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A Timid Infancy

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Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus

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Abstract

In the second of the three famous papers, which Niels Bohr wrote in 1913, and in which he described the properties of atoms in terms of quantum physics, he concluded that radioactive phenomena most likely occur in the atomic nucleus:

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See p. 108.

  2. 2.

    See p. 51.

  3. 3.

    See p. 60.

  4. 4.

    See p. 72 and 74.

  5. 5.

    The name “ionium” was coined by Bertram Boltwood who identified it as the parent of radium [4]. It is a decay product of uranium 238 and was later shown to be thorium 230.

  6. 6.

    See p. 24.

  7. 7.

    See p. 35.

  8. 8.

    The term atomic weight was used at that time. Today, we prefer to use the term atomic mass. See these terms in the Glossary.

  9. 9.

    The British Association for the Advancement of Science (formerly known as the BA) was founded in 1831. It is a learned society with the object of promoting science, directing general attention to scientific matters.

  10. 10.

    In such experiments, the electric charge is always the same, namely, one unit of positive elementary charge, because one electron is torn out during the ionization of any atom.

  11. 11.

    The screen was made of willemite, a zinc silicate crystal.

  12. 12.

    The English chemist Herbert Watson had measured the density of neon [25] and this was sufficient to deduce its mass. Indeed, according the hypothesis of Avogadro, two identical volumes of any gas, under the same pressure, contain the same number of molecules. The masses of molecules are therefore in the same ratio as their densities.

  13. 13.

    The time taken by a gas to pass through a porous membrane is shorter for a light gas than for a heavy gas. The mixture of different gases will therefore be different after it passes through a porous membrane. Aston attempted to use this property to isolate the isotope 22 of neon.

  14. 14.

    Recall that, at that time, the unit of mass was 1/16 of the mass of oxygen. A mass 20 means 20/16 of the mass of oxygen.

  15. 15.

    See p. 50.

  16. 16.

    The classical radius of the electron is equal to 2. 82 ×10− 13 cm, which is comparable to the size of an atomic nucleus. But today it is no longer believed to be the size of the electron, which is considered to be a point particle.

  17. 17.

    See p. 121.

  18. 18.

    See p. 35.

  19. 19.

    See p. 19.

  20. 20.

    See p. 18.

  21. 21.

    Optics treatise on the gradation of light.

  22. 22.

    See p. 63.

  23. 23.

    See p. 6.

  24. 24.

    See p. 67.

  25. 25.

    See p. 67.

  26. 26.

    See p. 59.

  27. 27.

    See p. 214.

  28. 28.

    Radium E is the isotope 210 of bismuth,210Bi, which decays by β emission, thus becoming polonium (the isotope 210), which, in turn, decays by α emission to become stable lead (the stable isotope 206).

  29. 29.

    See p. 59.

  30. 30.

    See p. 65.

  31. 31.

    See p. 33.

  32. 32.

    For the scintillation method, see p. 70.

  33. 33.

    See p. 69.

  34. 34.

    See p. 70.

  35. 35.

    Indeed it would have eight electric charges, the seven initial ones of the nitrogen nucleus, plus the two of the incoming α-particle, minus the one of the ejected proton.

  36. 36.

    See p. 69.

  37. 37.

    See p. 35.

  38. 38.

    See p. 43.

  39. 39.

    See p. 48.

  40. 40.

    See p. 67.

  41. 41.

    See p. 68.

  42. 42.

    See p. 37.

  43. 43.

    See p. 60.

  44. 44.

    See p. 78.

  45. 45.

    See p. 78.

  46. 46.

    See p. 124.

  47. 47.

    See p. 96.

  48. 48.

    Protons have an electric charge which is only half the charge of the α-particle. They therefore ionize the gas less, thus producing a finer track in the cloud chamber. They are also less slowed down, thereby leaving a longer track.

  49. 49.

    See p. 50.

  50. 50.

    There is an approximately linear relation between the logarithm of the penetration length and that of the radioactive half-life.

  51. 51.

    See p. 147.

  52. 52.

    See p. 126.

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Fernandez, B. (2013). A Timid Infancy. In: Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4181-6_4

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