Abstract
Classically, growth regulators of the auxin type have been used experimentally to modulate rates of cell expansion of excised stem segments floated on auxin solutions. Among the auxins are a natural plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic analogs such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (α-NAA). 2,4-D was developed during World War II as a selective herbicide for control of dicotyledenous weeds in corn, small grains, and other grasses. Auxins, both natural and synthetic, stimulate plant cells to increase in size (enlarge) by similar but not identical mechanisms. Cells of organisms other than plants normally do not respond to auxins. The auxin-regulated driver of cell elongations is an ENOX protein induced by auxin but, in contrast to the other related ENOX proteins, has not been cloned. Recombinant and native ENOX1 of plants does not respond to auxins, and the two activities, auxin-responsive and auxin-nonresponsive ENOX1 activity, have been resolved as separate entities by purification on concanavalin A columns and are readily differentiated based on response to quassinoid inhibitors. The constitutive ENOX1 and the constitutive cell elongation of plant stems were inhibited by simalikalactone D but not by glaucarubolone, whereas the 2,4-D-stimulated ENOX activity and the 2,4-D-stimulated growth were inhibited by glaucarubolone but not by simalikalactone D. Also, in contrast to the constitutive plant ENOX1, the auxin-stimulated ENOX is inhibited by many of the same substances that also inhibit the human cancer-associated ENOX2. In other respects, the auxin-stimulated ENOX has functional properties similar to those of the constitutive ENOX1 including NAD(P)H and hydroquinone oxidation, the reduction of oxygen to form water, protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity directly involved in the cell enlargement process, and the typical 5-maxima periodic oscillatory activity with a period length of 24 min. The auxin-stimulated activity absolutely requires auxin for activity and activity is induced by auxin addition. Immediately following 2,4-D or IAA addition, a very complex pattern of oscillations ensues. However after several hours, a dominant 24-min period emerges at the expense of the constitutive activity while the sum of the two activities remains constant. The recruitment process, whereby an altered ENOX form coverts a normal ENOX form of a protein into a likeness of itself, is analogous to that exhibited by prions. Unlike the response to indole-3-acetic acid, the natural auxin regulator, the response to the synthetic auxin herbicide 2,4-D is that of persistence of the new 2,4-D-induced idiotype long after the 2,4-D is completely metabolized and no longer present. The new 2,4-D induced idiotype then persists as growth of affected tissue and plant parts become unregulated and cancer like with death of the plant as the result.
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Morré, D.J., Morré, D.M. (2012). The Auxin-Stimulated ENOX and Auxin Stimulation of Plant Growth. In: ECTO-NOX Proteins. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3958-5_10
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