Skip to main content

Reconnection in Action

  • Chapter
Plasma Astrophysics, Part II

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 392))

Abstract

Energy of a solar flare, how can it be estimated in a frame of magnetic reconnection theory? We would like to know also the characteristic time of energy accumulation before a flare as well as the characteristic time of energy release during a flare. Another important question is how to relate the dynamical characteristics of a flare with observed changes of magnetic field in the photosphere. These and some other fundamental properties of solar flares, including the particle acceleration process, are considered in this chapter on the basis of the reconnection theory without invoking many detail assumptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., et al.: Solar energetic particle spectrum on 2006 December 13 determined by IceTop. Astrophys. J. 689(1), L65–L68 (2008) [Sect. 11.4.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Acton, L.: Coronal structures, local and global. In: Uchida, Y., Kosugi, T., Hudson, H. (eds.) Magnetohydrodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere: Prototypes of Stellar Magnetic Activity, pp. 3–11. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1996) [Sect. 14.4]

  • Acton, L., Tsuneta, S., Ogawara, Y., et al.: The Yohkohmission for high-energy solar physics. Science 258(5082), 618–625 (1992) [Intr., Sects. 4.3.5 and 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Akimov, V.V., Ambroz, P., Belov, A.V., et al.: Evidence for prolongated acceleration in the solar flare of June 15, 1991. Sol. Phys. 166(1), 107–134 (1996) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén, H., Carlqvist, P.: Currents in the solar atmosphere and a theory of flares. Sol. Phys. 1(2), 220–228 (1967) [Sects. 5.2.4 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén, H., Fälthammar, C.-G.: Cosmic Electrodynamics, Fundamental Principles, 2nd edn., p. 228. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Allred, J.C., Hawley, S.L., Abbett, W.P., Carlsson, M.: Radiative hydrodynamic models of the optical and ultraviolet emission from solar flares. Astrophys. J. 630(1), 573–586 (2005) [Sect. 17.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Altyntsev, A.T., Krasov, V.I., Tomozov V.M.: Magnetic field dissipation in neutral current sheets. Sol. Phys. 55(1), 69–81 (1977) [Sect. 5.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Aly, J.J.: On some properties of force-free fields in infinite regions of space. Astrophys. J. 283(1), 349–362 (1984) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Aly, J.J.: How much energy can be stored in a force-free field? Astrophys. J. 375(1), L61–L64 (1991) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.E.: Magnetohydrodynamic Shock Waves, p. 226. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge (1963) [Sect. 12.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Anosov, D.V.: Geodesic Flows on Closed Riemannian Manifolds with Negative Curvature, p. 235 American Mathematical Society, Providence (1969) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Antiochos, S.K.: The magnetic topology of solar eruptions. Astrophys. J. 502, L181–L184 (1998) [Sects. 4.3.4, 5.3.2 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Antiochos, S.K., Karpen, J.T., DeVore, C.R.: The nature of magnetic reconnection in the corona. In: Bentley, R.D., Mariska, J.T. (eds.) Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Atmosphere. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 111, p. 79–81. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco (1997) [Sects. 5.1.2 and 12.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Antiochos, S.K., DeVore, C.R., Klimchuk, J.A.: A model for solar coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 510(1), 485–493 (1999) [Sects. 7.6 and 16.5.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonova, E.E., Tverskoi, B.A.: On the nature of electric fields in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere (A review). Geomagn. Aeron. Int. 1(1), 9–21 (1998) [Sect. 10.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci, E., Benna, C., Somov, B.V.: Interpretation of the observed plasma ‘turbulent’ velocities as a result of reconnection in solar flares. Astrophys. J. 456(2), 833–839 (1996) [Sects. 8.5.5 and 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Anwar, B., Acton, L.W., Hudson, H.S., et al.: Rapid sunspot motion during a major solar flare. Sol. Phys. 147(2), 287–303 (1993) [Sect. 7.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Apatenkov, S.V., Sergeev, V.A., Kubyshkina, M.V., et al.: Multi-spacecraft observation of plasma dipolarization/injection in the inner magnetosphere. Ann. Geophys. 25(3), 801–814 (2007) [Sect. 9.8]

    Google Scholar 

  • Archontis, V., Moreno-Insertis, F., Galsgaard, K., et al.: The three-dimensional interaction between emerging magnetic flux and a large-scale coronal field: reconnection, current sheets, and jets. Astrophys. J. 635(2), 1299–1318 (2005) [Sect. 5.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Arge, C.N., Mullan, D.J.: Modeling of magnetic interactions in partially-ionized gas. Sol. Phys. 182(2), 293–332 (1998) [Sect. 15.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Artsimovich, L.A., Sagdeev, R.Z.: Plasma Physics for Physicists, p. 320. Atomizdat, Moscow (1979) [Sect. 8.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Asai, A., Ishii, T.T., Kurokawa, H., et al.:Evolution of conjugate footpoints inside flare ribbons during a great two-ribbon flare on 2001 April 10. Astrophys. J. 586, 624–629 (2003) [Sect. 7.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschwanden, M.J., Alexander, D.: Flare plasma cooling from 30 MK down to 1 MK modeled from Yohkoh, GOES, and TRACE observations during the Bastille day event (14 July 2000). Sol. Phys. 204(1), 93–121 (2001) [Sects. 6.2.3, 6.2.4 and 7.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschwanden, M.J., Kliem, B., Schwarz, U., et al.: Wavelet analysis of solar flare hard X-rays. Astrophys. J. 505(2), 941–956 (1998) [Sect. 9.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschwanden, M.J., Kosugi, T., Hanaoka, Y., et al.: Quadrupole magnetic reconnection in solar flares. I. Three-dimensional geometry inferred from Yohkohobservations. Astrophys. J. 526, 1026–1045 (1999) [Sects. 8.6 and 9.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulanier, G., DeLuca, E.E., Antiochos, S.K., et al.: The topology and evolution of the Bastille day 1998 flare. Astrophys. J. 540(2), 1126–1142 (2000) [Sects. 5.3.2 and 7.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, T.R.: Thermal bifurcation of the solar chromosphere. In: Strassmeier, K.G., Linsky, J.L. (eds.) Stellar Surface Structure. IAU Symposium, vol. 176, p. 371–384. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1996) [Sect. 15.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagalá, L.G., Mandrini, C.H., Rovira, M.G., et al.: A topological approach to understand a multi-loop flare. Sol. Phys. 161(1), 103–121 (1995) [Intr., Sects. 5.3.2, 8.6 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai, T., Sturrock, P.A.: Classification of solar flares. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27, 421–467 (1989) [Sects. 11.1 and 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai, T., Hudson, H.S., Pelling, R.M., et al.: First-order Fermi acceleration in solar flares as a mechanism for the second-step acceleration of protons and electrons. Astrophys. J. 267(1), 433–441 (1983) [Sect. 9.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G.: On the relationship between coronal magnetic null points and solar eruptive events. Astrophys. J. 670(1), L53–L56 (2007) [Sects. 6.3.1, 7.1.3 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G., Longcope, D.W., Leka, K.D.: Implementing a magnetic charge topology model for solar active regions. Astrophys. J. 629(1), 561–571 (2005) [Sect. 4.3.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Barret, D., Olive, J.F., Boirin, L., et al.: Hard X-ray emission from low-mass X-ray binaries. Astrophys. J. 533, 329–351 (2000) [Sect. 10.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Batchelor, G.K.: On the spontaneous magnetic field in a conducting liquid in turbulent motion. Proc. Royal Soc. A201, 405–416 (1950) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, G., Erdelyi, A.: Higher Transcendental Functions. McGraw-Hill, New York (1953) [Sect. 3.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, P.J., Bratenahl, A., Kamin, G.: Current interruption and flux transfer solar flare models. Astrophys. J. 226(1), 286–300 (1978) [Sects. 5.1.3 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazilevskaya, G.A.: Solar cosmic rays in the near Earth space and the atmosphere. Adv. Space Res. 35(3), 458–464 (2005) [Sect. 11.4.3]

  • Becker, W. (ed.): Neutron Starts and Pulsars, p. 997. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2009) [Intr., Sects. 10.3.2 and 11.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednarek, W., Protheroe, R.J.: Gamma-ray and neutrino flares produced by protons accelerated on an accretion disc surface in active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. Royal Astron. Soc. 302, 373–380 (1999) [Sect. 10.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Begelman, M.C., Blandford, R.D., Rees, M.J.: Theory of extragalactic radio sources. Rev. Mod. Phys. 56(2), 255–351 (1984) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, R.D., Klein, K.-L., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., et al.: Magnetic activity associated with radio noise storms. Sol. Phys. 193(1–2), 227–245 (2000) [Sect. 5.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, A.: Plasma Astrophysics: Kinetic Processes in Solar and Stellar Coronae, 2nd edn., p. 299. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002) [Sects. 6.2.6, 9.3.4 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, A., Krucker, S.: Heating events in the quiet solar corona. Sol. Phys. 182(2), 349–363 (1998) [Sect. 14.4]

  • Benz, A., Krucker, S.: Heating events in the quiet solar corona: multiwavelength correlations. Astron. Astrophys. 341(1), 286–295 (1999) [Sect. 14.4]

  • Benz, A.O., Lin, R.P., Sheiner, O.A., et al.: The source regions of impulsive solar electron events. Sol. Phys. 203(1), 131–144 (2001) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Berestetskii, V.B., Lifshitz, E.M., Pitaevskii, L.P.: Quantum Electrodynamics. Fizmatlit, Moscow (2001) (in Russian) [Sect. 9.5.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M.A.: Rigorous limits on magnetic helicity dissipation in the solar corona. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 30(1), 79–104 (1984) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M.A.: An energy formula for nonlinear force-free fields. Astron. Astrophys. 201(1), 355–361 (1988) [Sects. 14.1 and 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M.A.: Three-dimensional reconnection from a global viewpoint. In: Guyenne, T.D., Hunt, J.J. (eds.) Reconnection in Space Plasma. ESA SP-285, vol. 2, p. 83–86. European Space Agency, Paris (1989) [Sects. 14.1 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M.A.: Coronal heating by dissipation of magnetic structure. Space Sci. Rev. 68(1), 3–14 (1994) [Sect. 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezrodnykh, S.I., Vlasov, V.I., Somov, B.V.: Analytical model of magnetic reconnection in the presence of shock waves attached to a current sheet. Astron. Lett. 33(2), 130–136 (2007) [Sects. 3.2 and 3.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezrodnykh, S.I., Vlasov, V.I., Somov, B.V.: Generalized analytical models of Syrovatskii’s current sheet. Astron. Lett. 37(2), 113–130 (2011) [Sects. 3.2, 3.4.3 and 3.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee, A.: Impulsive magnetic reconnection in the Earth’s magnetotail and the solar corona. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42(1), 365–384 (2004) [Sect. 2.4.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Birk, G.T., Otto, A.: The resistive tearing instability for generalized resistivity models. Phys. Fluids 3(B7), 1746–1754 (1991) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Biskamp, D.: Magnetic reconnection via current sheets. Phys. Fluids 29(5), 1520–1531 (1986) [Sects. 3.2, 3.4.3 and 4.2.4, 12.1 and 12.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Biskamp, D.: Resistive and collisionless magnetic reconnection. In: Chiudery, C., Einaudi, G. (eds.) Plasma Astrophysics, pp. 1–29. Springer, Berlin (1994) [Sect. 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Biskamp, D.: Nonlinear Magnetohydrodynamics, p. 392. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1997) [Sects. 3.1, 3.4.3, 4.2.4, 8.1.3, 12.1 and 12.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogachev, S.A., Somov, B.V.: Comparison of the Fermi and betatron acceleration efficiencies in collapsing magnetic traps. Astron. Lett. 33(1), 54–62 (2005) [Sects. 9.4.2 and 9.4.3, 9.4.4 and 9.4.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogachev, S.A., Somov, B.V.: Formation of power-law electron spectra in collapsing magnetic traps. Astron. Lett. 33(1), 54–62 (2007) [Sects. 9.5.1 and 9.5.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogachev, S.A., Somov, B.V.: Effect of Coulomb collisions on the particle acceleration in collapsing magnetic traps. Astron. Lett. 35(1), 57–69 (2009) [Sects. 9.2.2, 9.6.2, 9.6.3, 9.6.4 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogachev, S.A., Somov, B.V., Masuda, S.: On the velocity of a hard X-ray source in the solar corona. Astron. Lett. 24(4), 543–548 (1998) [Sects. 9.2.4 and 9.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogachev, S.A., Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., et al.: The motions of the hard X-ray sources in solar flares: images and statistics. Astrophys. J. 630(1), 561–572 (2005) [Sect. 7.4.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanov, S.Yu., Frank, A.G., Kyrei, N.P., and Markov, V.S.: Magnetic reconnection, generation of plasma fluxes and accelerated particles in laboratory experiments. In: Plasma Astrophys. ESA SP-251, pp. 177–183. ESA Publications Division, Noordwijk (1986) [Sect. 5.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanov, S.Yu., Kyrei, N.P., Markov, V.S., and Frank, A.G.: Current sheets in magnetic configurations with singular X-lines. JETP Lett. 71(2), 78–84 (2000) [Sect. 5.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovsky, J.E., Funsten, H.O.: Role of the solar wind turbulence in coupling of the solar wind to the Earth’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A6), pp. SMP 13–1, CiteID 1246 (2003a) [Sects. 10.2.2 and 14.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovsky, J.E., Funsten, H.O.: MHD turbulence in the Earth’s plasma sheet: dynamics, dissipation, and driving. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A7), pp. SMP 9–1, CiteID 1284 (2003b) [Sects. 10.2.2 and 14.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburg, A.: An inverse cascade and nonlinear α-effect in simulations of isotropic helical hydromagnetic turbulence. Astrophys. J. 550(2), 824–840 (2001) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburg, A., Subramanian, K.: Large scale dynamos with ambipolar diffusion nonlinearity. Astron. Astrophys. 361, L33–L36 (2000) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Brissaud, A., Frisch, U., Leorat, J., et al.: Helicity cascades in fully developed isotropic turbulence. Phys. Fluid 16, 1366–1367 (1973) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.C.: The deduction of energy spectra of non-thermal electrons in flares from the observed dynamic spectra of hard X-ray bursts. Sol. Phys. 18(3), 489–502 (1971) [Sect. 17.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.C.: The temperature structure of chromospheric flares heated by non-thermal electrons. Sol. Phys. 31(1), 143–169 (1973) [Sect. 17.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.C., Hoyng, P.: Betatron acceleration in a large solar hard X-ray burst. Astrophys. J. 200(1), 734–746 (1975) [Sect. 17.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, P.K.: Helicity injection and relaxation in a coronal magnetic loop with a free surface. J. Plasma Phys. 40(2), 263–280 (1988) [Sect. 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Brushlinskii, K.V., Zaborov, A.M., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Numerical analysis of the current sheet near a magnetic null line. Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 6(2), 165–173 (1980) [Sects. 3.2, 3.4.3, 4.2.4, 5.1.2, 12.1 and 12.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Büchner, J., Zelenyi, L.: Regular and chaotic particle motion in magnetotail field reversal. J. Geophys. Res. 94(A9), 11821–11842 (1989) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bykov, A.M., Chevalier, R.A., Ellison, D.C., et al.: Non-thermal emission from a supernova remnant in a molecular cloud. Astrophys. J. 538(1), 203–216 (2000) [Sect. 9.6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Canfield, R.C., Hudson, H.S., McKenzie, D.E.: Sigmoidal morphology and eruptive solar activity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(6), 627–630 (1999) [Sect. 4.3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrington, R.C.: Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 20(1), 13–15 (1859) [Sect. 4.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Casolino, M., Picozza, P., Altamura, F., et al.: Launch of the space experiment PAMELA. Adv. Space Res. 42(3), 455–466 (2008) [Sect. 11.4.3]

  • Casolino, M., Bongue, D., De Pascale, M.P., et al.: The Pamela cosmic ray space observatory: detector, objectives and first results. E-print arXiv:0904.4692v1[astro-ph.HE] (2009) [Sect. 11.4.3]

  • Cassak, P.A., Drake, J.F., Shay, M.A., et al.: Onset of fast magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(21), id. 215001 (2007) [Sect. 4.2.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo, F.: On the origin of magnetic fields in the quiet photosphere. Astrophys. J. 515, L39–L42 (1999) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chae, J., Wang, H., Qiu, J., et al.: The formation of a prominence in active region NOAA 8668. 1. SOHO/MDI observations of magnetic field evolution. Astrophys. J. 560(1), 476–489 (2001) [Sect. 7.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, R., Pariat, E., Schmieder, B., et al.: How can a negative magnetic helicity active region generate a positive helicity magnetic cloud? Sol. Phys. 261(1), 127–148 (2010) [Sect. 6.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S., Kendall, P.C.: Liquid instability and energy transformation near magnetic neutral line. A soluble non-linear hydromagnetic problem. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A271, 435–448 (1963) [Sects. 2.4.1 and 2.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Palmadesso, P.J.: Chaos and nonlinear dynamics of single particle orbits in a magnetotail field. J. Geophys. Res. 91(A2), 1499–1508 (1986) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P.F., Fang, C., Tang, Y.H., Ding, M.D.: Simulation of magnetic reconnection with heat conduction. Astrophys. J. 513(1), 516–523 (1999a) [Sect. 3.4.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P.F., Fang, C., Ding, M.D., Tang, Y.H.: Flaring loop motion and a unified model for solar flares. Astrophys. J. 520(2), 853–858 (1999b) [Sects. 3.4.3 and 8.5.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K.S., Romero, G.E. (eds.): Cosmic Gamma-Ray Sources, p. 402 Kluwer, Dordrecht (2004) [Sect. 11.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, J., Vishniac, E.T.: The anisotropy of magnetohydrodynamic Alfvenic turbulence. Astrophys. J. 539(1), 273–282 (2000a) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, J., Vishniac, E.T.: The generation of magnetic fields through driven turbulence. Astrophys. J. 538(1), 217–225 (2000b) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chupp, E.L.: In: Ramaty, R., Mandzhavidze, N., Hua, X.-M. (eds.) High Energy Solar Physics. AIP conference proceedings, vol. 374, pp. 3–9 AIP, Woodbury (1996) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Chupp, E.L., Forrest, D.J., Higbie, P.R., et al.: Solar gamma ray lines observed during the solar activity of August 2 to August 11. Nature 241, 333 (1973) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Colgate, S.A.: Relationship between high-energy phenomena on the Sun and in astrophysics. Sol. Phys. 118(1), 1–15 (1988) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Colgate, S.A., Furth, H.P.: Stabilization of pinch discharges. Phys. Fluid 3(6), 982–1000 (1960) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Colpi, M., Casella, P., Gorini, V., et al. (eds.): Physics of Relativistic Objects in Compact Binaries: From Birth to Coalescence, p. 378 Springer, Dordrecht (2009) [Sect. 11.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Contopoulos, G.: Order and Chaos in Dynamical Astronomy, Springer, Berlin (2002) [Sect. 11.2]

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Coppi, B., Laval, G., Pellat, R.: Dynamics of the geomagnetic tail. Phys. Rev. Lett. 6(26), 1207–1210 (1966) [Sects. 13.1.2 and 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowley, S.W.H.: Magnetic reconnection. In: Priest, E.R. (ed.) Solar System Magnetic Fields, p. 121–134 D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht (1986) [Sect. 1.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, D.P., Tucker, W.H.: Ionization equilibrium and radiative cooling of a low-density plasma. Astrophys. J. 157(3), 1157–1167 (1969) [Sect. 8.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, I.J.D., McClymont, A.N.: Linear theory of reconnection at an X-type neutral point. Astrophys. J. 405(1), 207–215 (1993) [Sect. 15.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Crooker, N., Joselyn, J.A., Feynman, J. (eds): Coronal Mass Ejections, p. 299. American Geophysical Union, Washington (1997) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Crooker, N.U., Gosling, J.T., Kahler, S.W.: Reducing heliospheric magnetic flux from coronal mass ejections without disconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A2), SSH 3–1 (2002) [Sect. 7.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C.: SOHO observations implicate ‘magnetic carpet’ as source of coronal heating in quiet Sun. Physics Today. March issue, 19–21 (1998) [Sect. 14.4]

  • de Feiter, L.D.: Solar flares as source of energetic particles. Space Sci. Rev. 16(1), 3–43 (1974) [Sect. 17.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C.: Solar flares and particle acceleration. Space Sci. Rev. 44(1), 43–90 (1986) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C.: Solar forcing of climate. 1: solar variability. Space Sci. Rev. 120(1), 197–241 (2005) [Intr., Sect. 10.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jager, C., de Jonge, G.: Properties of elementary flare bursts. Sol. Phys. 58(1), 127–137 (1978) [Sect. 17.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kluiver, H., Perepelkin, N.F., Hirose, A.: Experimental results on current-driven turbulence in plasmas – A survey. Phys. Rep. (Review Section of Physics Letters) 199(6), 281–381 (1991) [Sect. 10.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Démoulin, P., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., Schmieder, B., et al.: Evidence for magnetic reconnection in solar flares. Astron. Astrophys. 271(1), 292–307 (1993) [Intr., Sects. 5.3.2, 8.6 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Den, O.G., Somov, B.V.: Magnetic field dissipation in a high-temperature plasma as a mechanism of energy release in a solar flare. Sov. Astron. – AJ 33(2), 149–155 (1989) [Sects. 4.3.3, 5.1.1, 8.5.5 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng, Y., Wang, J., Yan, Y., et al.: Evolution of magnetic non-potentiality in NOAA AR 9077. Sol. Phys. 204(1), 13–28 (2001) [Sects. 6.2.4, 7.1.1 and 7.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, B.R.: Solar hard X-ray bursts. Sol. Phys. 100(2), 465–490 (1985) [Sect. 8.5.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, B.R.: Solar flare hard X-ray observations. Sol. Phys. 118(1), 49–94 (1988) [Sect. 8.5.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVore, C.R., Antiochos, S.K., Guillaume, A.: Solar prominence interactions. Astrophys. J. 629(2), 1122–1134 (2005) [Sect. 15.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobrowolny, M.: Instability of a neutral sheet. Nuovo Cimento B55(1), 427–438 (1968) [Sect. 11.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, V., Fleck, B., Poland, A.A.: SOHO: the solar and heliospheric observatory. Space Sci. Rev. 72(1), 81–84 (1995) [Intr., Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J.F., Biskamp, D., Zeiler, A.: Breakup of the electron current layer during 3-D collisionless reconnection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24(2), 2921–2924 (1997) [Sect. 3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreicer, H.: Electron and ion runaway in a fully ionized gas. Phys. Rev. 115(2), 238–249 (1959) [Sect. 8.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubrovin, B.A., Novikov, S.P., Fomenko, A.T.: Modern Geometry, p. 515. Nauka, Moscow (1986) (in Russian) [Sects. 4.2.2 and 4.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Duijveman, A., Hoyng P., Ionson, J.A.: Fast plasma heating by anomalous and inertial resistivity effects in the solar atmosphere. Astrophys. J. 245(2), 721–735 (1981) [Sect. 8.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Duijveman, A., Somov B.V., Spektor, J.A.: Evolution of a flaring loop after injection of energetic electrons. Sol. Phys. 88(1), 257–273 (1983) [Sect. 4.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R.C., Thompson, C.: Formation of very strongly magnetized neutron stars: implications for gamma-ray bursts. Astrophys. J. 392(1), L9–L13 (1992) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J.W.: Cosmic Electrodynamics, p. 183. Cambridge University Press, England (1958) [Intr., Sects. 1.1.1, 2.1.1, 13.1.2 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J.W.: Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones. Phys. Rev. Lett. 6(2), 47–48 (1961) [Sect. 10.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Efthymiopoulos, C., Gontikakis, C., Anastasiadis, A.: Particle dynamics in 3D reconnecting current sheets in the solar atmosphere. Astron. Astrophys. 443(2), 663–678 (2005) [Sect. 11.1.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ermolaev, Yu.I., Zelenyi, L.M., Zastenker, G.N., et al.: Solar and heliospheric disturbances that resulted in the strongest magnetic storm of November 20, 2003. Geomag. Aeron. 45(1), 20–34 (2005) [Sect. 6.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, C., Ding, M.D.: On the spectral characteristics and atmosphere models of the two types of white-light flares. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 110(1), 99–106 (1995) [Sect. 15.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, G.B.: Thermal instability. Astrophys. J. 142(2), 531–567 (1965) [Sects. 5.1.2 and 8.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, L.: On the generation of loop-top impulsive hard X-ray sources. Astron. Astrophys. 303(1), L9–L12 (1995) [Sect. 9.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, L., Hudson, H.: The magnetic structure and generation of EUV flare ribbons. Sol. Phys. 204(1), 71–91 (2001) [Sects. 6.1, 6.2.3, 6.2.4 and 7.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, L., Hudson, H.: Spectral and spatial variations of flare hard X-ray footpoints. Sol. Phys. 210(1), 307–321 (2002) [Intr., Sect. 7.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, L., Hannah, I.G., Hudson, H.S., Metcalf, T.R.: A TRACE white light and RHESSI hard X-ray study of flare energetics. Astrophys. J. 656(2), 1187–1196 (2007) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, T.G., Acton, L.W.: Reconnection and field line shrinkage in solar flares. Astrophys. J. 459(1), 330–341 (1996) [Sects. 6.1, 6.2.4 and 7.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A.G., Bugrov, S.G., Markov, V.S.: Hall currents in a current sheet: structure and dynamics. Phys. Plasma 15, 092102 (2008) [Sect. 2.4.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A., Bugrov, S., Markov, V.: Enhancement of the guide field during the current sheet formation in the three-dimensional magnetic configuration with an X line. Phys. Lett. A 373, 1460–1464 (2009) [Sect. 8.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Froyland, J.: Introduction to Chaos and Coherence, p. 156. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol/Philadelphia/Tokyo (1992) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Furth, H.P.: Sheet pinch instabilities caused by finite conductivity. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 6(2), 193 (1961) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Furth, H.P.: In: Proceedings of ESRW Conference of the Stability of Plane Plasmas, pp. 22–25. European Space Research Institute, Frascaty (1967) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Furth, H.P., Killen, J., Rosenbluth, M.N.: Finite-resistivity instabilities of a sheet pinch. Phys. Fluid 6(4), 459–484 (1963) [Sects. 3.2, 6.2.4, 13.1.2, 13.2 and 13.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal’per, A.M., Zemskov, V.M., Luchkov, B.I., et al.: Temporal fine structure in hard γ radiation in solar flares. JETP Lett. 59(3), 153–157 (1994) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Galeev, A.A., Zelenyi, L.M.: Tearing instability in plasma configurations. Sov. Phys. – JETP 43(6), 1113–1123 (1976) [Sects. 13.1.2 and 13.6.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Galeev, A.A., Rosner, R., Vaiana, G.S.: Structured coronae of accretion discs. Astrophys. J. 229(1), 318–326 (1979) [Intr., Sect. 10.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Galsgaard, K., Longbottom, A.W.: Formation of solar prominences by flux convergence. Astrophys. J. 510(1), 444–459 (1999) [Sect. 15.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, R.G.: A theory of chromospheric flares. Nature 158(4003), 81–82 (1946) [Intr., Sects. 1.1.1 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, R.G.: Magnetic and electric phenomena in the sun’s atmosphere associated with sunspots. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 107(4), 338–355 (1947) [Sects. 2.1 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, R.G.: Chromospheric flares. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 108(2), 163–176 (1948) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Giuliani, P., Neukirch, T., Wood, P.: Particle motion in collapsing magnetic traps in solar flares. 1. Kinematic theory of collapsing magnetic traps. Astrophys. J. 635(1), 636–646 (2005) [Sects. 9.2.2 and 9.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, A., Ranns, N.D.R., Harra, L.K., et al.: The onset and association of CMEs with sigmoidal active regions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(13), 2161–2164 (2000) [Sect. 4.3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, T.: Magnetic energy shedding in the solar atmosphere. In: Hess, W.N. (ed.) AAS-NASA Symposium in the Physics of Solar Flares. NASA-SP 50, pp. 389–396. NASA, Scientific and Technical Information Division, Washington (1964) [Sect. 14.4]

  • Gold, T., Hoyle, F.: On the origin of solar flares. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 120(2), 89–105 (1960) [Sects. 4.3.3, 14.2 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldreich, P., Sridhar, S.: Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence revisited. Astrophys. J. 485(2), 680–688 (1997) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Golub, L., Bookbinder, J., DeLuca, E., et al.: A new view of the solar corona from the transition region and coronal explorer (TRACE). Phys. Plasma 6(5), 2205–2212 (1999) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gontikakis, C., Efthymiopoulos, C., Anastasiadis, A.: Regular and chaotic dynamics in 3D reconnecting current sheets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368(1), 293–304 (2006) [Sect. 11.2.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopasyuk, S.I.: Solar magnetic fields and large-scale electric currents in the active regions. Adv. Space Res. 10(9), 151–160 (1990) [Sect. 5.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbachev, V.S., Somov, B.V.: Photospheric vortex flows as a cause for two-ribbon flares: a topological model. Sol. Phys. 117(1), 77–88 (1988) [Sects. 4.2.1, 4.3.5, 5.3.1, 5.3.2 and 7.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbachev, V.S., Somov, B.V.: Solar flares of November 5, 1980, as the result of magnetic reconnection at a separator. Sov. Astron. – AJ 33(1), 57–61 (1989) [Intr., Sects. 4.2.1, 4.2.4, 4.3.2, 5.3.2, 7.4.2, 8.6 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbachev, V.S., Somov, B.V.: Magnetic reconnection on the separator as a cause of a two-ribbon flare. Adv. Space Res. 10(9), 105–108 (1990) [Intr., Sects. 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 6.2.3, 8.6 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbachev, V.S., Kel’ner, S.R., Somov, B.V., et al.: New topological approach to the question of solar flare trigger. Sov. Astron. – AJ 32(3), 308–314 (1988) [Sects. 4.2.1, 4.2.2 and 7.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., Birn, J., Hesse, M.: Three-dimensional magnetic reconnection and the magnetic topology of coronal mass ejection events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22(8), 869–872 (1995) [Sect. 7.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, A., Taktakishvili, A.L., Zimbardo, G., et al.: Ion dynamics in the near-Earth magnetotail: magnetic turbulence versus normal component of the average magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A10), CiteID 1267 (2002). doi: http://10.1029/2002JA009270[Sect. 11.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, J.M.: Geometrical properties of three-dimensional reconnecting magnetic fields with nulls. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8583–8590 (1988) [Sect. 4.2.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gritsyk, P.A., Somov, B.V.: The kinetic description of the accelerated-electron flux in solar flares. Mosc. Univ. Phys. Bull. 66(5), 466–472 (2011) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Groth, C.P.T., De Zeeuw, D.L., Gombosi, T.I., et al.: Global three-dimensional MHD simulation of a space weather event: CME formation, interplanetary propagation, and interaction with the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A11), 25053–25078 (2000) [Sect. 10.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Guckenheimer, J., Holmes, P.: Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations of Vector Fields. Springer, New York (1983) [Sect. 13.6]

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Gurevich, A.V.: On the theory of runaway electrons. Sov. Phys. – JETP 12(5), 904–912 (1961) [Sect. 8.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurevich, A.V., Zhivlyuk, Y.N.: Runaway electrons in a non-equilibrium plasma. Sov. Phys. – JETP 22(1), 153–159 (1966) [Sect. 8.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Haisch, B.M., Strong, K.T., Rodonò M.: Flares on the Sun and other stars. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29, 275–324 (1991) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Haken, H.: Synergetics. Springer, New York (1978) [Sect. 13.6]

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hanslmeier, A.: The Sun and Space Weather, 2nd edn., p. 315. Springer, Dordrecht (2007) [Intr., Sect. 10.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, J.K.: The Solar-Terrestrial Environment, p. 420. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1992) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Harra-Murnion, L.K., Schmieder, B., van Driel-Gestelyi, L., et al.: Multi-wavelength observations of post flare loops in two long duration solar flares. Astron. Astrophys. 337, 911–920 (1998) [Sect. 9.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, E.G.: On a plasma sheath separating regions of oppositely directed magnetic field. Nuovo Cimento 23(1), 115–121 (1962) [Sects. 11.1.3, 11.3.2, 11.3.3, 11.4 and 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hénoux, J.-C., Somov, B.V.: Generation and structure of the electric currents in a flaring activity complex. Astron. Astrophys. 185(1), 306–314 (1987) [Sects. 7.2.3, 15.5.1 and 16.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hénoux, J.-C., Somov, B.V.: The photospheric dynamo. 1. Magnetic flux-tube generation. Astron. Astrophys. 241(2), 613–617 (1991) [Sects. 15.5 and 15.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hénoux, J.-C., Somov, B.V.: First ionization potential fractionation. In: Coronal Streamers, Coronal Loops, and Coronal and Solar Wind Composition. Proceedings of the First SOHO Workshop, ESA SP-348, pp. 325–330. European Space Agency, Noordwijk (1992) [Sect. 15.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hénoux, J.-C., Somov, B.V.: The photospheric dynamo. 2. Physics of thin magnetic flux tubes. Astron. Astrophys. 318(3), 947–956 (1997) [Sect. 15.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hénoux, J.-C., Somov, B.V.: Physics of thin flux tubes in a partially ionized atmosphere. In: Schmieder, B., Hofmann, A., Staude, J. (eds.) Third Advances in Solar Physics Euroconference: Magnetic Fields and Oscillations. ASP Conference Series, vol. 184, pp. 55–59. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco (1999) [Sect. 15.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, M., Birn, J., Baker, D.N., Slavin, J.A.: MHD simulation of the transition of reconnection from closed to open field lines. J. Geophys. Res. 101(A5), 10805–10816 (1996) [Sect. 8.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyvaerts, J., Priest, E.R.: Coronal heating by reconnection in DC current systems. A theory based on Taylor’s hypothesis. Astron. Astrophys. 137(1), 63–78 (1984) [Sect. 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, Y., Yagi, Y., Maejima, Y., et al.: Self-organization and its effect on confinement in a reversed field pinch plasma. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 39(5A), A393–A400 (1997) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirose, S., Uchida, Y., Uemura, S., et al.: A quadruple magnetic source model for arcade flares and X-ray arcade formations outside active regions. II. Dark filament eruption and the associated arcade flare. Astrophys. J. 551(1), 586–596 (2001) [Sect. 7.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, R.: On a curious Appearance seen in the Sun. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 20(1), 15–16 (1859) [Sect. 4.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoh, F.C.: Stability of sheet pinch. Phys. Fluid 9, 277–284 (1966) [Sect. 11.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hones, E.W.Jr. (ed.): Magnetic Reconnection in Space and Laboratory Plasmas, p. 386. American Geophysical Union, Washington (1984) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Horiuchi, R., Sato, T.: Particle simulation study of driven reconnection in a collisionless plasma. Phys. Plasma 1(11), 3587–3597 (1994) [Sect. 8.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Horiuchi, R., Sato, T.: Particle simulation study of collisionless driven reconnection in a sheared magnetic field. Phys. Plasma 4(2), 277–289 (1997) [Sects. 8.2.1, 8.6, 8.5.6 and 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Horiuchi, R., Pei, W., Sato, T.: Collisionless driven reconnection in an open system. Earth Planet Space 53(6), 439–445 (2001) [Sects. 8.2.1 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, J.L., Gallagher, D.L., Peterson, W.K. (eds): Geospace Mass and Energy Flow, p. 393. American Geophysical Union, Washington (1998) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyng, P., Brown, J.C., van Beek, H.F.: High time resolution analysis of solar hard X-ray flares observed on board the ESRO TD-1A satellite. Sol. Phys. 48(1), 197–254 (1976) [Sect. 17.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, H., Ryan, J.: High-energy particles in solar flares. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33, 239–282 (1995) [Sects. 9.2.1 and 11.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, H.S., Lemen, J.R., St. Cyr, O.C., et al.: X-ray coronal changes during halo CMEs. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25(14), 2481–2484 (1998) [Sect. 4.3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurford, G.J., Schwartz, R.A., Krucker, S., et al.: First gamma-ray images of a solar flare. Astrophys. J. 595(2), L77–L80 (2003) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, K., Boggs, S.E., Smith, D.M., et al.: An exceptionally bright flare from SGR 1806-20 and the origins of short-duration gamma-ray bursts. Nature 434(7037), 1098–1103 (2005) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichimoto, K., Hirayama, T., Yamaguchi, A., et al.: Effective geometrical thickness and electron density of a flare of 1991 December 2. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 44(5), L117–L122 (1992) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Imshennik, V.S., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Two-dimensional flow of an ideally conducting gas in the vicinity of the zero line of a magnetic field. Sov. Phys. – JETP 25(4), 656–664 (1967) [Sects. 2.4.1 and 2.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ip, J.T.C., Sonnerup, B.U.: Resistive tearing instability in a current sheet with coplanar viscous stagnation-point flow. J. Plasma Phys. 56(2), 265–284 (1996) [Sect. 13.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Iroshnikov, P.S.: Turbulence of a conducting fluid in a strong magnetic field. Sov. Astron. – AJ. 7(4), 566–571 (1964) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Isliker, H.: Structural properties of the dynamics in flares. Sol. Phys. 141(2), 325–334 (1992) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, C., Carlqvist, P.: Solar flares caused by circuit interruptions. Icarus 3(3), 270–272 (1964) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahnke, E., Emde, F., Losch, F.: Tables of Higher Funtions. McGraw-Hill, New York (1960) [Sect. 9.5.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, R., Pradhan, A.K., Joshi, V., et al.: The Fe-like feature of the X-ray spectrum of solar flares: first results from the SOXS Mission. Sol. Phys. 239(1), 217–237 (2006) [Sect. 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Janicke, L.: The resistive tearing mode in weakly two-dimensional neutral sheets. Phys. Fluid 23(9), 1843–1849 (1980) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Janicke, L.: Resistive tearing mode in coronal neutral sheets. Sol. Phys. 76(1), 29–43 (1982) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji, H., Huang, G., Wang, H., et al.: Converging motion of Hα conjugate kernels: the signature of fast relaxation of a sheared magnetic field. Astrophys. J. 636(2), L173–L174 (2006) [Sects. 7.2.2 and 7.5.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji, H., Huang, G., Wang, H.: The relaxation of sheared magnetic fields: a contracting process. Astrophys. J. 660(1), 893–900 (2007) [Sects. 7.2.2 and 7.5.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, B., Veronig, A., Cho, K.-S., et al.: Magnetic reconnection during the two-phase evolution of a solar eruptive flare. Astrophys. J. 707(2), 1435–1450 (2009) [Sect. 7.5.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadomtsev, B.B.: Hydrodynamic stability of a plasma. In: Leontovich, M.A. (ed.) Reviews of Plasma Physics, vol. 2, pp. 153–198. Consultants Bureau, New York (1966) [Sect. 5.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadomtsev, B.B.: Collective Phenomena in Plasma, p. 238. Nauka, Moscow (1976) (in Russian) [Sect. 8.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan, J.R., Akasofu, S.I., Lee, L.C.: A dynamo theory of solar flares. Sol. Phys. 84(1), 153–167 (1983) [Sect. 5.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpen, J.T., Antiochos, S.K., De Vore, C.R.: Coronal current sheet formation: the effect of asymmetric and symmetric shears. Astrophys. J. 382(1), 327–337 (1991) [Sects. 16.2 and 16.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpen, J.T., Antiochos, S.K., De Vore, C.R., et al.: Dynamic responses to reconnection in solar arcades. Astrophys. J. 495(1), 491–501 (1998) [Sects. 4.1.2 and 12.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivelson, M.G., Russell, C.T. (eds): Introduction to Space Physics, p. 568. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995) [Intr., Sect. 10.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, K.-L., Chupp, E.L., Trottet, G., et al.: Flare-associated energetic particles in the corona and at 1 AU. Astron. Astrophys. 348(1), 271–285 (1999) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, K.-L., Trottet, G., Lantos, P., et al.: Coronal electron acceleration and relativistic proton production during the 14 July 2000 flare and CME. Astron. Astrophys. 373, 1073–1082 (2001) [Sect. 7.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokubun, S., Kamide, Y. (eds): Substorms-4, p. 823. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Terra Scientific Publishing, Tokyo (1998) [Intr., Sect. 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontorovich, V.M.: On the interaction between small perturbations and the discontinuities in MHD and the stability of shock waves. Sov. Phys. – JETP 8(5), 851–858 (1959) [Sect. 12.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, R.A., Pneuman, G.W.: Magnetic reconnection in the corona and the loop prominence phenomenon. Sol. Phys. 50(1), 85–94 (1976) [Sect. 7.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Koppenfels, W., Stallmann, F.: Praxis der Konformen Abbildung. Springer, Berlin/Goettingen/ Heidelberg (1959) [Sect. 3.3]

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Korchak, A.A.: Possible mechanisms for generating hard X-rays in solar flares. Sov. Astron. – AJ 11(2), 258–263 (1967) [Sect. 17.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Korchak, A.A.: On the origin of solar flare X-rays. Sol. Phys. 18(2), 284–304 (1971) [Sect. 17.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Korchak, A.A.: Coulomb losses and the nuclear composition of the solar flare accelerated particles. Sol. Phys. 66(1), 149–158 (1980) [Sect. 9.6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosovichev, A.G., Zharkova, V.V.: Magnetic energy release and transients in the solar flare of 2000 July 14. Astrophys. J. 550(Part 2), L105–L108 (2001) [Sects. 7.1.2 and 7.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosugi, T.: Solar flare energy release and particle acceleration as revealed by YohkohHXT. In: Ramaty, R., Mandzhavidze, N., Hua, X.-M. (eds.) High Energy Solar Physics, pp. 267–276. American Institute of Physics, New York (1996) [Sects. 9.2.1 and 11.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosugi, T., Somov, B.: Magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in solar flares. In: Watanabe, T., Kosugi, T., Sterling, A.C. (eds.) Observational Plasma astrophysics: Five Years of Yohkoh and Beyond, pp. 297–306. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1998) [Intr., Sect. 11.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosugi, T., Dennis, B.R., Kai, K.: Energetic electrons in impulsive and extended solar flares as deduced from flux correlation between hard X-rays and microwaves. Astrophys. J. 324, 1118–1127 (1988) [Sects. 6.2.6 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosugi, T., Makishima, K., Murakami, T., et al.: The hard X-ray telescope (HXT) for the Solar-A mission. Sol. Phys. 136(1), 17–36 (1991) [Intr., Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosugi, T., Sakao, T., Masuda, S., et al.: Hard and soft X-ray observations of a super-hot thermal flare of 6 February, 1992. In: Enome, S., Hirayama, T. (eds.) New Look at the Sun with Emphasis on Advanced Observations of Coronal Dynamics and Flares, pp. 127–129 (1994) (Proceedings of Kofu Symposium, Kofu, 6–10 Sept 1993) [Sect. 9.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosugi, T., Matsuzaki, K., Sakao, T., et al.: The Hinode (Solar-B) mission: an overview. Sol. Phys. 243(1), 3–17 (2007) [Intr., Sects. 16.6 and 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalev, V.A., Somov, B.V.: The role of collisions in the particle acceleration in solar-flare magnetic traps. Astron. Lett. 29(6), 465–472 (2003) [Sect. 14.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraichnan, R.H.: Inertial-range spectrum of hydromagnetic turbulence. Phys. Fluid 8(7), 1385–1389 (1965) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, F., Rädler, K.-H.: Mean-Field Magnetohydrodynamics and Dynamo Theory. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1980) [Sect. 14.1]

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Krucker, S., Benz, A.O.: Are heating events in the quiet solar corona small flares? Multiwavelength observations of individual events. Sol. Phys. 191(2), 341–358 (2000) [Sect. 14.4]

  • Krucker, S., Benz, A.O., Aschwanden, M.J.: Yohkohobservation of the source regions of solar narrowband, millisecond spike events. Astron. Astrophys. 317(2), 569–579 (1997) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Krucker, S., Hurford, G.J., Lin, R.P.: Hard X-ray source motions in the 2002 July 23 gamma-ray flare. Astrophys. J. 595, L103–L106 (2003) [Intr., Sects. 6.2.6, 7.4.1 and 9.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Krucker, S., Hudson, H.S., Jeffrey, N.L.S., et al.: High-resolution imaging of solar flare ribbons and its implication on the thick-target beam model. Astrophys. J. 739(2), id. 96 (7pp) (2011) [Sects. 6.2.6, 16.6, 17.4.2 and 17.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubát, J., Karlický, M.: Electric conductivity in the solar photosphere and chromosphere. Bull. Astron. Inst. Czechosl. 37(3), 155–163 (1986) [Sect. 15.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kundt, W.: Astrophysics: A Primer, p. 183. Springer, New York/Berlin/Heidelberg/Tokyo (2001) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurths, J., Herzel, H.: Can a solar pulsation event be characterized by a low-dimensional chaotic attractor? Sol. Phys. 10(1), 39–45 (1986) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurths, J., Benz, A., Aschwanden, M.J.: The attractor dimension of solar decimetric radio pulsation. Astron. Astrophys. 248(1), 270–276 (1991) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusano, K.: Simulation study of the formation mechanism of sigmoidal structure in the solar corona. Astrophys. J. 631(2), 1260–1269 (2005) [Sects. 7.6 and 14.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusano, K., Nishikawa, K.: Bifurcation and stability of coronal arcades in a linear force-free field. Astrophys. J. 461(1), 415–423 (1996) [Sects. 4.1.2 and 5.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Laming, J.M., Drake, J.J.: Stellar coronal abundances. VI. The FIP effect and ξ Bootis A – Solar-like anomalies. Astrophys. J. 516(1), 324–334 (1999) [Sect. 15.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, L.D., Lifshitz, E.M.: Mechanics, 3rd edn., p. 165. Pergamon Press, Oxford/London/Paris (1976) [Sects. 5.2.4 and 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, L.D., Lifshitz, E.M., Pitaevskii, L.P.: Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, p. 460. Pergamon Press, Oxford/New York (1984) [Sect. 12.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRosa, T.N., Moore, R.L.: A mechanism for bulk energization in solar flares: MHD turbulent cascade. Astrophys. J. 418(2), 912–918 (1993) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRosa, T.N., Moore, R.L., Miller, J.A., et al.: New promise for electron bulk energization in solar flares: preferential Fermi acceleration of electrons over protons in reconnection-driven MHD turbulence. Astrophys. J. 467(1), 454–464 (1996) [Sect. 14.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, Y.-T.: Magnetic nulls and topology in a class of solar flare models. Sol. Phys. 148(2), 301–324 (1993) [Sects. 4.2.1 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, Y.-T., Finn, J.M.: Three-dimensional kinematic reconnection in the presence of field nulls and closed field lines. Astrophys. J. 350, 672–691 (1990) [Sect. 4.2.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrent’ev, M.A., Shabat, B.V.: Methods of the Theory of Complex Variable Functions, p. 736. Nauka, Moscow (1973) (in Russian) [Sects. 3.3, 3.4.1 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Leamon, R.J., Smith, C.W., Ness, N.F., et al.: Observational constraints on the dynamics of the interplanetary magnetic field dissipation range. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A3), 4775–4787 (1998) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledentsov, L.S., Somov, B.V.: On discontinuos plasma flows in the vicinity of reconnecting current layers in solar flares. Astron. Lett. 37(2), 131–140 (2011) [Sect. 3.4.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lembege, B., Pellat R.: Stability of a thick two-dimensional quasi-neutral sheet. Phys. Fluid 25(11), 1995–2004 (1982) [Sects. 11.1.3 and 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesch, H., Pohl, M.: A possible explanation for intraday variability in active galactic nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 254(1), 29–38 (1992) [Sect. 10.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.P., Gan, W.Q.: The shrinkage of flare radio loops. Astrophys. J. 629(2), L137–L139 (2005) [Sects. 7.5.1 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Tang, Y.H., Dai, Y., et al.: The acceleration characteristics of solar energetic particles in the 2000 July 14 event. Astron. Astrophys. 461(3), 1115–1119 (2007) [Sect. 6.2.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenberg, A.J., Lieberman, M.A.: Regular and Stochastic Motion, p. 314. Springer, New York (1983) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilensten, J. (ed.): Space Weather, Research Towards Applications in Europe, p. 330. Springer, Dordrecht (2007) [Intr., Sect. 10.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Hudson, H.S.: 10-100 keV electron acceleration and emission from solar flares. Sol. Phys. 17(2), 412–435 (1971) [Sect. 17.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Schwartz, R.A., Pelling, R.M., et al.: A new component of hard X-rays in solar flares. Astrophys. J. 251(2), L109–L114 (1981) [Sect. 8.5.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y., Wei, X., Zhang, H.: Variations of magnetic fields and electric currents associated with a solar flare. Sol. Phys. 148(1), 133–138 (1993) [Sect. 4.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Larson, D., McFadden, J., et al.: Observations of an impulsive solar electron event extending down to ∼ 0.5 keV energy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23(10), 1211–1214 (1996) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Dennis, B.R., Hurford, G.J., et al.: The reuven ramaty high-energy solar spectroscopic imager (RHESSI). Sol. Phys. 210(1), 3–32 (2002) [Intr., Sects. 9.1.1 and 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Krucker, S., Hurford, G.J., et al.: RHESSIobservations of particle acceleration and energy release in an intense solar gamma-ray line flare. Astrophys. J. 595(2), L69–L76 (2003a) [Intr., Sects. 6.2.6, 9.1.2 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Krucker, S., Holman, G.D., et al.: In: Kajita, T., Asaoka, Y., Kawachi, A., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, p. 3207. Universal Academy Press, Tokyo (2003b) [Sect. 9.5.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E.: Regular versus chaotic motion of particles in non-neutral current sheets. Sol. Phys. 147(2), 337–342 (1993) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E.: Interpretation of particle acceleration in a simulation study of collisionless reconnection. Phys. Plasma 4(9), 3439–3441 (1997) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E.: Photospheric reconnection and cancelling magnetic features on the Sun. Astrophys. J. 515(1), 435–440 (1999) [Sects. 14.4 and 15.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E., Somov, B.V.: Electron acceleration in current sheets in solar flares. Sov. Astron. Lett. 17(5), 353–356 (1991) [Sect. 11.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E., Somov, B.V.: Particle acceleration in reconnecting current sheets. Sol. Phys. 146(1), 127–133 (1993) [Sects. 11.2 and 11.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E., Somov, B.V.: Electromagnetic expulsion force in cosmic plasma. Astron. Astrophys. 287(1), L37–L40 (1994a) [Sect. 7.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E., Somov, B.V.: Magnetic reconnection in the temperature minimum and prominence formation. Sol. Phys. 151(2), 265–270 (1994b) [Sects. 7.3, 14.4 and 15.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E., Somov, B.V.: Relativistic acceleration of protons in current sheets of solar flares. Sol. Phys. 158(1), 317–330 (1995) [Sects. 11.3.3 and 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko, Y.E., Somov, B.V.: Aspects of the global MHD equilibria and filament eruptions in the solar corona. Space Sci. Rev. 95(1), 67–77 (2001) [Sect. 7.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Zhang, H.: Relationship between magnetic field evolution and major flare event on July 14, 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 372(3), 1019–1029 (2001) [Sects. 6.1, 6.2.3, 6.2.4, 6.2.6, 7.2.3 and 7.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Zhang, H.: Analysis of a delta spot. Astron. Astrophys. 386(2), 648–652 (2002) [Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Srivastava, N., Prasad, D., et al.: A possible explanation of reversed magnetic field features observed in NOAA AR 7321. Sol. Phys. 158(1), 249–258 (1995) [Sect. 15.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C., Deng, N., Liu, Y., et al.: Rapid change of δ spot structure associated with seven major flares. Astrophys. J. 622(1), 722–736 (2005) [Sects. 4.1.1 and 4.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Petrosian, V., Mason, G.M.: Stochastic acceleration of 3He and 4He in solar flares by parallel-propagating plasma waves: general results. Astrophys. J. 636(1), 462–474 (2006) [Sect. 14.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W., Petrosian, V., Dennis, B.R., et al.: Double coronal hard and soft X-ray source observed by RHESSI: evidence of magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in solar flares. Astrophys. J. 676(1), 704–716 (2008) [Sects. 7.2.2, 7.4.4 and 9.1.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W., Petrosian, V., Dennis, B.R., et al.: Conjugate hard X-ray footpoints in the 2003 29 X10 flare: unshearing motions, correlations, and asymmetries. Astrophys. J. 693(1), 847–867 (2009) [Sects. 7.4.4, 7.5.1 and 7.5.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Longcope, D.W.: Topology and current ribbons: a model for current, reconnection and flaring. Sol. Phys. 169(1), 91–121 (1996) [Sects. 5.3.2, 6.2.3 and 6.2.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Longcope, D.W., Beveridge, C.: A quantitative topological model of reconnection and flux rope formation. Astrophys. J. 669(1), 621–635 (2007) [Sect. 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Longcope, D.W., Cowley, S.C.: Current sheet formation along 3D magnetic separators. Phys. Plasma 3(8), 2885–2897 (1996) [Sects. 4.2.4, 5.1.1 and 6.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Longcope, D.W., Silva, A.V.R.: A current ribbon model for energy storage and release with application to the flare of 7 January 1992. Sol. Phys. 179(2), 349–377 (1998) [Intr., Sects. 5.3.2 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Longcope, D.W., McKenzie, D.E., Cirtain, J., et al.: Observations of separator reconnection to an emerging active region. Astrophys. J. 630(1), 596–614 (2005) [Sects. 5.1.3 and 5.3.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Longmire, C.L.: Elementary Plasma Physics, p. 296. Interscience Publishing, New York/London (1963) [Sect. 11.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.C.: Electric current sheet formation in a magnetic field induced by footpoint displacements. Astrophys. J. 323(1), 358–367 (1987) [Sect. 2.1.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.C.: On the spontaneous formation of current sheets above a flexible solar photosphere. Astrophys. J. 381(1), 295–305 (1991) [Sects. 16.2 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.C., Smith, D.F.: The free energies of partially open coronal magnetic fields. Astrophys. J. 410(1), 412–425 (1993) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.C., Wolfson, R.: Spontaneous formation of current sheets and the origin of solar flares. Astrophys. J. 324(1), 574–581 (1988) [Sect. 2.1.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, E.T., Hamilton, R.J.: Avalanches and distribution of solar flares. Astrophys. J. 380(2), L89–L92 (1991) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon J.G.: The solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Science 288, 1987–1991 (2000) [Sect. 10.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D.H., Priest, E.R., Gaizauskas, V. et al.: Role of helicity in the formation of intermediate filaments. Sol. Phys. 180(1), 299–312 (1998) [Sect. 15.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandrini, C.H., Machado, M.E.: Large-scale brightenings associated with flares. Sol. Phys. 141(1), 147–164 (1993) [Sect. 5.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandrini, C.H., Demoulin, P., Hénoux, J.C., et al.: Evidence for the interaction of large scale magnetic structures in solar flares. Astron. Astrophys. 250(2), 541–547 (1991) [Intr., Sect. 5.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandrini, C.H., Rovira, M.G., Demoulin, P., et al.: Evidence for reconnection in large-scale structures in solar flares. Astron. Astrophys. 272(2), 609–620 (1993) [Intr., Sect. 5.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Manoharan, P.K., Tokumaru, M., Pick, M., et al.: Coronal mass ejection of 2000 July 14 flare event: imaging from near-sun to Earth environment. Astrophys. J. 559(2), 1180–1189 (2001) [Sects. 7.1.1, 7.1.2 and 7.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Markovskii, S.A., Skorokhodov, S.L.: Disintegration of trans-Alfvénic shocks due to variable viscosity and resistivity. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A6), 12702–12711 (2000) [Sect. 3.4.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Markovskii, S.A., Somov, B.V.: A model of magnetic reconnection in a current sheet with shock waves. In: Fizika Solnechnoi Plasmy (Physics of Solar Plasma), pp. 456–472. Nauka, Moscow (1989) (in Russian) [Sect. 3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Markovskii, S.A., Somov, B.V.: A criterion for splitting of a reconnecting current sheet into MHD discontinuities. J. Plasma Phys. 55(3), 303–325 (1996) [Sect. 12.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, G.E.: Force-Free Magnetic Fields: Solutions, Topology and Applications, River Edge, p. 159. World Scientific Publishing, London (1996) [Sect. 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, P.C.H.: The generation of proton beams in two-ribbon flares. Astrophys. J. 330(2), L131–L133 (1988) [Sects. 11.3 and 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S.F.: Recent observations of the formation of filaments. In: Coronal and Prominence Plasmas, NASA CP-2442, pp. 73–80. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, Washington (1986) [Sects. 7.3 and 15.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S.F.: Conditions for the formation and maintenance of filaments. Sol. Phys. 182(1), 107–137 (1998) [Sects. 7.3 and 15.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S.F., Livi, S.H.B., Wang, J.: The cancellation of magnetic flux. II. In a decaying active region. Aust. J. Phys. 38, 929–959 (1985) [Sect. 7.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, S.: Ph.D. thesis, University of Tokyo (1994) [Sect. 9.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, S.: Hard X-ray solar flares revealed with YohkohHXT - A review. In: Martens, P.C.H., Cauffman, D.P. (eds.) Multi-wavelength Observations of Coronal Structure and Dynamics, Yohkoh 10th Anniversary Meeting, pp. 351–359. Pergamon, Amsterdam (2002) [Sect. 9.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., Hara, H., et al.: A loop-top hard X-ray source in a compact solar flare as evidence for magnetic reconnection. Nature 371, 495–497 (1994) [Intr., Sect. 9.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., Hara, H., et al.: Hard X-ray sources and the primary energy-release site in solar flares. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 47, 677–689 (1995) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., Sakao, T., et al.: Coronal hard X-ray sources in solar flares observed with Yohkoh/HXT. In: Watanabe, T., Kosugi, T., Sterling, A.C. (eds.) Observational Plasma Astrophysics: Five Years of Yohkoh and Beyond, pp. 259–267. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1998) [Sect. 9.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., Hudson, H.S.: A hard X-ray two-ribbon flare observed with Yohkoh/HXT. Sol. Phys. 204(1), 57–69 (2001) [Intr., Sects. 6.1, 6.2.3, 6.2.6, 7.1.2, 7.4.1 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu, J., Scott, J.: An Introduction to Turbulent Flow. Cambridge University Press, New York (2000) [Sect. 14.1.2]

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mauas, P.J.: The white-light flare of 1982 June 15 – Observations. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 74, 609–646 (1990) [Sect. 15.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, P.S., Donnelly, R.F.: Properties of white light flares. I: association with Hα flares and sudden frequency deviations. Sol. Phys. 23(2), 444–456 (1972) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, D.E., Hudson, H.S.: X-ray observations of motions and structure above a solar flare arcade. Astrophys. J. 519, L93–L96 (1999) [Sects. 9.2.2 and 9.2.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikhailovskii, A.B.: The Theory of Plasma Instabilities, p. 272. Atomizdat, Moscow (1975) (in Russian) [Sect. 8.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Milano, L.J., Gómez, D.O., Martens, P.C.H.: Solar coronal heating: AC versus DC. Astrophys. J. 490(1), 442–451 (1997) [Sect. 14.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.A., Reames, D.V.,: Heavy ion acceleration by cascading Alfvén waves in impulsive solar flares. In: Ramaty, R., Mandzhavidze, N., Hua, X.-M. (eds.) High Energy Solar Physics, pp. 450–460. AIP, Woodbury/New York (1996) [Sect. 14.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.A., LaRosa, T.N., Moore, R.L.: Stochastic electron acceleration by cascading fast mode waves in impulsive solar flares. Astrophys. J. 461(1), 445–464 (1996) [Sect. 14.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Miroshnichenko, L.I.: Solar Cosmic Rays, p. 480. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London (2001) [Intr., Sect. 11.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffatt, H.K.: Magnetic Field Generation in Electrically Conducting Fluids, p. 343. Cambridge University Press, London/New York/Melbourne (1978) [Sects. 14.1 and 14.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Moiseev, S.S., Chkhetiani, O.G.: Helical scaling in turbulence. JETP 83(1), 192–198 (1996) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R.L., Falconer, D.A., Porter, J.G., et al.: On heating the Sun’s corona by magnetic explosions: feasibility in active regions and prospects for quiet regions and coronal holes. Astrophys. J. 526(1), 505–522 (1999) [Sect. 14.4]

  • Moreton, G.E., Severny, A.B.: Magnetic fields and flares. Sol. Phys. 3(2), 282–297 (1968) [Sect. 5.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Morita, S., Uchida, Y., Hirose, S., et al.: 3D structure of arcade-type flares derived from the homologous flare series. Sol. Phys. 200(1), 137–156 (2001) [Sects. 7.1.2 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov, A.I., Solov’ev, L.S.: The structure of magnetic fields. In: Leontovich M.A. (ed.) Reviews of Plasma Physics, vol. 2, pp. 1–101. Consultans Bureau, New York (1966a) [Sect. 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukerjee, K., Agrawal, P., Paul, B., et al.: Pulse characteristics of the X-ray pulsar 4U1907+09. Astrophys. J. 548(1), 368–376 (2001) [Sect. 10.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Murty, G.S.: Instabilities of a conducting fluid slab carrying uniform current in the presence of a magnetic field. Ark. Fys. 19(6), 499–510 (1961) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, T., Fuijimoto, M., Saito, Y., et al.: Structure and dynamics of magnetic reconnection for substorm onsets with Geotail observations. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4419–4428 (1998) [Intr., Sect. 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakar, E., Piran, T., Sari, R.: Pure and loaded fireballs in Soft Gamma-Ray repeater giant flares. Astrophys. J. 635(1), 516–521 (2005) [Sect. 10.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, G., Altschuler, M.D.: Magnetic fields and the solar corona. III: the observed connection between magnetic fields and the density structure of the corona. Sol. Phys. 13(1), 131–152 (1970) [Sect. 3.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Nagayama, N.: Synoptic survey for the neutral line in the magnetotail during the substorm expansion phase. J. Geophys. Res. 78(19), 3782–3798 (1973) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Baker, D.N., Cowley, S.W.H. (eds): New Perspectives on the Earth’s Magnetotail, p. 339. American Geophysical Union, Washington (1998) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishikawa, K.I., Sakai, J.: Stabilizing effect of a normal magnetic field on the collisional tearing mode. Phys. Fluid 25(8), 1384–1387 (1982) [Sect. 13.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawara, Y., Takano, T., Kato, T., et al.: The Solar-A mission: an overview. Sol. Phys. 136(1), 1–16 (1991) [Intr., Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono, Y., Yamada,M., Akao, T., et al.: Ion acceleration and direct ion heating in three-component magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76(18), 3328–3331 (1996) [Sects. 8.2.1 and 8.5.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreshina, A.V., Somov, B.V.: Slow and fast magnetic reconnection. I. Role of radiative cooling. Astron. Astrophys. 331, 1078–1086 (1998) [Sects. 8.1.2 and 15.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreshina, A.V., Somov, B.V.: Analytical description of charged particle motion in a reconnecting current layer. Astron. Lett. 35(3), 195–206 (2009a) [Sect. 11.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreshina, I.V., Somov, B.V.: Evolution of photospheric magnetic field and coronal zeroth points before solar flares. Astron. Lett. 35(3), 207–213 (2009b) [Sects. 6.3.2 and 6.4.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreshina, A.V., Oreshina, I.V., Somov, B.V.: Magnetic-topology evolution in NOAA AR 10501 on 2003 November 18. Astron. Astrophys. 538, A138 (2012) [Sects. 6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3 and 6.4.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, E.: Chaotic flows and kinematic magnetic dynamos. Phys. Plasma 5(5), 1636–1646 (1998) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Otto, A.: The resistive tearing instability for generalized resistive models: theory. Phys. Fluid 3B(7), 1739–1745 (1991) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozernoy, L.M., Somov, B.V.: The magnetic field of a rotating cloud and magneto-rotational explosions. Astrophys. Space Sci. 11(2), 264–283 (1971) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Paesold, G., Benz, A.O.: Electron firehose instability and acceleration of electrons in solar flares. Astron. Astrophys. 351, 741–746 (1999) [Sect. 14.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Paesold, G., Benz, A.O., Klein, K.-L., et al.: Spatial analysis of solar type III events associated with narrow band spikes at metric wavelengths. Astron. Astrophys. 371, 333–342 (2001) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallavicini, R., Serio, S., Vaiana, G.S.: A survey of soft X-ray limb flare images – The relation between their structure in the corona and other physical parameters. Astrophys. J. 216(1), 108–122 (1977) [Sects. 6.1.1 and 8.5.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, I.D., Smerd, S.F.: Evidence for a two-component injection of cosmic rays from the solar flare of 1969, March 30. Sol. Phys. 26(2), 460–467 (1972) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, B.T., Petrosian, V., Schwartz, R.A.: Stochastic acceleration and photon emission in electron-dominated solar flares. Astrophys. J. 489(1), 358–366 (1997) [Sect. 14.3.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: Suprathermal particle generation in the solar corona. Astrophys. J. 128(2), 677–685 (1958) [Sect. 3.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: Topological dissipation and the small-scale fields in turbulent gases. Astrophys. J. 174(1), 499–510 (1972) [Sects. 2.1.4 and 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: Cosmic Magnetic Fields. Their Origin and Their Activity, p. 841. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1979) [Sects. 8.1 and 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: Nanoflares and the solar X-ray corona. Astrophys. J. 330(1), 474–479 (1988) [Sects. 14.1 and 14.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: A solar dynamo surface wave at the interface between convection and nonuniform rotation. Astrophys. J. 408(2), 707–719 (1993) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Parnell, C.E.: Multiply connected source and null pairs. Sol. Phys. 242(1), 21–41 (2007) [Sect. 4.3.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellat, R., Coroniti, F.V., Pritchett, P.L.: Does ion tearing exist? Geophys. Res. Lett. 18(2), 143–146 (1991) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Peratt, A.L.: Physics of the Plasma Universe, p. 342. Springer, New York/Berlin/Heidelberg (1992) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Peres, G., Rosner, R., Serio, S., et al.: Coronal closed structures. 4. Hydrodynamical stability and response to heating perturbations. Astrophys. J. 252(2), 791–799 (1982) [Sect. 15.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, L.E., Winckler, J.B.: Gamma-ray burst from a solar flare. J. Geophys. Res. 64(7), 697–707 (1959) [Sects. 17.1 and 11.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrosian, V.: Impulsive solar X-ray bursts: bremsstrahlung radiation from a beam of electrons in the solar chromosphere and the total energy of solar flares. Astrophys. J. 186(1), 291–304 (1973) [Sect. 17.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrosian, V., Donaghy, T.Q., McTiernan, J.M.: Loop top hard X-ray emission in solar flares: images and statistics. Astrophys. J. 569(1), 459–473 (2002) [Sects. 9.1.1 and 9.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovskii, I.G.: Lectures on the Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations, p. 272. Nauka, Moscow (1964) (in Russian) [Sect. 4.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Petschek, H.E.: Magnetic field annihilation. In: Hess, W.N. (ed.) AAS-NASA Symposium on the Physics of Solar Flares, NASA SP-50, pp. 425–439. NASA, Scientific and Technical Information Division, Washington (1964) [Sects. 3.1, 3.4.3, 12.1 and 12.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevtsov, A.A.: Transequatorial loops in the solar corona. Astrophys. J. 531(1), 553–560 (2000) [Sect. 5.3.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevtsov, A.A., Longcope, D.W.: NOAA 7926: a kinked Ω-loop? Astrophys. J. 508(2), 908–915 (1998) [Sect. 4.3.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevtsov, A.A., Canfield, R.C., Zirin, H.: Reconnection and helicity in a solar flare. Astrophys. J. 473(1), 533–538 (1996) [Sects. 4.3.3 and 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, C.D., Mason, H.E.: Rotating transition region features observed with the SOHO CDS, coronal diagnostic spectrometer. Sol. Phys. 182(2), 333–348 (1998) [Sect. 15.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pneuman, G.W.: Magnetic structure responsible for coronal disturbances. In: Newkirk, G. (ed.) Coronal Disturbances, (IAU Symposium. 57), pp. 35–68. D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht/Boston (1974) [Sect. 13.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pneuman, G.W.: The formation of solar prominences by magnetic reconnection and condensation. Sol. Phys. 88(2), 219–239 (1983) [Sect. 15.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Podgornii, A.I., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Formation and development of a current sheet for various magnetic viscosities and gas pressures. Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 7(5), 580–584 (1981) [Sects. 12.1 and 12.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R.K., Taylor, Y.B.: Influence of equilibrium flows on tearing modes. Phys. Fluid 22(1), 126–131 (1979) [Sect. 13.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, S.B.: Turbulent Flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000) [Sect. 14.1.2]

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L.J., Klimchuk, J.A., Sturrock, P.A.: Cylindrically symmetric force-free magnetic fields. Astrophys. J. 385(2), 738–745 (1992) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, E.R.: Solar Magnetohydrodynamics, p. 472. D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht/Boston/ London (1982) [Sects. 3.1, 14.4 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, E.R., Forbes, T.: Magnetic Reconnection: MHD Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000) [Intr., Sects. 3.1 and 8.6]

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, E.R., Titov, V.S., Vekstein, G.E., et al.: Steady linear X-point magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 99(A11), 21467–21479 (1994) [Sect. 15.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, J., Lee, J., Gary, D.E.: Impulsive and gradual nonthermal emissions in an X-class flare. Astrophys. J. 603(1), 335–347 (2004) [Sects. 6.2.6 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Raadu, M.A.: Global effects of double layers. In: Schrittwieser, R., Eder, G. (eds.) Second Symposium on Plasma Double Layers and Related Topics, p. 3–27. University of Innsbruck, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Innsbruck (1984) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty, R., Kozlovsky, B., Lingenfelter, R.E.: Solar gamma rays. Space Sci. Rev. 18, 341–388 (1975) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranns, N.D.R., Harra, L.K., Matthews, S.A., et al.: Emerging flux as a driver for homologous flares. Astron. Astrophys 360, 1163–1169 (2000) [Sect. 5.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiman, A.: Minimum energy state of a toroidal discharge. Phys. Fluid 23(1), 230–231 (1980) [Sect. 14.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, Y., Yamada, M., Gerhardt, S., et al.: Experimental verification of the Hall effect during magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(5), id. 055003 (2005) [Sect. 2.4.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, A.D.: Modeling the ionosphere wind dynamo: a review. Pure Appl. Geophys. 131(2), 413–435 (1989) [Sect. 15.5.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Roald, C.B., Sturrock, P.A., Wolfson, R.: Coronal heating: energy release associated with chromospheric magnetic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 538(2), 960–967 (2000) [Sect. 14.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Roikhvarger, Z.B., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Evolutionarity of MHD discontinuities with allowance for dissipative waves. Sov. Phys. – JETP 39(4), 654–656 (1974) [Sects. 3.4.3 and 12.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanova, M.M., Ustyugova, G.V., Koldoba, A.V., et al.: Three-dimensional simulations of disk accretion to an inclined dipole. II. Hot spots and variability. Astrophys. J. 610(2), 929–932 (2004) [Sect. 10.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, W.K.: Advanced Stellar Astrophysics, p. 494. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Roumeliotis, G., Moore, R.L.: A linear solution for magnetic reconnection driven by converging or diverging footpoint motions. Astrophys. J. 416(1), 386–391 (1993) [Sect. 15.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Runov, A., Angelopoulos, V., Sitnov, M.I., et al.: THEMIS observations of an earthward-propagating dipolarization front. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L14106 (2009). doi: http://10.1029/2009GL038980[Sect. 9.2.5]

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C.T.: A brief history of solar-terrestrial physics. In: Kivelson, M.G., Russel, C.T. (eds.) Introduction to Space Physics, pp. 1–26. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995) [Sect. 10.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, D.M., Hegwer, F.: Analysis of the August 7, 1972 white light flare: light curves and correlation with hard X-rays. Sol. Phys. 40(1), 141–157 (1975) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, D.M., Kumar, A.: Evidence for helically kinked magnetic flux ropes in solar eruptions. Astrophys. J. 464(2), L199–L202 (1996) [Sect. 4.3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, D.M., Somov, B.V.: Flare loops heated by thermal conduction. Sol. Phys. 93(1), 95–104 (1984) [Sect. 4.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J.M.: Long-duration solar gamma-ray flares. Space Sci. Rev. 93(3/4), 581–610 (2000) [Sect. 11.4.3]

  • Ryan, J.M., Lockwood, J.A., Debrunner, H.: Solar energetic particles. Space Sci. Rev. 93(1/2), 35–53 (2000) [Sect. 11.4.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, J.I., de Jager, C.: Solar flares and collisions between current-carrying loops. Space Sci. Rev. 77(1), 1–192 (1996) [Sects. 4.3.3 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakao, T.: Ph.D. thesis, The University of Tokyo (1994) [Sect. 7.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakao, T., Kosugi, T., Masuda, S.: Energy release in solar flares with respect to magnetic loops. In: Watanabe, T., Kosugi, T., Sterling, A.C. (eds.) Observational Plasma Astrophysics: Five Years of Yohkoh and Beyond, pp. 273–284 Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht (1998) [Sects. 5.3.1, 6.1 and 7.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, J.: Ph.D. thesis, Graduate University of Advanced Science, Tokyo (1997) [Sect. 9.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, J.: Observation of the coronal hard X-ray sources of the 1998 April 23 flare. Astrophys. J. 558, L137–L140 (2001) [Sect. 9.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, J., Kosugi, T., Makishima, K.: Improvement of Yohkoh hard X-ray imaging. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 51, 127–150 (1999) [Sects. 9.1.1 and 9.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, J., Sawa, M., Yoshimura, K., et al.: The Yohkoh HXT/SXT Flare Catalogue. Montana State University, Montana/Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara (2003) [Sect. 9.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Schabansky, V.P.: Some processes in the magnetosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 12(3), 299–418 (1971) [Sect. 11.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherrer, P.H., Bogart, R.S., Bush, R.I., et al.: The solar oscillations investigation – Michelson Doppler Imager. Sol. Phys. 162(1), 129–188 (1995) [Intr., Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, K.: A theory of the substorm mechanism. J. Geophys. Res. 79(19), 2803–2810 (1974) [Sects. 13.1.2 and 13.6.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, M., Sidorenko, I., Jaroschek, C.H., et al.: Onset of collisionless magnetic reconnection in thin current sheets: three-dimensional particle simulations. Phys. Plasma 10(9), 3521–3527 (2003) [Sects. 1.2.1 and 3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrijver, C.J., Title, A.M., van Ballegooijen, A.A., et al.: Sustaining the quiet photospheric network: the balance of flux emergence, fragmentation, merging, and cancellation. Astrophys. J. 487(1), 424–436 (1997) [Sect. 14.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrijver, C.J., DeRosa M.L., Title, A.M., et al.: The nonpotentiality of active-region coronae and the dynamics of the photospheric magnetic field. Astrophys. J. 628(1), 501–513 (2005) [Sects. 5.1.3 and 7.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, H.G.: Deterministic Chaos. An Introduction, p. 220. Physik-Verlag, Weinheim (1984) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergeev, V., Kubyshkina, M., Alexeev, I., et at.: Study of near-Earth reconnection events with Cluster and Double Star. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A07S36 (2008). doi: http://10.1029/2007JA012902[Sect. 9.2.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Severny, A.B.: The stability of plasma layer with a neutral-point magnetic field. Sov. Astron. – AJ 6(6), 770–773 (1962) [Sect. 2.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Severny, A.B.: Solar flares. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2, 363–400 (1964) [Sect. 4.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafranov, V.D.: Plasma equilibrium in a magnetic field. In: Leontovich, M.A. (ed.) Reviews of Plasma Physics, vol. 2, pp. 103–151. Consultants Bureau, New York (1966) [Sect. 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Share, G.H., Murphy, R.J., Tulka, A.J., et al.: Gamma-ray line observations of the 2000 July 14 flare and SEP impact on the Earth. Sol. Phys. 204(1), 43–55 (2001) [Sects. 6.2.5 and 7.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shay, M.A., Drake, J.F., Denton, R.E., Biskamp, D.: Structure of the dissipative region during collisionless magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A5), 9165–9176 (1998) [Sect. 3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley, N.R. Jr., Bohling, J.D., Brueckner, G.E., et al.: XUV observations of coronal magnetic fields. Sol. Phys. 40(1), 103–121 (1975) [Sect. 5.3.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibasaki, K.: High-beta disruption in the solar atmosphere. Astrophys. J. 557(1), 326–331 (2001) [Sect. 7.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, K., Masuda, S., Shimojo, M., et al.: Hot-plasma ejections associated with compact-loop solar flares. Astrophys. J. 451(2), L83–L86 (1995) [Sect. 7.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu, T., Ugai, M.: Magnetohydrodynamic study of adiabatic supersonic and subsonic expansion accelerations in spontaneous fast magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasma 10(4), 921–929 (2003) [Sect. 3.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Simnett, G.M.: Studies of the dynamic corona from SOHO. In: Ramaty, R., Mandzhavidze, N. (eds.) High Energy Solar Physics: Anticipating HESSI. ASP Conference Series, Greenbelt, Maryland, vol. 206, pp. 43–53 (2000) [Sect. 9.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitnov, M.I., Sharma, A.S.: Role of transient electrons and microinstabilities in the tearing instability of the geomagnetotail current sheet, and the general scenario of the substorms as a catastrophe. In: Kokubun, S., Kamide, Y. (eds.) Substorms-4, pp. 539–542. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Terra Scientific Publishing, Tokyo (1998) [Sect. 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitnov, M.I., Malova, H.V., Lui, A.T.Y.: Quasi-neutral sheet tearing instability induced by electron preferential acceleration from stochasticity. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A1), 163–173 (1997) [Sect. 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmeleva, O.P., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Distribution of temperature and emission measure in a steadily heated solar atmosphere. Sol. Phys. 33(2), 341–362 (1973) [Sect. 17.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Smets, R., Delcourt, D., Sauvaud, J.A., et al.: Electron pitch angle distributions following the dipolarization phase of a substorm: interball-tail observations and modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 104(A7), 14571–14576 (1999) [Sects. 9.7 and 9.8]

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H.J., Smith, E.v.P.: Solar Flares, p. 426. Macmillan, New York (1963) [Sect. 4.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: X-ray heating of a low-temperature region in chromospheric flares. Sol. Phys. 42(1), 235–246 (1975) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: Comments on hydrodynamic models for the influence of flares upon the chromosphere. Sov. Astron. Lett. 6(5), 312–315 (1980) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: Fast reconnection and transient phenomena with particle acceleration in the solar corona. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Ser. 45(4), 114–116 (1981) [Sects. 8.1.1, 10.1 and 11.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: New theoretical models of solar flares. Sov. Phys. Usp. 28(3), 271–272 (1985) [Sects. 4.3.5, 8.6 and 16.3]

  • Somov, B.V.: Non-neutral current sheets and solar flare energetics. Astron. Astrophys. 163(1), 210–218 (1986) [Sects. 4.3.5 and 8.6]

  • Somov, B.V.: A scenario for the large-scale magnetic field evolution in CMEs. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 43(Suppl), 31–36 (1991) [Sect. 9.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: Physical Processes in Solar Flares, p. 248. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London (1992) [Sects. 3.1, 4.2.4, 4.3.3, 6.1, 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.5.3, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 13.5, 13.6, 16.2, 17.4.1 and 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: Cosmic electrodynamics and solar physics. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. 63(8), 1157–1162 (1999) [Sect. 14.4]

  • Somov, B.V.: Cosmic Plasma Physics, p. 652. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London (2000) [Intr., Sects. 8.5.2 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: On the topological trigger of large eruptive solar flares. Astron. Lett. 34(9), 635–645 (2008a) [Sects. 4.2.3, 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and 6.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: Magnetic reconnection and topological trigger in physics of large solar flares. Asian J. Phys. 17(2–3), 421–454 (2008b). [Sects. 4.2.3, 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and 6.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: Interpretation of the observed motions of hard X-ray sources in solar flares. Astron. Lett. 36(7), 514–519 (2010) [Sect. 7.5.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: A new scenario for impulsive bursts of hard electromagnetic radiation in space plasma. Astron. Lett. 37(10), 679–691 (2011) [Sect. 11.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: Plasma Astrophysics, Part I, Fundamentals and Practice, p. 498. Springer Science+Business Media, New York (2012a) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V.: On the magnetic reconnection of electric currents in solar flares. Astron. Lett. 38(2), 128–138 (2012b) [Sect. 16.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Bogachev, S.A.: The betatron effect in collapsing magnetic trap. Astron. Lett. 29, 621–628 (2003) [Sects. 9.3.1, 9.3.2, 9.3.3, 9.3.4, 9.5.1, 9.4.3, 9.4.4, 9.4.5 and 9.7]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Hénoux J.C.: Generation and interaction of electric currents in the quiet photospheric network. In: Magnetic Fields and Solar Processes. Proceedings of the 9th European Meeting on Solar Physics, ESA SP-448, pp. 659–663. European Space Agency, Noordwijk (1999) [Sects. 14.4 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T.: Collisionless reconnection and high-energy particle acceleration in solar flares. Astrophys. J. 485(2), 859–868 (1997) [Sects. 6.1, 6.2.6, 7.5.2, 8.6, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 9.7, 9.8 and 10.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kozlova, L.M.: Fine structure of the solar chromosphere from infrared He I line observations. Astron. Rep. 42(6), 819–826 (1998) [Sect. 15.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Litvinenko, Yu.E.: Magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in the solar corona. In: Linsky, J., Serio, S. (eds.) Physics of Solar and Stellar Coronae, pp. 603–606. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1993) [Sect. 11.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Merenkova, E.Yu.: Model computations of magnetic fields in solar flares. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. 63(8), 1186–1188 (1999) [Sects. 5.3.1, 11.2 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Oreshina, A.V.: Slow and fast magnetic reconnection. II. High-temperature turbulent-current sheet. Astron. Astrophys. 354, 703–713 (2000) [Sects. 8.1.2 and 8.3.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Appearance of a current sheet in a plasma moving in the field of a two-dimensional magnetic dipole. Sov. Phys. – JETP 34(5), 992–997 (1972) [Sects. 2.1.4, 3.4.1, 3.7, 6.3.2, 8.1.1, 10.3 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Electric and magnetic fields arising from the rupture of a neutral current sheet. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Phys. Ser. 39(2), 109–111 (1975) [Sects. 3.2, 3.6 and 5.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Physical processes in the solar atmosphere associated with flares. Sov. Phys. Usp. 19(10), 813–835 (1976a) [Sects. 8.1.2 and 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Hydrodynamic plasma flows in a strong magnetic field. In: Basov, N.G. (ed.) Neutral Current Sheets in Plasma. Proceedings of the P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, vol. 74, pp. 13–71. Consultants Bureau, New York/London (1976b) [Sects. 2.2.1, 3.1 and 12.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Current sheets as the source of heating for solar active regions. Solar Phys. 55(2), 393–399 (1977) [Sect. 5.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Syrovatskii, S.I.: Thermal trigger for solar flares and coronal loops formation. Solar Phys. 75(1), 237–244 (1982) [Sect. 8.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Titov, V.S.: Magnetic reconnection as a mechanism for heating the coronal loops. Sov. Astron. Lett. 9(1), 26–28 (1983) [Sect. 10.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Titov, V.S.: Effect of longitudinal magnetic field in current sheets on the Sun. Sov. Astron. – AJ 29(5), 559–563 (1985a) [Sects. 8.2.2 and 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Titov, V.S.: Magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature plasma of solar flares. 2. Effects caused by transverse and longitudinal magnetic fields. Sol. Phys. 102(1), 79–96 (1985b) [Sects. 8.2.2, 8.3.1, 13.5 and 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Verneta, A.I.: Magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature plasma of solar flares. 3. Stabilization effect of a transverse magnetic field in non-neutral current sheets. Sol. Phys. 117(1), 89–95 (1988) [Sects. 13.1.2 and 13.6.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Verneta, A.I.: Magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature plasma of solar flares. 4. Resistive tearing mode in non-neutral current sheets. Sol. Phys. 120(1), 93–115 (1989) [Sects. 13.1.2 and 13.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Verneta, A.I.: Tearing instability of reconnecting current sheets in space plasmas. Space Sci. Rev. 65(3), 253–288 (1993) [Sects. 13.1.2, 13.5.2 and 13.6.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Syrovatskii, S.I., Spektor, A.R.: Hydrodynamic response of the solar chromosphere to elementary flare burst. 1. Heating by accelerated electrons. Sol. Phys. 73(1), 145–155 (1981) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Sakao, T.: Collisionless 3D reconnection in impulsive solar flares. Astrophys. J. 497(2), 943–956 (1998) [Sects. 5.3.1, 6.1, 7.1.3, 7.2.3, 7.4.1, 7.6, 8.6, 10.1 and 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Litvinenko, Y.E., Kosugi, T., et al.: Coronal hard X-rays in solar flares: Yohkohobservations and interpretation. In: Magnetic Fields and Solar Processes. Proceedings of the 9th European Meeting on Solar Physics, ESA SP-448, pp. 701–708. European Space Agency, Noordwijk (1999) [Sects. 9.2.4 and 9.8]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Litvinenko, Y.E., et al.: Collisionless reconnection in the structure and dynamics of active regions. In: Brekke, P., Fleck, B., Gurman, J.B. (eds.) Recent Insight into the Physics of the Sun and Heliosphere: Highlights from SOHO and Other Space Missions. Proceedings of the IAU Symposium, vol. 203, pp. 558–561. Sheridan Books, Chelsea (2001) [Sects. 4.3.3 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Hudson, H.S., et al.: Magnetic reconnection scenario of the Bastille day 2000 flare. Astrophys. J. 579(2), 863–873 (2002a) [Sects. 6.1.1, 7.2.3, 7.4.1, 7.4.4, 7.5.1, 7.5.2, 7.6, 8.6 and 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Litvinenko, Y.E., et al.: Three-dimensional reconnection at the Sun: Space observations and collisionless models. Adv. Space Res. 29(7), 1035–1044 (2002b) [Sect. 4.3.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Hénoux, J.C., Bogachev, S.A.: Is it possible to accelerate ions in collapsing magnetic trap? Adv. Space Res. 30(1), 55–60 (2002c) [Sect. 9.8]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Oreshina, A.V., Oreshina, I.V., et at.: Flares in accretion disk coronae. Adv. Space Res. 32(6), 1087–1096 (2003a) [Intr., Sect. 10.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Hudson, H.S., et al.: Modeling large solar flares. Adv. Space Res. 32(12), 2439–2450 (2003b) [Sects. 7.4.4 and 7.4.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Bogachev, S.A., et al.: Motion of the HXR sources in solar flares: Yohkohimages and statistics. Adv. Space Res. 35(10), 1700–1706 (2005a) [Sects. 7.4.2, 7.4.5 and 7.5.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Bogachev, S.A., et al.: On upward motions of coronal hard X-ray sources in solar flares. Adv. Space Res. 35(10), 1690–1699 (2005b) [Sect. 9.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Kosugi, T., Oreshina, I.V., et al.: Large-scale reconnection in a large flare. Adv. Space Res. 35(10), 1712–1722 (2005c) [Sects. 6.2.1, 6.2.4, 6.2.5 and 6.2.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Somov, B.V., Oreshina, I.V., Kovalenko, I.A.: Magnetic reconnection, electric field, and particle acceleration in the July 14, 2000 solar flare. Astron. Lett. 34(5), 327–336 (2008) [Sect. 4.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sotirelis, T., Meng, C.-I.: Magnetopause from pressure balance. J. Geophys. Res 104(A4), 6889–6898 (1999) [Sect. 10.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Speiser, T.W.: Particle trajectories in model current sheets. 1. Analytical solutions. J. Geophys. Res. 70(17), 4219–4226 (1965) [Sects. 1.2.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 and 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Speiser, T.W.: On the uncoupling of parallel and perpendicular particle motion in a neutral sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 73(3), 1112–1113 (1968) [Sect. 11.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Speiser, T.W., Lyons, L.R.: Comparison of an analytical approximation for particle motion in a current sheet with precise numerical calculations. J. Geophys. Res. 89(A1), 147–158 (1984) [Sect. 11.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Spicer, D.S.: Magnetic energy storage and conversion in the solar atmosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 31(1), 351–435 (1982) [Sects. 5.1.3 and 16.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, N., Mathew, S.K., Louis, R.E. et al.: Source region of the 18 November 2003 coronal mass ejection that led to the strongest magnetic storm of cycle 23. J. Geophys. Res. 114(A3), CiteID A03107 (2009) [Sect. 6.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenzel, R.L., Gekelman, W.: Particle acceleration during reconnection in laboratory plasmas. Adv. Space Res. 4(2), 459–470 (1984) [Sects. 5.1.2, 5.1.3 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, A.C., Hudson, H.S.: Yohkoh SXT observations of X-ray “dimming” associated with a halo coronal mass ejection. Astrophys. J. 491(1), L55–L58 (1997) [Sect. 4.3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R.T., Labrum, N.R.: Meter-wavelength observations of the solar radio storm of August 17–22, 1968. Sol. Phys. 27(1), 192–202 (1972) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, K.T., Saba, J.L.R., Haisch, B.M., et al. (eds): The Many Faces of the Sun, p. 610. Springer, New York/Berlin/Heidelberg/Tokyo (1999) [Intr., Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturrock, P.A.: Maximum energy of semi-infinite magnetic field configurations. Astrophys. J. 380(2), 655–659 (1991) [Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturrock, P.A.: Plasma Physics: An Introduction to the Theory of Astrophysical, Geophysical and Laboratory Plasmas, p. 335. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1994) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudol, J.J., Harvey, J.W.: Longitudinal magnetic field changes accompanying solar flares. Astrophys. J. 635(1), 647–658 (2005) [Sects. 4.1.1 and 4.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sui, L., Holman, G.D.: Evidence for the formation of a large-scale current sheet in a solar flare. Astrophys. J. 596, L251–L254 (2003) [Sects. 7.5.1, 9.1.2 and 9.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sui, L., Holman, G.D., Dennis, B.R.: Evidence for magnetic reconnection in three homologous solar flares observed by RHESSI. Astrophys. J. 612(1), 546–556 (2004) [Sects. 7.5.1, 9.1.2 and 9.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Svestka, Z.: The Hα flare as a secondary product of a coronal instability. Sol. Phys. 31(2), 389–400 (1973) [Sect. 17.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Svestka, Z.: Solar Flares. D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht (1976) [Sects. 6.1, 7.1.2 and 7.4.3]

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, P.A.: The production of high energy particles in solar flares. Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 8(Serie 10), 188–196 (1958) [Intr., Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, P.A.: Mechanisms of solar flares. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 7, 149–176 (1969) [Sects. 2.1.1, 4.2.4, 4.3.1, 8.1.1 and 11.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Some properties of discontinuity surfaces in MHD. Proc. P.N. Lebedev Phys. Inst. 8, 13–64 (1956) (in Russian) [Sect. 12.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: The stability of plasma in a nonuniform magnetic field and the mechanism of solar flares. Sov. Astron. – AJ 6(6), 768–769 (1962) [Sect. 2.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Dynamical dissipation of a magnetic field and particle acceleration. Sov. Astron. – AJ 10(2), 270–276 (1966a) [Sects. 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.2, 3.1, 4.2.4, 5.3.2, 8.6, 8.5.6 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Dynamical dissipation of magnetic energy in the vicinity of a neutral line. Sov. Phys. – JETP 23(4), 754–762 (1966b) [Sects. 2.1.6, 2.1.7, 2.3.2 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: MHD cumulation near a zero field line. Sov. Phys. – JETP 27(5), 763–766 (1968) [Sect. 2.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: On the mechanism of solar flares. In: de Jager, C., Svestka, Z. (eds.) Solar Flares and Space Research. 11th COSPAR Symposium, pp. 346–355. North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam (1969) [Sects. 5.2.3 and 5.2.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Formation of current sheets in a plasma with a frozen-in strong field. Sov. Phys. – JETP 33(5), 933–940 (1971) [Sects. 3.1, 12.1 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Particle acceleration and plasma ejection from the Sun. In: Dryer, E.R. (ed.) Solar-Terrestrial Physics 1970, Part 1, pp. 119–133. D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht (1972) [Sects. 5.2.1, 5.2.4, 7.1.2 and 8.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Neutral current sheets in laboratory and space plasmas. In: Basov, N.G. (ed.) Neutral Current Sheets in Plasmas. Proceedings of the P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, vol. 74, pp. 2–10. Consultants Bureau, New York/London (1976a) [Sects. 3.1, 8.1.1 and 12.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Current-sheet parameters and a thermal trigger for solar flares. Sov. Astron. Lett. 2(1), 13–14 (1976b) [Sects. 5.1.1, 5.1.3 and 8.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Pinch sheets and reconnection in astrophysics. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 19, 163–229 (1981) [Sects. 4.2.4, 5.1.1, 5.3.2, 8.1.1, 8.4.1, 11.1, 11.4, 13.5.2 and 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I.: Model for flare loops, fast motions, and opening of magnetic field in the corona. Sol. Phys. 76(1), 3–20 (1982) [Sects. 4.3.5, 6.3.1, 11.1 and 15.1]

  • Syrovatskii, S.I., Shmeleva, O.P.: Heating of plasma by high-energy electrons, and the non-thermal X-ray emission in solar flares. Sov. Astron. – AJ 16(2), 273–283 (1972) [Sects. 17.2.2, 17.2.4 and 17.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrovatskii, S.I., Somov, B.V.: Physical driving forces and models of coronal responses. In: Dryer, M., Tandberg-Hanssen, E. (eds.) Solar and Interplanetary Dynamics. IAU Symposium, vol. 91, pp. 425–441. Reidel, Dordrecht (1980) [Sects. 4.3.5, 6.3.1 and 16.2]

  • Tanaka, K.: Impact of X-ray observations from the Hinotori satellite on solar flare research. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 39(1), 1–45 (1987) [Sect. 8.5.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tandberg-Hanssen, E.: The Nature of Solar Prominences, p. 308. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/ London (1995) [Sect. 15.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarbell, T.D.: Early results from the atmospheric imaging assembly (AIA) on the solar dynamics observatory (SDO). Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 43, AAS Meeting 217, No. 115.09, p. 122 (2011) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J.B.: Relaxation of toroidal plasma and generation of reverse magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33(19), 1139–1141 (1974) [Sects. 14.1 and 14.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J.B.: Relaxation and magnetic reconnection in plasmas. Rev. Mod. Phys. 58(3), 741–763 (1986) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, L., Wang, J., Wu, D.: Non-potentiality of the magnetic field beneath the eruptive filament in the Bastille event. Sol. Phys. 209, 375–389 (2002) [Sect. 6.2.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Titov, V.S., Priest, E.R., Démoulin, P.: Conditions for the appearance of ‘bald patches’ at the solar surface. Astron. Astrophys. 276(2), 564–570 (1993) [Sect. 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsalas, M., Chapman, S.C., Rowlands, G.: The stability of charged-particle motion in sheared magnetic reversals. J. Plasma Phys. 65(4), 331–352 (2001) [Sect. 11.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S.: Solar flares as an ongoing magnetic reconnection process. In: Zirin, H., Ai, G., Wang, H. (eds.) ASP Conference Series, vol. 46, pp. 239–248. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco (1993) [Intr., Sect. 16.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S.: Structure and dynamics of reconnection in a solar flare. Astrophys. J. 456(2), 840–849 (1996) [Sects. 6.1, 7.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.6 and 8.5.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Naito, T.: Fermi acceleration at the fast shock in a solar flare and the impulsive loop-top hard X-ray source. Astrophys. J. 495, L67–L70 (1998) [Sect. 9.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Nitta, N., Ohki, K., et al.: Hard X-ray imaging observations of solar hot thermal flares with the Hinotorispacecraft. Astrophys. J. 284(2), 827–832 (1984) [Sect. 8.5.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Acton, L., Bruner, M., et al.: The soft X-ray telescope for the Solar-A mission. Solar Phys. 136(1), 37–67 (1991) [Intr., Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Hara, H., Shimuzu, T., et al.: Observation of a solar flare at the limb with the Yohkohsoft X-ray telescope. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 44(5), L63–L69 (1992) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., et al.: Hot and super-hot plasmas above an impulsive-flare loop. Astrophys. J. 478(2), 787–796 (1997) [Sects. 8.1.1, 8.5.4, 8.6, 9.2.3 and 9.6.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta, S., Ichimoto, K., Katsukawa, Y., et al.: The Solar Optical Telescope for the Hinode mission: an overview. Solar Phys. 249(2), 167–196 (2008) [Intr., Sects. 16.6 and 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsurutani, B.T., Gonzalez, W.D., Kamide, Y., et al. (eds): Magnetic Storms, p. 266. American Geophysical Union, Washington (1997) [Intr.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsyganenko, N.A.: Effects of the solar wind conditions on the global magnetospheric configuration as deduced from data-based field models. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Substorms (ICS-3), ESA SP-389, pp. 181–190. European Space Agency Publications Division, Noordwijk (1996) [Sect. 10.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, Y., Hirose, S., Morita, S., et al.: Observations of flares and active regions from Yohkoh, and magnetohydrodynamic models explaining them. Astrophys. Space Sci. 264(1), 145–169 (1998) [Sects. 7.1.2 and 7.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugai, M.: The evolution of fast reconnection in a three-dimensional current sheet system. Phys. Plasma 15(8), 082306–082306-10 (2008) [Sect. 3.4.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugai, M.: Impulsive magnetic pulsations and electrojets in the loop footpoint driven by the fast reconnection jet. Phys. Plasma 16(11), 112902–112902-8 (2009) [Sect. 3.4.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugarte-Urra, I., Warren, H.P., Winebarger, A.R.: The magnetic topology of coronal mass ejection sources. Astrophys. J. 662(2), 1293–1301 (2007) [Sects. 6.3.1 and 8.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmschneider, P., Rosner, R., Priest, E.R. (eds): Mechanisms of Chromospheric and Coronal Heating. Springer, Berlin (1991) [Sect. 14.4]

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Uzdensky, D.A.: Self-regulation of solar coronal heating process via the collisionless reconnection condition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(26), id. 261101 (2007a) [Sect. 4.2.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzdensky, D.A.: Fast collisionless reconnection condition and self-organization of solar coronal heating. Astrophys. J. 671(2), 2139–2153 (2007b) [Sect. 8.3.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzdensky, D.A., Kulsrud, R.M.: Physical origin of the quadrupole out-of-plane magnetic field in Hall-magnetohydrodynamic reconnection. Phys. Plasma 13(66), 062305–062305-14 (2006) [Sect. 2.4.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ballegooijen, A.A., Martens, P.C.H.: Formation and eruption of solar prominences. Astrophys. J. 343(3), 971–984 (1989) [Sects. 7.3 and 15.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ballegooijen, A.A., Martens, P.C.H.: Magnetic fields in quiescent prominences. Astrophys. J. 361(1), 283–289 (1990) [Sect. 15.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hollebeke, M.A.I., Ma Sung, L.S., McDonald, F.B.: The variation of solar proton energy spectra and size distribution with heliolongitude. Solar Phys. 41(1), 189–223 (1975) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Vekstein, G.E., Priest, E.R.: Magnetohydrodynamic equilibria and cusp formation at an X-type neutral line by footpoint shearing. Astrophys. J. 384(1), 333–340 (1992) [Sects. 16.2 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Veltri, P., Zimbardo, G., Taktakishvili, A.L., et al.: Effect of magnetic turbulence on the ion dynamics in the distant magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A7), 14897–14910 (1998) [Sect. 11.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernazza, J.E., Avrett, E.H., Loeser, R.: Structure of the solar chromosphere. Basic computations and summary of results. Astrophys. J. 184, 605–632 (1973) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernazza, J.E., Avrett, E.H., Loeser, R.: Structure of the solar chromosphere. 3. Models of the EUV brightness components of the quiet Sun. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 45, 635–725 (1981) [Sect. 15.2.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Verneta, A.I., Somov, B.V.: Effect of compressibility on the development of the tearing instability in a non-neutral current sheet in the solar atmosphere. Astron. Rep. 37(3), 282–285 (1993) [Sect. 13.5.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Vladimirov, V.S.: Equations of Mathematical Physics, p. 418. M. Dekker, New York (1971) [Sect. 13.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Voronov, G.S., Kyrie, N.P., Markov, V.S., et al.: Spectroscopic measurements of the electron and ion temperatures and effective ion charge in current sheets formed in two- and three-dimensional magnetic configurations. Plasma Phys. Rep. 34(12), 999–1015 (2008) [Sect. 5.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorpahl, J.A.: The triggering and subsequent development of a solar flare. Astrophys. J. 205(1), 868–873 (1976) [Sects. 17.3.2 and 17.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J.: Vector magnetic fields and magnetic activity of the Sun. Fundam. Cosm. Phys. 20(3), 251–382 (1999) [Sects. 4.1.1 and 15.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Qiu, J.: Relationship between flare kernels in Hα far-blue wing and magnetic fields. Astrophys. J. 568(1), 408–412 (2002) [Sect. 6.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.M., Sheeley, N.R.: Observations of core fallback during coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 567(2), 1211–1224 (2002) [Sect. 9.2.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Shi, Z.: The flare-associated magnetic changes in an active region. II. Flux emergence and cancellation. Sol. Phys. 143(1), 119–139 (1993) [Sects. 6.2.4 and 7.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J.X., Shi, Z.X., Wang, H., et al.: Flares and the magnetic non-potentiality. Astrophys. J. 456(2), 861–878 (1996) [Sect. 5.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Qiu, J., Jing, J., et al.: Study of ribbon separation of a flare associated with a quiescent filament eruption. Astrophys. J. 593(1), 564–570 (2003) [Sect. 7.4.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Liu, C., Deng, Y., et al.: Reevaluation of the magnetic structure and evolution associated with the Bastille day flare on 2000 July 14. Astrophys. J. 627(2), 1031–1039 (2005) [Sects. 4.1.1, 4.1.3, 7.1.1 and 7.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., Krucker, S., Hudson, H., et al.: G-band and hard X-ray emissions of the 2006 December 14 flare observed by Hinode/SOT and RHESSI. Astrophys. J. 715(1), 651–655 (2010) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer-Böhm, S.: Point spread functions for the Solar optical telescope onboard Hinode. Astron. Astrophys. 487(1), 399–412 (2008) [Sect. 16.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Woltjer, L.: A theorem on force-free magnetic fields. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 44(6), 489–491 (1958) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Woltjer, L.: Hydromagnetic equilibrium: II. Stability in the variational formulation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 45(6), 769–771 (1959) [Sect. 14.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J.M.: National Space Weather Program: The Implementation Plan, FCM-P31. Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research, Washington (1997) [Intr., Sect. 10.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A.N., Berger, M.A.: The effect of reconnection upon the linkage and interior structure of magnetic flux tubes. J. Geophys. Res. 94(A2), 1295–1302 (1989) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A.N., Berger, M.A.: A physical description of magnetic helicity evolution in the presence of reconnection lines. J. Plasma Phys. 46(1), 179–199 (1991) [Sect. 14.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, C.J., Wang, X.G., Pu, Z.Y., et al.: Satellite observations of separator-line geometry of three-dimensional magnetic reconnection. Nature Phys. 3(9), 609–613 (2007) [Intr., Sect. 4.2.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., Cao, W., Liu, C., et al.: High-resolution observations of multiwavelength emissions during two X-class white-light flares. Astrophys. J. 641(2), 1210–1216 (2006) [Sect. 17.4.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, M., Ren, Y., Ji, H., et al.: Identification of two-scale diffusion layer during magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 52(11), abstract ID: BAPS.2007.DPP.TP8.6 (2007) [Sect. 4.2.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, Y., Deng, Y., Karlicky, M., et al.: The magnetic rope structure and associated energetic processes in the 2000 July 14 solar flare. Astrophys. J. 551(Part 2), L115–L118 (2001) [Sects. 6.1 and 7.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama, T., Shibata, K.: Magnetic reconnection coupled with heat conduction. Astrophys. J. 474(1), L61–L64 (1997) [Sect. 3.6]

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama, T., Akita, K., Morimoto, T., et al.: Clear evidence of reconnection inflow of a solar flare. Astrophys. J. 546(1), L69–L72 (2001) [Sect. 8.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeiler, A., Biskamp, D., Drake, J.F., et al.: Three-dimensional particle simulation of collisionless magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A9), SPM 6-1, CiteID 1230 (2002) [Sects. 3.4.3 and 3.5]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zel’dovich, Ya.B., Raizer, Yu.P.: Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, vol.1, p. 464; vol. 2, p. 452. Academic, New York/San Francisco/London (1966) [Sect. 2.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zel’dovich, Ya.B., Raizer, Yu.P.: In: Hayes, W.D., Probstein, R.F. (eds.) Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena. Dover, Mineola (2002) [Sect. 2.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelenyi, L.M., Dolgonosov, M.S., Grigorenko, E.E., et al.: Universal properties of the nonadiabatic acceleration of ions in current sheets. JETP Lett. 85(4), 187–193 (2007) [Sect. 11.1.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelenyi, L.M., Artemyev, A.V., Petrukovich, A.A., et al.: Low frequency eigenmodes of thin anisotropic current sheets and Cluster observations. Ann. Geophys. 27(2), 861–868 (2009) [Sects. 11.1.3 and 13.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H.: Configuration of magnetic shear and vertical current in the active region NOAA 5395 in 1989 March. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 111(1), 27–40 (1995) [Sect. 5.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H.: Magnetic field, helicity and the 2000 July 14 flare in solar active region 9077. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 332(2), 500–512 (2002) [Sects. 6.2.4 and 7.1.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H.-Q., Chupp, E. L.: Studies on post-flare prominence of 1981 April 27. Astrophys. Space Sci. 153(1), 95–108 (1989) [Sect. 11.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Wang, J., Deng, Y., et al.: Magnetic flux cancelation associated with the major solar event on 2000 July 14. Astrophys. J. 548(Part 2), L99–L102 (2001) [Sects. 6.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3 and 7.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Li, L., Song, Q.: Interaction between a fast rotating sunspot and ephemeral regions as the origin of the major solar event on 2006 December 13. Astrophys. J. 662(1), Part 2, L35–L38 (2007) [Sect. 11.4.3]

  • Zhou, T., Ji, H., Huang, G.: Converging motion of conjugate flaring kernels during two large solar flares. Adv. Space Res. 41(8), 1195–1201 (2008) [Sects. 7.2.2 and 7.5.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zirin, H.: Astrophysics of the Sun. D. Reidel, Dordrecht (1988) [Sects. 6.1 and 7.1.2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zirin, H., Tanaka, K.: The flare of August 1972. Sol. Phys. 32(1), 173–207 (1973) [Sect. 17.4.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zirker, J.B., Cleveland, F.M.: Avalanche models of active region heating and flaring. Sol. Phys. 145(1), 119–128 (1993) [Sect. 14.1]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuccarello, F., Burm, H., Kuperus, M., et al.: Varying self-inductance and energy storage in a sheared force-free arcade. Astron. Astrophys. 180(1), 218–222 (1987) [Sect. 16.4]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweibel, E.G.: Magnetic reconnection in partially ionized gases. Astrophys. J. 340(2), 550–557 (1989) [Sect. 15.2.3]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwingmann, W., Schindler, K., Birn, J.: On sheared magnetic field structures containing neutral points. Sol. Phys. 99(1), 133–143 (1985) [Sects. 13.1, 16.2 and 16.3]

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Somov, B.V. (2013). Reconnection in Action. In: Plasma Astrophysics, Part II. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 392. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4295-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics