Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Hematology-Oncology in Countries with Limited Resources

Abstract

In low-income countries (LIC), the treatment of children with cancer is influenced by unique circumstances that restrict improvement in cure rates. The management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) demands a multidisciplinary teamwork approach as the treatment intensity required to decrease the disease-associated mortality may actually contribute to increased mortality because of toxicity. Assuring rapid access to medical facilities, providing appropriate medications and blood products, developing a core of trained health care professionals and laboratory personnel, improving diagnostic methods, and balancing the intensity of treatment and the quality of supportive care are all necessary for improved treatment results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

6-MP:

6-Mercaptopurine

6-TG:

6-Thioguanine

ADE:

Cytarabine + daunorubicin + etoposide

AHOPCA:

Central America Pediatric Hematology Oncology Association

AIE:

Cytarabine + idarubicin + etoposide

AMKL:

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

AML:

Acute myeloid leukemia

APL:

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

APL-DS:

Acute promyelocytic leukemia differentiation syndrome

ARAC:

Cytarabine

ATO:

Arsenic trioxide

ATRA:

all-trans-retinoic acid

BFM:

The Berlin/Frankfurt/Muenster Study Group

BM:

Bone marrow

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNS-2:

Low number of blasts in CSF (<5)

CNS-3:

Blasts in LCR ≥5

CR:

Complete remission

CR1:

Initial complete remission

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DAT:

Daunorubicin + cytarabine + 6-thioguanine

DAUNO:

Daunorubicin

DS:

Down syndrome

EFS:

Event-free survival

FAB:

French-American-British

GIMEMA:

Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche

HAM:

High-dose cytarabine + mitoxantrone

HIC:

High-income countries

HSCT:

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

ICU:

Intensive care unit

IDA:

Idarubicin

LIC:

Low-income countries

M3v:

Hypogranular or microgranular variant form of M3 myeloid leukemia

MAE:

Mitoxantrone + cytarabine + etoposide

ML:

Myeloid leukemia

ML-DS:

Myeloid leukemia of Down syndrome

MRC:

The Medical Research Council

MTZ:

Mitoxantrone

NOPHO:

Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology

OS:

Overall survival

PB:

Peripheral blood

PETHEMA:

Programa Español de Tratamientos en Hematologia

TMD:

Transient myeloproliferative disorder

TRM:

Treatment-related mortality

VP-16:

Etoposide

WBC:

White blood cells

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. Valsecchi MG, Tognoni G, Bonilla M, Moreno N, Baez F, Pacheco C, et al. Clinical epidemiology of childhood cancer in Central America and Caribbean countries. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(4):680–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mejia-Arangure J, Bonilla M, Lorenzana R, Juarez-Ocana S, de Reyes G, Perez-Saldivar M, et al. Incidence of leukemias in children from El Salvador and Mexico City between 1996 and 2000: population-based data. BMC Cancer. 2005;5(1):1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA, Brunning RD, Borowitz MJ, Porwit A, et al. The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes. Blood. 2009;114(5):937–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gibson B, Perentesis J, Alonzo T, Kaspers G. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. In: Reaman GH, Smith FO, editors. Childhood leukemia. Berlin: Springer; 2011. p. 121–60.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Gorman MF, Ji L, Ko RH, Barnette P, Bostrom B, Hutchinson R, et al. Outcome for children treated for relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (rAML): a Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia (TACL) Consortium study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55(3):421–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pui CH. Childhood leukemias. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(24):1618–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lie SO, Abrahamsson J, Clausen N, Forestier E, Hasle H, Hovi L, et al. Long-term results in children with AML: NOPHO-AML Study Group—report of three consecutive trials. Leukemia. 2005;19(12):2090–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gibson BES, Webb DKH, Howman AJ, De Graaf SSN, Harrison CJ, Wheatley K, et al. Results of a randomized trial in children with acute myeloid leukaemia: Medical Research Council AML12 trial. Br J Haematol. 2011;155(3):366–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Lehrnbecher T, Graf N, Hermann J, Niemeyer CM, et al. Less toxicity by optimizing chemotherapy, but not by addition of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia: results of AML-BFM 98. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(27):4499–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yadav SP, Ramzan M, Lall M, Sachdeva A. Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: final frontier for pediatric oncologists in developing world. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;28(8):647–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Perez-Cuevas R, Doubova SV, Zapata-Tarres M, Flores-Hernandez S, Frazier L, Rodriguez-Galindo C, et al. Scaling up cancer care for children without medical insurance in developing countries: the case of Mexico. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(2):196–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Antillon F, Rossi E, Molina AL, Sala A, Pencharz P, Valsecchi MG, et al. Nutritional status of children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Guatemala. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:911–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bonilla M, Rossell N, Salaverria C, Gupta S, Barr R, Sala A, et al. Prevalence and predictors of abandonment of therapy among children with cancer in El Salvador. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(9):2144–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Xu XJ, Tang YM, Song H, Yang SL, Shi SW, Wei J. Long-term outcome of childhood acute myeloid leukemia in a developing country: experience from a children’s hospital in China. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51(12):2262–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gallegos-Castorena S, Medina-Sanson A, Gonzalez-Ramella O, Sanchez-Zubieta F, Martínez-Avalos A. Improved treatment results in Mexican children with acute myeloid leukemia using a Medical Research Council (MRC)-acute myeloid leukemia 10 modified protocol. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009;50(7):1132–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gupta S, Bonilla M, Fuentes SL, Caniza M, Howard SC, Barr R, et al. Incidence and predictors of treatment-related mortality in paediatric acute leukaemia in El Salvador. Br J Cancer. 2009;100(7):1026–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gupta S, Antillon FA, Bonilla M, Fu L, Howard SC, Ribeiro RC, et al. Treatment-related mortality in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Central America. Cancer. 2011;117(20):4788–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sala A, Rossi E, Antillon F, Molina AL, de Maselli T, Bonilla M, et al. Nutritional status at diagnosis is related to clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with cancer: a perspective from Central America. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(2):243–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Israels T, Chirambo C, Caron HN, Molyneux EM. Nutritional status at admission of children with cancer in Malawi. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51(5):626–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stefan DC, Dippenaar A, De Bruin G, Uys R, van Toorn R. Challenges to treatment of leukemia in HIV-positive children. J Trop Pediatr. 2012;58:521–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sanz MA, Montesinos P, Rayon C, Holowiecka A, de la Serna J, Milone G, et al. Risk-adapted treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia based on all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline with addition of cytarabine in consolidation therapy for high-risk patients: further improvements in treatment outcome. Blood. 2010;115(25):5137–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kelaidi C, Ades L, Fenaux P. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with high white cell blood counts. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2011;3(1):e2011038.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ribeiro RC, Rego E. Management of APL in developing countries: epidemiology, challenges and opportunities for international collaboration. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006;162–8.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Coustan-Smith E, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Razzouk BI, Pui CH, Pounds S, et al. Clinical significance of residual disease during treatment in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2003;123(2):243–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rubnitz JE, Inaba H, Dahl G, Ribeiro RC, Bowman WP, Taub J, et al. Minimal residual disease-directed therapy for childhood acute myeloid leukaemia: results of the AML02 multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(6):543–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Ritter J, Reinhardt D, Hermann J, Henze G, et al. Treatment strategies and long-term results in paediatric patients treated in four consecutive AML-BFM trials. Leukemia. 2005;19(12):2030–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Vormoor J, Boos J, Stahnke K, Jurgens H, Ritter J, Creutzig U. Therapy of childhood acute myelogenous leukemias. Ann Hematol. 1996;73(1):11–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rai KR, Holland JF, Glidewell OJ, Weinberg V, Brunner K, Obrecht JP, et al. Treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia: a study by cancer and leukemia group B. Blood. 1981;58(6):1203–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wells RJ, Woods WG, Lampkin BC, Nesbit ME, Lee JW, Buckley JD, et al. Impact of high-dose cytarabine and asparaginase intensification on childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(3):538–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hubeek I, Stam RW, Peters GJ, Broekhuizen R, Meijerink JP, van Wering ER, et al. The human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 mediates in vitro cytarabine sensitivity in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2005;93(12):1388–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gale RP. Advances in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(21):1189–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rees JK, Gray RG, Swirsky D, Hayhoe FG. Principal results of the Medical Research Council’s 8th acute myeloid leukaemia trial. Lancet. 1986;2(8518):1236–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Stevens RF, Hann IM, Wheatley K, Gray RG, on behalf of the MRC Childhood Leukaemia Working Party. Marked improvements in outcome with chemotherapy alone in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia: results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council’s 10th AML trial. Br J Haematol. 1998;101(1):130–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kaspers GJL, Creutzig U. Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: international progress and future directions. Leukemia. 2005;19(12):2025–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rubnitz JE, Gibson B, Smith FO. Acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2010;24(1):35–63.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kremer LCM, van der Pal HJH, Offringa M, van Dalen EC, Voûte PA. Frequency and risk factors of subclinical cardiotoxicity after anthracycline therapy in children: a systematic review. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(6):819–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tebbi CK, London WB, Friedman D, Villaluna D, De Alarcon PA, Constine LS, et al. Dexrazoxane-associated risk for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome and other secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(5):493–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. AML Collaborative Group. A systematic collaborative overview of randomized trials comparing idarubicin with daunorubicin (or other anthracyclines) as induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1998;103(1):100–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Reid JM, Pendergrass TW, Krailo MD, Hammond GD, Ames MM. Plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of idarubicin and idarubicinol in pediatric leukemia patients: a Childrens Cancer Study Group report. Cancer Res. 1990;50(20):6525–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yates J, Glidewell O, Wiernik P, Cooper MR, Steinberg D, Dosik H, et al. Cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin or adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia: a CALGB study. Blood. 1982;60(2):454–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Inaba H, Stewart CF, Crews KR, Yang S, Pounds S, Pui CH, et al. Combination of cladribine plus topotecan for recurrent or refractory pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2010;116(1):98–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Miano M, Pistorio A, Putti MC, Dufour C, Messina C, Barisone E, et al. Clofarabine, cyclophosphamide and etoposide for the treatment of relapsed or resistant acute leukemia in pediatric patients. Leuk Lymphoma. 2012;53(9):1693–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Locatelli F, Testi AM, Bernardo ME, Rizzari C, Bertaina A, Merli P, et al. Clofarabine, cyclophosphamide and etoposide as single-course re-induction therapy for children with refractory/multiple relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2009;147(3):371–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsukimoto I, Tawa A, Horibe K, Tabuchi K, Kigasawa H, Tsuchida M, et al. Risk-stratified therapy and the intensive use of cytarabine improves the outcome in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: the AML99 trial from the Japanese Childhood AML Cooperative Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(24):4007–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Roboz GJ. Novel approaches to the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. ASH Educ Program Book. 2011;2011(1):43–50.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Perel Y, Auvrignon A, Leblanc T, Michel G, Reguerre Y, Vannier JP, et al. Treatment of childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia: dose intensification improves outcome and maintenance therapy is of no benefit–multicenter studies of the French LAME (Leucemie Aigue Myeloblastique Enfant) Cooperative Group. Leukemia. 2005;19(12):2082–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pession A, Rondelli R, Basso G, Rizzari C, Testi AM, Fagioli F, et al. Treatment and long-term results in children with acute myeloid leukaemia treated according to the AIEOP AML protocols. Leukemia. 2005;19(12):2043–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ravindranath Y, Chang M, Steuber CP, Becton D, Dahl G, Civin C, et al. Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) studies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a review of four consecutive childhood AML trials conducted between 1981 and 2000. Leukemia. 2005;19(12):2101–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kaspers GJ. Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012;12(3):405–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bishop JF, Lowenthal RM, Joshua D, Matthews JP, Todd D, Cobcroft R, et al. Etoposide in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Australian Leukemia Study Group. Blood. 1990;75(1):27–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pui CH, Schrappe M, Ribeiro RC, Niemeyer CM. Childhood and adolescent lymphoid and myeloid leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2004;118–45.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lange BJ, Smith FO, Feusner J, Barnard DR, Dinndorf P, Feig S, et al. Outcomes in CCG-2961, a children’s oncology group phase 3 trial for untreated pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the children’s oncology group. Blood. 2008;111(3):1044–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gassas A, Afzal S, Ishaqi MK, Finkelstein-Shechter T, Rojas M, Dupuis A, et al. Pediatric standard-risk AML with fully matched sibling donors: to transplant in first CR or not? Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;42(6):393–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Yanada M, Matsuo K, Emi N, Naoe T. Efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation depends on cytogenetic risk for acute myeloid leukemia in first disease remission: a metaanalysis. Cancer. 2005;103(8):1652–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wang J, Ouyang J, Zhou R, Chen B, Yang Y. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Acta Haematol. 2010;124(2):61–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Perel Y, Auvrignon A, Leblanc T, Vannier JP, Michel G, Nelken B, et al. Impact of addition of maintenance therapy to intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy for childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia: results of a prospective randomized trial, LAME 89/91. Leucamie Aique Myeloide Enfant. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(12):2774–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Creutzig U, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Gibson B, Dworzak MN, Adachi S, de Bont E, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in children and adolescents: recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2012;120(16):3187–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Abbott BL, Rubnitz JE, Tong X, Srivastava DK, Pui CH, Ribeiro RC, et al. Clinical significance of central nervous system involvement at diagnosis of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a single institution’s experience. Leukemia. 2003;17(11):2090–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Johnston DL, Alonzo TA, Gerbing RB, Lange BJ, Woods WG. The presence of central nervous system disease at diagnosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia does not affect survival: a Children’s Oncology Group study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55(3):414–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ribeiro RC, Razzouk BI, Pounds S, Hijiya N, Pui CH, Rubnitz JE. Successive clinical trials for childhood acute myeloid leukemia at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, from 1980 to 2000. Leukemia. 2005;19(12):2125–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Walter AW, Hancock ML, Pui CH, Hudson MM, Ochs JS, Rivera GK, et al. Secondary brain tumors in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(12):3761–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Loning L, Zimmermann M, Reiter A, Kaatsch P, Henze G, Riehm H, et al. Secondary neoplasms subsequent to Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood: significantly lower risk without cranial radiotherapy. Blood. 2000;95(9):2770–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Johnston DL, Alonzo TA, Gerbing RB, Lange BJ, Woods WG. Risk factors and therapy for isolated central nervous system relapse of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9172–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Zubizarreta PA, Rose AB, Felice MS, Alfaro E, Delfino S, Cygler AM, et al. Childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia: no benefit of all-trans-retinoic acid administered in a short-course schedule. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2000;17(2):155–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Malta CA, Pacheco EC, Cantu RA, Conter V, Lietti G, Masera G, et al. Childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia in Nicaragua. Ann Oncol. 1993;4(10):892–4.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Jeddi R, Ghedira H, Ben AY, Kacem K, Ben AR, Aissaoui L, et al. ATRA and anthracycline-based chemotherapy in the treatment of childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): a 10-year experience in Tunisia. Med Oncol. 2011;28(4):1618–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang L, Zhu X. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in children: the experience in China. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012;4(1):e2012012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sainty D, Liso V, Cantu-Rajnoldi A, Head D, Mozziconacci MJ, Arnoulet C, et al. A new morphologic classification system for acute promyelocytic leukemia distinguishes cases with underlying PLZF/RARA gene rearrangements. Blood. 2000;96(4):1287–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dong HY, Kung JX, Bhardwaj V, McGill J. Flow cytometry rapidly identifies all acute promyelocytic leukemias with high specificity independent of underlying cytogenetic abnormalities. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;135(1):76–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Grimwade D, Biondi A, Mozziconacci MJ, Hagemeijer A, Berger R, Neat M, et al. Characterization of acute promyelocytic leukemia cases lacking the classic t(15;17): results of the European Working Party. Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique, Groupe de Francais d’Hematologie Cellulaire, UK Cancer Cytogenetics Group and BIOMED 1 European Community-Concerted Action “Molecular Cytogenetic Diagnosis in Haematological Malignancies”. Blood. 2000;96(4):1297–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sanz MA, Montesinos P, Vellenga E, Rayon C, de la Serna J, Parody R, et al. Risk-adapted treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline monochemotherapy: long-term outcome of the LPA 99 multicenter study by the PETHEMA Group. Blood. 2008;112(8):3130–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Masetti R, Vendemini F, Zama D, Biagi C, Gasperini P, Pession A. All-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012;12(9):1191–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Li EQ, Xu L, Zhang ZQ, Xiao Y, Guo HX, Luo XQ, et al. Retrospective analysis of 119 cases of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia: comparisons of four treatment regimes. Exp Ther Med. 2012;4(1):93–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Testi AM, Biondi A, Lo CF, Moleti ML, Giona F, Vignetti M, et al. GIMEMA-AIEOPAIDA protocol for the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in children. Blood. 2005;106(2):447–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Montesinos P, Sanz MA. The differentiation syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: experience of the pethema group and review of the literature. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2011;3(1):e2011059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Rego EM, De Santis GC. Differentiation syndrome in promyelocytic leukemia: clinical presentation, pathogenesis and treatment. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2011;3(1):e2011048.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Adamson PC. All-trans-retinoic acid pharmacology and its impact on the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncologist. 1996;1(5):305–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Sanz MA, Grimwade D, Tallman MS, Lowenberg B, Fenaux P, Estey EH, et al. Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2009;113(9):1875–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Dworzak M, Urban C, Henze G, Kremens B, et al. Favourable outcome of patients with childhood acute promyelocytic leukaemia after treatment with reduced cumulative anthracycline doses. Br J Haematol. 2010;149(3):399–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Tallman MS, Altman JK. How I treat acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2009;114(25):5126–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Creutzig U, Reinhardt D, Diekamp S, Dworzak M, Stary J, Zimmermann M. AML patients with Down syndrome have a high cure rate with AML-BFM therapy with reduced dose intensity. Leukemia. 2005;19(8):1355–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Seewald L, Taub JW, Maloney KW, McCabe ER. Acute leukemias in children with Down syndrome. Mol Genet Metab. 2012;107(1–2):25–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bruwier A, Chantrain CF. Hematological disorders and leukemia in children with Down syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(9):1301–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Roy A, Roberts I, Vyas P. Biology and management of transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) in children with Down syndrome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;17(4):196–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Malinge S, Izraeli S, Crispino JD. Insights into the manifestations, outcomes, and mechanisms of leukemogenesis in Down syndrome. Blood. 2009;113(12):2619–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Ahmed M, Sternberg A, Hall G, Thomas A, Smith O, O’Marcaigh A, et al. Natural history of GATA1 mutations in Down syndrome. Blood. 2004;103(7):2480–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Klusmann JH, Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Dworzak M, Jorch N, Langebrake C, et al. Treatment and prognostic impact of transient leukemia in neonates with Down syndrome. Blood. 2008;111(6):2991–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Massey GV, Zipursky A, Chang MN, Doyle JJ, Nasim S, Taub JW, et al. A prospective study of the natural history of transient leukemia (TL) in neonates with Down syndrome (DS): Children’s Oncology Group (COG) study POG-9481. Blood. 2006;107(12):4606–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Zipursky A, Thorner P, De Harven E, Christensen H, Doyle J. Myelodysplasia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in Down’s syndrome. Leuk Res. 1994;18(3):163–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hasle H, Niemeyer CM, Chessells JM, Baumann I, Bennett JM, Kerndrup G, et al. A pediatric approach to the WHO classification of myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases. Leukemia. 2003;17(2):277–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Rao A, Hills RK, Stiller C, Gibson BE, De Graaf SSN, Hann IM, et al. Treatment for myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome: population-based experience in the UK and results from the Medical Research Council AML 10 and AML 12 trials. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(5):576–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zeller B, Gustafsson G, Forestier E, Abrahamsson J, Clausen N, Heldrup J, et al. Acute leukaemia in children with Down syndrome: a population-based Nordic study. Br J Haematol. 2005;128(6):797–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Xavier AC, Taub JW. Acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome. Haematologica. 2010;95(7):1043–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Gupta S, Bonilla M, Valverde P, Fu L, Howard SC, Ribeiro RC, et al. Treatment-related mortality in children with acute myeloid leukaemia in Central America: incidence, timing and predictors. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(9):1363–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kurt B, Flynn P, Shenep JL, Pounds S, Lensing S, Ribeiro RC, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics reduce morbidity due to septicemia during intensive treatment for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 2008;113(2):376–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gupta S, Bonilla M, Gamero M, Fuentes SL, Caniza M, Sung L. Microbiology and mortality of pediatric febrile neutropenia in El Salvador. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;33(4):276–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gavidia R, Fuentes SL, Vasquez R, Bonilla M, Ethier MC, Diorio C, et al. Low socioeconomic status is associated with prolonged times to assessment and treatment, sepsis and infectious death in pediatric fever in El Salvador. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M, Leibovici L. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis reduces mortality in neutropenic patients. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(12 Pt. 1):979–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Breccia M, Gallo E, Rambaldi A, et al. Front-line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with AIDA induction followed by risk-adapted consolidation for adults younger than 61 years: results of the AIDA-2000 trial of the GIMEMA Group. Blood. 2010; 116(17):3171–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Outreach Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

    Miguel Bonilla M.D.

  2. Department of Oncology, Leukemia and Lymphoma Division and International Outreach Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

    Raul C. Ribeiro M.D.

Authors
  1. Miguel Bonilla M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raul C. Ribeiro M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raul C. Ribeiro M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa

    Daniela Cristina Stefan

  2. Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bonilla, M., Ribeiro, R.C. (2014). Acute Myeloid Leukemia. In: Stefan, D., Rodriguez-Galindo, C. (eds) Pediatric Hematology-Oncology in Countries with Limited Resources. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3891-5_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3891-5_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3890-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3891-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation