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The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinations: Ironic Insights into Mechanisms of Action

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The Neuroscience of Hallucinations

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Abstract

Research into the psychopharmacology of hallucinations comes from two branches: hallucinogenic agents and agents for the treatment for psychosis. Derived from these insights, the molecular mechanisms of hallucinations are numerous. The neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate have demonstrated roles in hallucinations. Likewise, several adrenergic, anticonvulsant, and cholinergic mechanisms have been linked to hallucinations. Lastly, recent research into transcranial magnetic stimulation also gives clues to the mechanisms of hallucinations. Drawing on the field in its entirety gives an overall picture of the psychopharmacology of hallucinations, including current treatments and hints to future therapies.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

ADHD:

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

AED:

Antiepileptic drugs

AMPA:

Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid

CB1:

Cannabinoid 1 receptor

CBS:

Charles Bonnet syndrome

CGI:

Clinical global impressions

DA:

Dopamine

DAT:

Dopamine transporter

DMT:

N-dimethyltryptamine

FISH:

Fluorescent in situ hybridizations

LDT:

Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

LSD:

Lysergic acid diethylamide

MDMA:

3, 4-Methylenedioxyethamphetamine (ecstasy)

NET:

Norepinephrine transporter

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

PANSS:

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale

PCP:

Phencyclidine

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PPT:

Pedunculopontine

PTSD:

Posttraumatic stress disorder

rTMS:

Repetitive TMS

SEEG:

Stereoelectrocencephalographic

SERT:

Serotonin transporter

THC:

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

TMS:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arbor Scientia, 1930 Palomar Point Way, Suite 103, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA

    Nicole Gellings Lowe

  2. University of California San Diego, 1930 Palomar Point Way, Suite 103, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA

    Maria Paola Rapagnani, Chiara Mattei & Stephen M. Stahl

  3. University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Maria Paola Rapagnani

Authors
  1. Nicole Gellings Lowe
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  2. Maria Paola Rapagnani
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  3. Chiara Mattei
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  4. Stephen M. Stahl
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicole Gellings Lowe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Medical Centre of Lille, Pediatric Psychiatry Department, Fontan Hospital, F-59037, Lille cedex, France

    Renaud Jardri

  2. Sainte-Anne Hospital, Center for Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 2 ter rue d'Alesia, Paris, F-75014, France

    Arnaud Cachia

  3. University Medical Centre of Lille, Psychiatry Department, Fontan Hospital, rue Verhaeghe, Lille cedex, F-59037, France

    Pierre Thomas

  4. University Medical Centre of Lille, Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Lab, Salengro Hospital, Lille cedex, F-59037, France

    Delphine Pins

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© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Lowe, N.G., Rapagnani, M.P., Mattei, C., Stahl, S.M. (2013). The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinations: Ironic Insights into Mechanisms of Action. In: Jardri, R., Cachia, A., Thomas, P., Pins, D. (eds) The Neuroscience of Hallucinations. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4121-2_24

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4121-2_24

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