Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neoplastic Diseases of the Blood pp 3–10Cite as

A History of the Chronic Leukemias

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2835 Accesses

Abstract

Whilst chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may be grouped together for some purposes, they differ in many ways. CML is a disease with well-defined progressive stages (chronic phase, acceleration, transformation, blast crisis) accruing in middle life; CLL is a relatively indolent disease involving mainly the elderly. Whereas CML has well-characterized molecular features, which can reasonably be assumed to be related to its pathogenesis, the cause of CLL is less well characterized. The observations which have led to our current state of knowledge and ability to treat patients are the subject of this chapter. Reviews of the history of CML have also been provided by Piller in 1997 [1] and Geary in 2000 [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   269.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Piller GJ. John Hughes Bennett’s: His life and identification of ­leukaemia. Proc R Coll Physicians. 1997;27(3):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Geary CG. The story of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2000;110:2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Piller G. The history of leukemia: a personal perspective. Blood Cells. 1993;19:521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Velpeau A. Sur la resorption du puseat sur l’altération du sang dans les maladies clinique de persection nenemant. Premier observation. Rev Med. 1827;2:216.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Donne A. De l’origine des globules du sang, de leur mode de ­formation, de leur fin. C R Acad Sci. 1842;14:366.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bennett’s JH. Case of hypertrophy of the spleen and liver in which death took place from suppuration of the blood. Edinb Med Surg J. 1845;64:413.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Virchow R. Weisses Blut. Frorieps Notizen. 1845;36:151.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fuller H. Particulars of a case in which enormous enlargement of the spleen and liver, together with dilatation of all vessels in the body were found coincident with a peculiarly altered condition of the blood. Lancet. 1846;ii:43.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Virchow R. Weisses Blut und Milztumoren. Med Z. 1846;15:157.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wood GB. Trans Coll Physicians. Philadelphia. p. 265. 1850–52.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Virchow R. Zur pathologischen Physiologie des Bluts: Die Bedeutung der milz- und Lymph-Drusen-Krankheiten fur die Blutmischung (Leukaemia). Virchows Arch. 1853;5:43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Neumann E. Ein Fall von Leukamie mit Erkrankung des Knochenmarkes. Arch Heilk. 1870;11:1.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ebstein W. Ueber die acute Leukamie und Pseudoleukamie. Deut Arch Klin Med. 1889;44:343.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ehrlich P. Parbenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Histologie und Klinik des Blutes. Berlin: Hirschwald; 1891.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Neumann E. Uber myelogene Leukamie. Berliner Klin Wochenschr. 1878;15:69.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Naegeli O. Uber rothes Knochenmark und Myeloblasten. Deut Med Wochenschr. 1900;18:287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Turk W. Ein System der Lymphomatosen. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1903;16:1073.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bernard J. L’erythroleucemie experimentale provoquée par les injections intramedullaires du goudron. Sang. 1934;8:28.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Storti E. Modifications morphologiques du sang et des organes hematopoietiques provoquées chez le rat blanc par injections intramedullaires de 1–2 benzopyrene. Sang. 1937;11:7.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nowell PC, Hungerford DA. A minute chromosome in human granulocytic leukemia. Science. 1960;132:1497.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Fialkow PJ, Martin PJ, Najfeld V, Penfold GK, Jacobson RJ, Hansen JA. Evidence for a multistep pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 1981;58:159.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stryckmans PA, Debusscher L, Collard E. Cell kinetics in chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). Clin Haematol. 1977;6:21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pederson B. Kinetics and cell function. In: Shaw MT, editor. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Eastbourne UK: Praeger; 1982. p. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  24. De Klein A, van Kessel A, Grosveld G, Bartram CR, Hagemeijer A, Bootsma D, Spurr NK, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J, Stephenson JR. A cellular oncogene is translocated to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Nature. 1982;300:765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Groffen J, Heisterkamp N, Stephenson JR, van Kessel A, de Klein A, Grosveld G, Bootsma D. c-sis is translocated from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9 in chronic myelocytic leukemia. J Exp Med. 1983;158:9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ben-Neriah Y, Daley GQ, Mes-Masson A-M, Witte ON, Baltimore D. The chronic myelogenous leukemia specific p210 protein is the product of the bcr/abl hybrid gene. Science. 1986;223:212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Lee M-S, Stass SA. Detection of chimeric bcr-abl mRNA and minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction. Hematology. 1991;13:241.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Marley SB, Gordon MY. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: stem cell derived but progenitor driven. Clin Sci (Lond). 2005;109:13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jamieson CH, Ailles LE, Dylla SJ, Muijtjens M, Jones C, Zehnder JL, Gotlib J, Li K, Keating A, Sawyers CL, Weissman IL. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bedi A, Zehnbauer BA, Sharkis SJ, Jones RJ. Inhibition of apoptosis by BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1994;15:2038.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Amos TA, Lewis JL, Grand FH, Gooding RP, Goldman JM, Gordon MY. Apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukaemia: normal responses by progenitor cells to growth factor deprivation, X-irradiation and glucocorticoids. Br J Haematol. 1995;91:387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gordon MY, Dowding CR, Riley GP, Goldman JM, Greaves MF. Altered adhesive interactions with marrow stroma of haematopoietic progenitor cells in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 1987;328:342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Osler W. Leukaemia. In: The principles and practice of medicine, 7th ed. New York: Appleton; 1909. p. 731

    Google Scholar 

  34. Minot B, Isaacs R. Lymphatic leukemia: age, incidence, duration and benefit derived from irradiation. Boston Med Surg J. 1924;191:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Rai KR. Progress in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a historical perspective. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1993;6:757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Galton DAG. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Can Med Assoc J. 1966;94:1005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Dameshek W. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia—an accumulative disease of immunologically incompetent lymphocytes. Blood. 1967;29:566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dormer P, Theml H, Lau B. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a proliferative or accumulative disorder? Leuk Res. 1983;7:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hockenberry DM, Oltvai ZN, Yin X-M, Milliman CC, Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell. 1993;75:241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Zutter M, Hockenburg D, Silverman KA, Korsemeyer SJ. Immunolocalisation of the Bcl-2 protein within hematopoietic neoplasms. Blood. 1991;78:1062.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Aisenberg AC, Bloch KJ. Immunoglobulins on the surface of neo-plastic lymphocytes. N Engl J Med. 1972;287:272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Preud’homme JL, Seligmann M. Surface bound immunoglobulins as a cell marker in human lymphoproliferative disease. Blood. 1972;40:777.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Giesler CH, Larsen JK, Hansen NE, Hansen MM, Christensen BE, Lund B, Nielson H, Plesner T, Thorling K, Andersen E, Andersen PK. Prognostic importance of flow cytometric immunophenotyping of 540 consecutive patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1991;78:1795.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Freedman AS, Nadler LM. Immunological markers in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In: Cheson B, editor. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: scientific advances and clinical developments. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sweet DL, Golomb HM, Ultman JE. The clinical features of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Haematol. 1977;6:185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lissauer H. Zwei Falle von Leukaemie. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1865;2:403.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Forkner CE. Leukemia and allied disorders. 1st ed. New York: Macmillan; 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Pusey WA. Report of cases treated with Roentgen rays. JAMA. 1902;38:911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Senn N. Case of splenomedullary leukaemia successfully treated by the use of Roentgen ray. Med Rec (N Y). 1903;64:281.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Minot GR, Buckman TE, Isaacs R. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: age incidence, duration and benefit derived from irradiation. JAMA. 1924;82:1489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Hoffman WJ, Carver LF. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: value of irradiation and its effect on duration of life. JAMA. 1931;97:836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Lawrence JH, Scott KG, Tuttle WL. Studies on leukaemia with the aid of radioactive phosphorus. Int Clin. 1939;3:33.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Reinhard EH, Moore CV, Bierbaum OS, Moore S. Radioactive phosphorus as a therapeutic agent. A review of the literature and analysis of the results of treatment of 155 patients with various blood dyscrasias, lymphomas and other malignant neoplastic diseases. J Lab Clin Med. 1946;31:107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Richards HGH, Spiers ASD. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia in pregnancy. B J Radiol. 1975;48:261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Whitby LEH, Britton CJC. Disorders of the blood: diagnosis, pathology, treatment, technique. 6th ed. London: J and A Churchill Ltd; 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Bryant T. Case of excision of the spleen for enlargement of the organ, attended with leukocythaemia. Guy’s Hosp Rep. 1866;12:444.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Wolf JD, Silver RT, Coleman M. Splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1978;89:684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Jacobson LO, Spurr CL, Barron ESG, Lushbaugh C, Dick GF. Nitrogen mustard therapy. JAMA. 1946;132:263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A, McLennan MT. Nitrogen mustard therapy. JAMA. 1946;132:126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Editorial. Transfusion of blood in leukaemia. Br Med J 1873;1:593 and 2:16.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dameshek W, Gunz F. Leukemia. 2nd ed. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Galton DAG. Myleran in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Lancet. 1953;i:208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Haddow A, Timmis GM. Myleran in chronic myeloid leukaemia: chemical composition and biological function. Lancet. 1953;i:207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Institorisz L, Horvath IP, Csanyi E. Study on the distribution and metabolism of 82Br-labelled dibromomannitol in normal and tumour bearing rats. Neoplasma. 1964;11:245.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Talpaz M, McCredie KB, Malvigit GM, Gutterman JU. Leukocyte interferon-induced myeloid cytoreduction in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Br Med J. 1983;1:201.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ozer H. Biotherapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia with inter-feron. Semin Oncol. 1988;16:14.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, et al. Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of bcr-abl-positive cells. Nat Med. 1996;2:574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Redner RL. Why doesn’t imatinib cure chronic myeloid leukaemia? Oncologist. 2010;15:182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. le Coutre P, Schwartz M, Kim TD. New developments in tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia. Clin Caner Res. 2010;16:1771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Morse EE, Carbone PP, Freireich EJ, Bronson W, Kliman A. Repeated leukapheresis of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Transfusion. 1966;6:175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Buckner CD, Graw RG, Risel RJ, Henderson ES, Perry S. Leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Blood. 1969;33:353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Buckner CD, Stewart P, Clift RA, Fefer A, Neiman PE, Singer J, Storb R, Thomas ED. Treatment of blastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia by chemotherapy, total body irradiation and infusion of cryopreserved autologous marrow. Exp Hematol. 1978;6:96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Goldman JM, Catovsky D, Hows J, Spiers ASD, Galton DAG. Cryopreserved peripheral blood cells functioning as autografts in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Br Med J. 1979;i:1310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hoyle C, Gray R, Goldman JM. Autografting for patients with CML in chronic phase: an update. Br J Haematol. 1994;86:76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Carella AM, Pollicardo N, Pungolino E, Raffo MR, Podesta M, Ferrero R, Pierluigi D, Nati S, Congui A. Mobilization of cytogenetically normal blood progenitors by intensive chemotherapy for chronic myeloid and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 1993;9:477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Carella AM, Podesta M, Frassoni F, Raffo MR, Pollicardo N, Pungolini E, Vimercati R, Sessarego M, Parodi C, Rabitti C, Ferrero R, Benvenuto F, Figaro O, Carlier P, Lavcasic G, Valbonesi M, Vitale V, Giordano D, Pierluigi D, Nati S, Guerracio A, Rosso C, Saglio G. Collection of normal blood repopulating cells during early hemopoietic recovery after intensive conventional chemotherapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993;12:267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Barnett MJ, Eaves CJ, Phillips GL, Gascoigne RD, Hogge DE, Horseman DE, Humphries RK, Klingeman HG, Lansdorp PM, Nantel SH, Reece DE, Shepherd JD, Spinelli JJ, Sutherland HJ, Eaves AC. Autografting with cultured marrow in chronic myeloid leukemia: results of a pilot study. Blood. 1994;84:724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kirkland MA, O’Brien SG, Goldman JM. Antisense therapeutics in haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 1994;87:447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Fraser TR. Bone marrow in the treatment of pernicious anaemia. Br Med J. 1984;1:1172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Apperley JF, Mauro FR, Goldman JM, Gregory W, Arthur CK, Hows J, Arcese W, Papa G, Mandelli F, Wardle D, Gravett P, Franklin IM, Bandini G, Ricci P, Tura S, Iacone A, Torlontano G, Heit W, Champlin R, Gale RP. Bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia in first chronic phase: importance of graft-versus-leukaemia effect. Br J Haematol. 1988;69:239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mackinnon S. Donor leukocyte infusions. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1997;10:357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gao L, Ballantuono I, Elsasser A, Marley SB, Gordon MY, Goldman JM, Stauss HJ. Selective elimination of CD34+ progenitor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for WT1. Blood. 2000;95:2198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Osgood EE. Titrated, regularly spaced radioactive phosphorus or spray roentgen therapy of leukemias. Arch Intern Med. 1951;87:329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Osgood EE, Koler RD. The results of the 15-year program of treatment of chronic leukemias with titrated regularly spaced total-body irradiation with phosphorus 32 or X-ray. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of the International Society of Hematology (Boston 1956); 1958. p. 44.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Osgood EE. Treatment of chronic leukemias. J Nucl Med. 1964;5:139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Huguley CM. Long-term study of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Interim report after 45 months. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1962;16:241.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Rubin P, Bennett’s JM, Begg C, Bozdech MJ, Silber R. The comparison of total body irradiation vs chlorambucil and prednisone for remission induction of active chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: an ECOG study. Part 1: total body irradiation. Response and toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981;7:1623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zweibel JA, Cheson BD. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: staging and prognostic factors. Semin Oncol. 1998;25:42.

    Google Scholar 

  89. French Co-operative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Effectiveness of ‘CHOP’ regimen in advanced untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet. 1988;1:1346.

    Google Scholar 

  90. French Co-operative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Effects of chlorambucil and initial treatment decision in initial forms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (stage A): results of a randomised clinical trial on 612 patients. Blood. 1990;75:1414.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Catovsky D, Fooks J, Richards S. Prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the importance of age, sex and response to treatment in survival. Br J Haematol. 1989;72:141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Keating MJ, Kantarjian H, Talpaz M, Redman J, Koller C, Barlogie B, Velasquez W, Plunkett W, Freireich EJ, McCredie KB. Fludarabine: a new agent with major activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1989;74:19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Smyth JF, Prentice HG, Proctor S, Hoffbrand AV. Deoxycoformycin in the treatment of leukemias and lymphomas. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1985;451:123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Byrd JC, Rai KR, Sausville EA, Grever MA. Old and new therapies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: now is the time for reassessment of therapeutic goals. Semin Oncol. 1998;25:65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Osterborg A, Dyer MJS, Bunjes D, Pangalis GA, Bastion Y, Catovsky D, Mellstedt H. Phase II multicenter study of human CD52 anti-body in previously treated chronic lymphocytic ­leukemia. European Study Group of CAMPATH-1H Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Winkler U, Jensen M, Manzke O, Schultz H, Diehl V, Engert A. Cytokine-release syndrome in patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with high lymphocyte counts after treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab, IDEC-CD2B8). Blood. 1999;94:2217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009;440.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Michallet M, Corront B, Molina L, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 17 cases. Report of the EBMT. Leuk Lymphoma. 1991;5 Suppl 1:127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Dreger P. Allotransplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009; 602.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematology, Imperial College of London, 150 Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK

    John M. Goldman D.M., F.R.C.P., F.Med.Sci. & Myrtle Y. Gordon Ph.D., D.Sc.

Authors
  1. John M. Goldman D.M., F.R.C.P., F.Med.Sci.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Myrtle Y. Gordon Ph.D., D.Sc.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John M. Goldman D.M., F.R.C.P., F.Med.Sci. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Beth Israel Hospital, Cancer Center, St. Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 10th Avenue 1000, New York, 10019, New York, USA

    Peter H. Wiernik

  2. , Department of Hematology, Imperial College of London, Du Cane Road 150, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom

    John M. Goldman

  3. Continuum Cancer Centers, Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 10th Avenue 1000, New York, 10019, New York, USA

    Janice P. Dutcher

  4. , Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, First Street SW. 200, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota, USA

    Robert A. Kyle

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goldman, J.M., Gordon, M.Y. (2013). A History of the Chronic Leukemias. In: Wiernik, P., Goldman, J., Dutcher, J., Kyle, R. (eds) Neoplastic Diseases of the Blood. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3764-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3764-2_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3763-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3764-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation