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Prenatal Androgens Affect Development and Behavior in Primates

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Book cover Building Babies

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR,volume 37))

Abstract

Maturation and differentiation persists throughout childhood, adolescence, and adult life into senescence; however, the foundation for normal postnatal development is established during fetal ontogeny. The organizational hypothesis proposes that nongenomic, environmental factors within the intrauterine environment attribute to prenatal programming (Phoenix et al. 1959). From the inception of this hypothesis over 50 years ago, researchers have documented the effects of exposure to prenatal steroid hormones, particularly androgens, on the behavior and growth of primate offspring. The effects of androgen within the intrauterine environment from maternal and exogenous sources can be observed in long-term changes to multiple developmental trajectories, including somatic growth, homeostatic functions of the body, and differentiation of sex-typical morphology, physiology, and behavior. Thus, the sensitivity and plasticity of the fetus during development toward androgens and other physiological cues from the mother and environment may underlie the development of diseases, a premise postulated by the Barker hypothesis (Barker 1998). In the current chapter, we discuss a number of prenatal and postnatal developmental outcomes associated with exposure to normal variations and excessive concentrations of androgens during prenatal life in human and nonhuman primates. In addition, it seems that the timing of androgen exposure during gestation and the sex of the fetus are two major factors that contribute to the concentration of androgens in the prenatal environment and the ultimate outcomes. Therefore, we also discuss the timing of androgen exposure during gestation and the sex of the fetus as modulating variables on the androgen-induced effects on development.

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Abbreviations

CAH:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

CAIS:

Complete androgen insensitivity syndromes

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone

DHEAS:

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

DHT:

Dihydrotestosterone

PAIS:

Partial androgen insensitivity syndromes

PCOS:

Polycystic ovary syndrome

TP:

Testosterone propionate

ZFX:

X-linked zinc finger protein gene

ZFY:

Y-linked zinc finger protein gene

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32036, USA

    A. S. Smith

  2. Callitrichid Research Center and Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA

    A. K. Birnie

  3. Callitrichid Research Center, Department of Psychology, and Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA

    J. A. French

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  3. J. A. French
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Correspondence to A. S. Smith .

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  1. , Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, 109 Davenport Hall, M/C 148, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    Kathryn B.H. Clancy

  2. , Department of HUman Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, 02138, Massachusetts, USA

    Katie Hinde

  3. , Comparative Primate Biology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60612, Illinois, USA

    Julienne N. Rutherford

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Smith, A.S., Birnie, A.K., French, J.A. (2013). Prenatal Androgens Affect Development and Behavior in Primates. In: Clancy, K., Hinde, K., Rutherford, J. (eds) Building Babies. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, vol 37. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_5

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