Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Macaque Tourism: Implications for Their Management and Conservation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Macaque Connection

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR,volume 43))

Abstract

Primate ecotourism is now considered a new and improved pathway to introducing the natural environment to local communities. Several field conservation programs for macaques have recorded them to be popular ecotourism attractions. However, it is a multi-faceted approach and could introduce free-ranging macaque populations to new pressures that have not been studied or documented. With burgeoning human populations, an increasing overlap between macaque habitats and human dwellings has been recorded in countries such as India, Indonesia and Gibraltar. Scientists have observed higher levels of competition between macaques and humans in regions were their habitats overlap. Zoonotic diseases and their transmission between macaque and human populations have also been documented. Macaque behavior has been found to notably change, with higher incidences of aggressive encounters with young, resulting in infant mortality. Macaques living in and near areas that are frequently visited by humans such as temples tend to interact more and be regularly fed, especially in countries where primates are worshipped. In zoos and wild animal parks, captive macaques are also considered popular attractions. Large numbers of zoo tourists have been observed to have a detrimental effect on captive macaque behavior and welfare, influencing displays of behavioral abnormalities. It is imperative that programs that are interested in utilizing tools such as ecotourism for species conservation are well-planned to reduce the probable threat to free-ranging macaque populations and their natural habitats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed A (2001) Illegal trade, and utilization of primates in India. Envis Bull Wildl Prot Areas 1:177–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali R, Pai A (2001) Human use areas in the Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Curr Sci 80:448–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman CM, Li JH, Ogawa H, Ionica C, Yin HB (2007) Primate tourism, range restriction, and infant risk among Macaca thibetana at Mt. Huangshan, China. Int J Primatol 28:1123–1141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caras R (1995) Zoos and the public A view from the ASPCA In: Norton BG, Hutchins M, Stevens EF, Maple TL (eds) Ethics on the Ark. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington DC, USA, pp 297–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan A, Pirta RS (2010) Socio-ecology of two species of non-human primates, rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus), in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. J Hum Ecol 30:171–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook S, Hosey GR (1995) Interaction sequences between chimpanzees and human visitors at the zoo. Zoo Biol 14:431–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durrell G, Mallinson J (1987) Reintroduction as a political and educational tool for conservation. Dodo (J Durrell Wildl Conserv Trust) 24:6–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel GA, Jones-Engel L, Schillaci MA, Suaryana KG, Putra A, Fuentes A, Henkel R (2002) Human exposure to herpesvirus B-seropositive macaques, Bali, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 8:789–795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flood GD (1996) An introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes A (2006) Human culture and monkey behavior: assessing the contexts of potential pathogen transmission between macaques and humans. Am J Primatol 68:880–896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes A, Gamerl S (2005) Disproportionate participation by age/sex classes in aggressive interactions between Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and human tourists at Padangtegal Macaque Forest, Bali, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 66:197–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes A, Kalchik S, Gettler L, Kwiatt A, Konecki M, Jones-Engel L (2008) Characterizing human-macaque interactions in Singapore. Am J Primatol 70:879–883

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geissmann T, Nijman V, Dallmann R (2006) The fate of diurnal primates in southern Sumatra. Gibbon J 2:18–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie TR (2006) Noninvasive assessment of gastrointestinal parasite infections in free-ranging primates. Int J Primatol 27:1129–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg TL, Gillespie TR, Rwego IB, Wheeler E, Estoff EL, Chapman CA (2007) Patterns of gastrointestinal bacterial exchange between chimpanzees and humans involved in research and tourism in western Uganda. Biol Conserv 135:511–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalan S (1973) Outlines of Jainism. Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Gössling S (2002) Global environmental consequences of tourism. Glob Environ Chang 12:283–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson E (2002) Animal attractions: nature on display in American zoos. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill DA (1999) Effects of provisioning on the social behavior of Japanese and rhesus macaques: implications for socioecology. Primates 40:187–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes JC (1996) Parasites as threats to biodiversity in shrinking ecosystems. Biodivers Conserv 5:957–983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honey M (1999) Ecotourism and sustainable development: who owns paradise? Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu MJ, Kao CC, Agoramoorthy G (2009) Interactions between visitors and Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Shou-Shan Nature Park, Taiwan. Am J Primatol 71:214–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2010) IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2010.4. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 5 May 2011

  • Jacobson SK (2010) Effective primate conservation education: gaps and opportunities. Am J Primatol 72:414–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Babo R, Froehlich J (2001) Detection of antibodies to selected human pathogens among wild and pet macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 54:171–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Schillaci MA, Rompis A, Putra A, Suaryana KG, Fuentes A, Beer B, Hicks S, White R, Wilson B, Allan JS (2005) Primate-to-human retroviral transmission in Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 11:1028–1035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindaichi K (1949) Concepts behind the Ainu Bear Festival (Kumamatsuri). Southwest J Anthropol 5:345–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiman DG, Beck BB, Dietz JM, Dietz LA, Ballou JD, Coribra-Filho AF (1986) Conservation program for the golden lion tamarin: captive research and management, ecological studies, educational strategies and reintroduction. In: Benischke K (ed) Primates: the road to self-sustaining populations. Springer, New York, pp 959–979

    Google Scholar 

  • Koontz FW (1997) Zoos and in situ primate conservation. In: Wallis J (ed) Primate conservation: the role of zoological parks. American Society of Primatologists, Norman, pp 63–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas PW, Corlett RT (1998) Seed dispersal by long-tailed macaques. Am J Primatol 45:29–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallapur A, Choudhury BC (2003) Behavioral abnormalities in captive non-human primates. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 6:275–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallapur A, Sinha A, Waran N (2005) Influence of visitor’s presence on the behaviour and welfare of captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) housed in Indian zoos. Appl Anim Behav Sci 94:341–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marriner LM, Drickamer LC (1994) Factors influencing stereotyped behavior of primates in a zoo. Zoo Biol 13:267–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy MS, Matheson MD, Lester JD, Sheeran LK, Li J, Wagner SR (2009) Sequences of Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) and tourist behaviors at Mt. Huangshan, China. Primate Conserv 24:145–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mench JA, Mason GJ (2000) Behaviour. In: Appleby MC, Hughes BO (eds) Animal welfare. CAB International, Oxford, pp 127–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra C, Madhusudan MD, Datta A (2006) Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs. Oryx 40:29–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mootnick AR, Baker E (1994) Masturbation in captive Hylobates (gibbons). Zoo Biol 13:345–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan K (1987) Religion of Hindus. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss A, Esson M (2010) Tourist interest in zoo animals and the implications for collection planning and zoo education programs. Zoo Biol 29:715–731

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muehlenbein MP, Martinez LA, Lemke AA, Ambu L, Nathan S, Andau P, Sakong R (2010) Unhealthy travelers present challenges to sustainable primate ecotourism. Travel Med Infect Dis 8:169–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary H, Fa JE (1993) Effects of tourists on Barbary macaques at Gibraltar. Folia Primatol 61:77–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orams MB (2002) Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts. Tour Manage 23:281–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patzschke E, Engelhardt A, Gurmaya KJ (2000) Influences of tourists on the behavior of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Folia Primatol 71:236

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BL (1997) Agonistic behavior between rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and humans in Nepal. MSc dissertation, San Jose State University, San Jose

    Google Scholar 

  • Phumsathan S, Nepal S (2008) Environmental impacts of tourism, Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Report. Texas A&M University, Austin

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram S, Venkatachalam S, Sinha A (2003) Changing social strategies of wild female bonnet macaques during natural foraging and on provisioning. Curr Sci 84:781–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall A (1987) Resource economics, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Reade LS, Waran NK (1996) The modern zoo: how do people perceive zoo animals? Appl Anim Behav Sci 47:109–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regmi GR, Kandel K (1998) Population status, threats and conservation measures of Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) in Langtang National Park, Nepal. Report. Primate Society of Great Britain, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross S, Wall G (2001) Wallace’s line: implications for conservation and ecotourism in Indonesia. In: Harrison D (ed) Tourism and the less developed world: issue and case studies. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 223–233

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ruesto LA, Sheeran LK, Matheson MD, Li J, Wagner RS (2010) Tourist behavior and decibel levels correlate with threat frequency in Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan, China. Primate Conserv 25:99–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savage A, Guillen R, Lamilla I, Soto L (2010) Developing an effective community conservation program for cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia. Am J Primatol 72:379–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitger FM (1938) The archaeology of Hindoo Sumatra. Int Arch Ethnogr 35:1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Sha JCM, Gumert MD, Lee BPY-H, Jones-engel L, Chan S, Fuentes A (2009) Macaque–human interactions and the societal perceptions of macaques in Singapore. Am J Primatol 71:825–839

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd CR (2010) Illegal primate trade in Indonesia exemplified by surveys carried out over a decade in North Sumatra. Endanger Species Res 11:201–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strier KB (2010) Long-term field studies: positive impacts and unintended consequences. Am J Primatol 72:772–778

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supriatna J (2006) Conservation programs for the endangered Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Primate Conserv 21:155–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor P (2003) Goddess on the rise: pilgrimage and popular religion in Vietnam. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

  • UNTWO (2011) Tourism highlights. Report. World Tourism Organization, Madrid. http://mkt.unwto.org/en/content/tourism-highlights. Accessed 24 Oct 2011

  • UNWTO (2010) A year of recovery. Report. World Tourism Organization, Madrid. http://unwto.org/en/publication/annual-report-2010. Accessed 24 Oct 2011

  • Van Lavieren E, Wich SA (2009) Decline of the Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus in the cedar forest of the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco. Oryx 44:133–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis J, Lee DR (1999) Primate conservation: the prevention of disease transmission. Int J Primatol 20:803–826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Western D (1993) Defining ecotourism. In: Lindberg K, Hawkins DE (eds) Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers. The Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, pp 7–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheatley BP, Harya Putra DK (1994) Biting the hand that feeds you: monkeys and tourists in Balinese monkey forests. Trop Biodivers 2:317–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese RJ, Hutchins H (1997) The role of North American zoos in primate conservation. In: Wallis J (ed) Primate conservation: the role of zoological parks. American Society of Primatologists, Norman, pp 29–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe ND, Escalante AA, Karesh WB, Kilbourn A, Paul-Murphy J (1998) Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research: the missing link? Emerg Infect Dis 4:149–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe ND, Switzer WM, Carr JK, Bhullar VB, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Prosser AT, Torimiro JN, Wright A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Heneine W (2004) Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central African Hunters. Lancet 363:932–937

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood W (1998) Interactions among environmental enrichment, viewing crowds, and zoo chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biol 17:211–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WTO (1995) Collection of tourist expenditure statistics. Report. World Tourism Organization. http://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf. Accessed 24 Oct 2011

  • Zhao QK (1999) Responses to seasonal changes in nutrient quality and patchiness of food in a multigroup community of Tibetan macaques at Mt. Emei. Int J Primatol 20:511–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the editors of this book for giving me the opportunity to write this chapter and the reviewers of this chapter for their invaluable comments. I am indebted to Kiran Mallapur (Ayi) for reading through my drafts and revising them. I would also like to thank Sindhu Radhakrishna, Anand Ramanathan and Divya B U for their advice and comments on my manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Aaranyaa, 1029 Ray Andra Drive, DeSoto, TX, 75115-3915, USA

    Avanti Mallapur (Director of Biodiversity Conservation)

Authors
  1. Avanti Mallapur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Avanti Mallapur .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, India

    Sindhu Radhakrishna

  2. Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Aichi, Japan

    Michael A. Huffman

  3. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, India

    Anindya Sinha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mallapur, A. (2013). Macaque Tourism: Implications for Their Management and Conservation. In: Radhakrishna, S., Huffman, M., Sinha, A. (eds) The Macaque Connection. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, vol 43. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3967-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation