working conditions, job satisfaction, burnout and mental health among hospital physicians in Japan: A path analysis. Industrial Health, 47(2), 166–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R. J., et al. (2010). On the role of passion for work in burnout: A process model. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 289–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bogaert, P., et al. (2009). Hospital nurse practice environment, burnout, job outcomes and quality of care: Test of a structural equation model. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(10), 2175–2185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bogaert, P., et al. (2010). Impacts of unit-level nurse practice environment and burnout on nurse-reported outcomes: A multilevel modelling approach. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(11–12), 1664–1674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Klink, J. J. L., & van Dijk, F. J. H. (2003). Dutch practice guidelines for managing adjustment disorders in occupational and primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 29(6), 478–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Luijtelaar, G., et al. (2010). EEG findings in burnout patients. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 22(2), 208–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vela-Bueno, A., et al. (2008). Insomnia and sleep quality among primary care physicians with low and high burnout levels. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 435–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, M., et al. (2004). Maladaptive perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between adult attachment and depressive mood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weng, H. C., et al. (2011). Associations between emotional intelligence and doctor burnout, job satisfaction and patient satisfaction. Medical Education, 45(8), 835–842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E. S., Manwell, L. B., Konrad, T. R., & Linzer, M. (2007). The relationship of organizational culture, stress, satisfaction, and burnout with physician-reported error and suboptimal patient care: Results from the MEMO study. Health Care Management Review, 32(3), 203–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. B. (2011). A communication competence approach to healthcare worker conflict, job stress, job burnout, and job satisfaction. Journal for Healthcare Quality: Official Publication of the National Association for Healthcare Quality, 33(2), 7–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S., et al. (2007). Relationship between burnout and occupational stress among nurses in China. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59(3), 233–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, W. Y., Cheng, Y., & Chen, C. J. (2009). Social patterns of pay systems and their associations with psychosocial job characteristics and burnout among paid employees in Taiwan. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 68(8), 1407–1415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Yimin, & Feng, X. (2011). The relationship between job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention among physicians from urban state-owned medical institutions in Hubei, China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong, J., et al. (2009). Job stress, burnout, depression symptoms, and physical health among Chinese university teachers. Psychological Reports, 105(3 Pt 2), 1248–1254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Winitra Nuallaong .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nuallaong, W. (2013). Burnout Symptoms and Cycles of Burnout: The Comparison with Psychiatric Disorders and Aspects of Approaches. In: Bährer-Kohler, S. (eds) Burnout for Experts. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4391-9_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics