Abstract
Tumor formation is not a cell autonomous phenomenon, but rather an evolution of disease within and responding to the host environment. In particular, metastatic spread from a primary tumor results from a complex interplay between tumor cells and the host. In order to form successful metastases, tumor cells must escape the primary tumor, enter the host vasculature, travel to and arrest in a distant tissue and survive and grow in that new organ. Cells that progress through these stages must both escape and exploit host systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abramsson A, Lindblom P, Betsholtz C (2003) Endothelial and nonendothelial sources of PDGF-B regulate pericyte recruitment and influence vascular pattern formation in tumors. J Clin Invest 112:1142–1151
Al-Mehdi AB et al (2000) Intravascular origin of metastasis from the proliferation of endothelium-attached tumor cells: a new model for metastasis. Nat Med 6:100–102
Bach F, Uddin FJ, Burke D (2007) Angiopoietins in malignancy. Eur J Surg Oncol 33:7–15
Barbera-Guillem E, Nyhus JK, Wolford CC, Friece CR, Sampsel JW (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by tumor-infiltrating macrophages essentially supports tumor angiogenesis, and IgG immune complexes potentiate the process. Cancer Res 62:7042–7049
Bissell MJ, Radisky DC, Rizki A, Weaver VM, Petersen OW (2002) The organizing principle: microenvironmental influences in the normal and malignant breast. Differentiation 70:537–546
Borsig L (2008) The role of platelet activation in tumor metastasis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8:1247–1255
Brooks SA, Lomax-Browne HJ, Carter TM, Kinch CE, Hall DM (2010) Molecular interactions in cancer cell metastasis. Acta Histochem 112:3–25
Byrne AM, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Harmey JH (2005) Angiogenic and cell survival functions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). J Cell Mol Med 9:777–794
Cameron MD et al (2000) Temporal progression of metastasis in lung: cell survival, dormancy, and location dependence of metastatic inefficiency. Cancer Res 60:2541–2546
Carmeliet P (2005) VEGF as a key mediator of angiogenesis in cancer. Oncology 69(Suppl 3):4–10
Carmeliet P, Jain RK (2000) Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407:249–257
Chambers AF, Groom AC, MacDonald IC (2002) Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat Rev Cancer 2:563–572
Chung YC, Hou YC, Chang CN, Hseu TH (2006) Expression and prognostic significance of angiopoietin in colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 94:631–638
Direkze NC et al (2004) Bone marrow contribution to tumor-associated myofibroblasts and fibroblasts. Cancer Res 64:8492–8495
Duffy MJ, McGowan PM, Gallagher WM (2008) Cancer invasion and metastasis: changing views. J Pathol 214:283–293
Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M, Dvorak AM (1995) Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 146:1029–1039
Esumi N, Fan D, Fidler IJ (1991) Inhibition of murine melanoma experimental metastasis by recombinant desulfatohirudin, a highly specific thrombin inhibitor. Cancer Res 51:4549–4556
Etoh T et al (2001) Angiopoietin-2 is related to tumor angiogenesis in gastric carcinoma: possible in vivo regulation via induction of proteases. Cancer Res 61:2145–2153
Evans R et al (1992) Tumor cell IL-6 gene expression is regulated by IL-1 alpha/beta and TNF alpha: proposed feedback mechanisms induced by the interaction of tumor cells and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 52:463–468
Fischer EG et al (1999) Tumor cell adhesion and migration supported by interaction of a receptor-protease complex with its inhibitor. J Clin Invest 104:1213–1221
Folkman J (1995) Angiogenesis inhibitors generated by tumors. Mol Med 1:120–122
Gaggioli C et al (2007) Fibroblast-led collective invasion of carcinoma cells with differing roles for RhoGTPases in leading and following cells. Nat Cell Biol 9:1392–1400
Giannelli G, Falk-Marzillier J, Schiraldi O, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Quaranta V (1997) Induction of cell migration by matrix metalloprotease-2 cleavage of laminin-5. Science 277:225–228
Goswami S et al (2005) Macrophages promote the invasion of breast carcinoma cells via a colony-stimulating factor-1/epidermal growth factor paracrine loop. Cancer Res 65:5278–5283
Hagemann T et al (2005) Macrophages induce invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells via NF-kappa B and JNK. J Immunol 175:1197–1205
Hagemann T et al. (2008) “Re-educating” tumor-associated macrophages by targeting NF-kappaB. J Exp Med 205:1261–1268
Hall K, Ran S (2010) Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by the local environment. Front Biosci 15:195–212
Harbeck N et al (2004) Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-I: novel tumor-derived factors with a high prognostic and predictive impact in breast cancer. Thromb Haemost 91:450–456
Harmey JH, Dimitriadis E, Kay E, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes D (1998) Regulation of macrophage production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by hypoxia and transforming growth factor beta-1. Ann Surg Oncol 5:271–278
Hattori K et al (2001) Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 stimulate postnatal hematopoiesis by recruitment of vasculogenic and hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 193:1005–1014
Hlatky L, Tsionou C, Hahnfeldt P, Coleman CN (1994) Mammary fibroblasts may influence breast tumor angiogenesis via hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulation and protein expression. Cancer Res 54:6083–6086
Hsu MY et al (2000) E-cadherin expression in melanoma cells restores keratinocyte-mediated growth control and down-regulates expression of invasion-related adhesion receptors. Am J Pathol 156:1515–1525
Hsu MY, Meier F, Herlyn M (2002) Melanoma development and progression: a conspiracy between tumor and host. Differentiation 70:522–536
Hu L, Roth JM, Brooks P, Luty J, Karpatkin S (2008) Thrombin up-regulates cathepsin D which enhances angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis. Cancer Res 68:4666–4673
Huang YQ, Li JJ, Hu L, Lee M, Karpatkin S (2002) Thrombin induces increased expression and secretion of angiopoietin-2 from human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Blood 99:1646–1650
Hynes RO (2009) The extracellular matrix: not just pretty fibrils. Science 326:1216–1219
Ii M, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Maruyama Y, Shinomura Y (2006) Role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) in human cancer invasion, apoptosis, growth, and angiogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 231:20–27
Im JH et al (2004) Coagulation facilitates tumor cell spreading in the pulmonary vasculature during early metastatic colony formation. Cancer Res 64:8613–8619
Janji B, Melchior C, Gouon V, Vallar L, Kieffer N (1999) Autocrine TGF-beta-regulated expression of adhesion receptors and integrin-linked kinase in HT-144 melanoma cells correlates with their metastatic phenotype. Int J Cancer 83:255–262
Kaplan RN et al (2005) VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature 438:820–827
Kedrin D et al (2008) Intravital imaging of metastatic behavior through a mammary imaging window. Nat Methods 5:1019–1021
Kienast Y et al (2010) Real-time imaging reveals the single steps of brain metastasis formation. Nat Med 16:116–122
Kim JW et al (2004) Rapid apoptosis in the pulmonary vasculature distinguishes non-metastatic from metastatic melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 213:203–212
Kim YJ, Borsig L, Varki NM, Varki A (1998) P-selectin deficiency attenuates tumor growth and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9325–9330
Kirstein JM et al (2009) Effect of anti-fibrinolytic therapy on experimental melanoma metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 26:121–131
Koop S et al (1995) Fate of melanoma cells entering the microcirculation: over 80 % survive and extravasate. Cancer Res 55:2520–2523
Koop S et al (1996) Independence of metastatic ability and extravasation: metastatic ras-transformed and control fibroblasts extravasate equally well. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:11080–11084
Kramer MD, Reinartz J, Brunner G, Schirrmacher V (1994) Plasmin in pericellular proteolysis and cellular invasion. Invasion Metastasis 14:210–222
Le Bitoux MA, Stamenkovic I (2008) Tumor-host interactions: the role of inflammation. Histochem Cell Biol 130:1079–1090
Lee JT, Herlyn M (2007) Microenvironmental influences in melanoma progression. J Cell Biochem 101:862–872
Li G. et al. (2003) Function and regulation of melanoma-stromal fibroblast interactions: when seeds meet soil. Oncogene 22:3162–3171
Li G, Satyamoorthy K, Herlyn M (2001a) N-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions promote survival and migration of melanoma cells. Cancer Res 61:3819–3825
Li JJ, Huang YQ, Basch R, Karpatkin S (2001b) Thrombin induces the release of angiopoietin-1 from platelets. Thromb Haemost 85:204–206
Lin EY, Pollard JW (2004) Role of infiltrated leucocytes in tumour growth and spread. Br J Cancer 90:2053–2058
Liotta LA, Kohn EC (2001) The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface. Nature 411:375–379
Lorusso G, Ruegg C (2008) The tumor microenvironment and its contribution to tumor evolution toward metastasis. Histochem Cell Biol 130:1091–1103
Luzzi KJ et al (1998) Multistep nature of metastatic inefficiency: dormancy of solitary cells after successful extravasation and limited survival of early micrometastases. Am J Pathol 153:865–873
Maisonpierre PC et al (1997) Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science 277:55–60
Massberg S et al (2006) Platelets secrete stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha and recruit bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to arterial thrombi in vivo. J Exp Med 203:1221–1233
McCabe NP, Selman SH, Jankun J (2006) Vascular endothelial growth factor production in human prostate cancer cells is stimulated by overexpression of platelet 12-lipoxygenase. Prostate 66:779–787
McCarty OJ, Mousa SA, Bray PF, Konstantopoulos K (2000) Immobilized platelets support human colon carcinoma cell tethering, rolling, and firm adhesion under dynamic flow conditions. Blood 96:1789–1797
McCourt M, Wang JH, Sookhai S, Redmond HP (1999) Proinflammatory mediators stimulate neutrophil-directed angiogenesis. Arch Surg 134:1325–1331; (discussion 1331–2)
McDonald DM, Choyke PL (2003) Imaging of angiogenesis: from microscope to clinic. Nat Med 9:713–725
Melnikova VO, Bar-Eli M (2009) Inflammation and melanoma metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 22:257–267
Milner CS, Hansen TM, Singh H, Brindle NP (2009) Roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie1 and Tie2 in mediating the effects of angiopoietin-1 on endothelial permeability and apoptosis. Microvasc Res 77:187–191
Mohle R, Green D, Moore MA, Nachman RL, Rafii S (1997) Constitutive production and thrombin-induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor by human megakaryocytes and platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:663–668
Nakamura Y et al (2008) PDGF-BB is a novel prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 15:2129–2136
Nakayama T et al (2005) Expression and significance of Tie-1 and Tie-2 receptors, and angiopoietins-1, 2 and 4 in colorectal adenocarcinoma: Immunohistochemical analysis and correlation with clinicopathological factors. World J Gastroenterol 11:964–969
Naumov GN, Folkman J, Straume O, Akslen LA (2008) Tumor-vascular interactions and tumor dormancy. Apmis 116:569–585
Nierodzik ML, Karpatkin S (2006) Thrombin induces tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis: Evidence for a thrombin-regulated dormant tumor phenotype. Cancer Cell 10:355–362
Nieto MA (2002) The snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:155–166
Nilsson I, Shibuya M, Wennstrom S (2004) Differential activation of vascular genes by hypoxia in primary endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 299:476–485
Noguera-Troise I et al (2006) Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis. Nature 444 1032–1037
Nonomura N et al (2007) Decreased number of mast cells infiltrating into needle biopsy specimens leads to a better prognosis of prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 97:952–956
Olumi AF et al (1999) Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Res 59:5002–5011
Orimo A, Weinberg RA (2006) Stromal fibroblasts in cancer: a novel tumor-promoting cell type. Cell Cycle 5:1597–1601
Palumbo JS et al (2000) Fibrinogen is an important determinant of the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells. Blood 96:3302–3309
Palumbo JS et al (2002) Spontaneous hematogenous and lymphatic metastasis, but not primary tumor growth or angiogenesis, is diminished in fibrinogen-deficient mice. Cancer Res 62:6966–6972
Palumbo JS et al (2005) Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Blood 105:178–185
Palumbo JS et al (2007) Tumor cell-associated tissue factor and circulating hemostatic factors cooperate to increase metastatic potential through natural killer cell-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Blood 110:133–141
Palumbo JS et al (2008) Factor XIII transglutaminase supports hematogenous tumor cell metastasis through a mechanism dependent on natural killer cell function. J Thromb Haemost 6:812–819
Palumbo JS, Degen JL (2007) Mechanisms linking tumor cell-associated procoagulant function to tumor metastasis. Thromb Res 120(Suppl 2):S22–8
Pirila E et al (2003) Matrix metalloproteinases process the laminin-5 gamma 2-chain and regulate epithelial cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303:1012–1017
Pollard JW (2004) Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 4:71–78
Qian B et al (2009) A distinct macrophage population mediates metastatic breast cancer cell extravasation, establishment and growth. PLoS One 4:e6562
Qiu H et al. (2003) Arrest of B16 melanoma cells in the mouse pulmonary microcirculation induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide release that is cytotoxic to the tumor cells. Am J Pathol 162:403–412
Rak J, Milsom C, Magnus N, Yu J (2009) Tissue factor in tumour progression. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 22:71–83
Reijerkerk A, Voest EE, Gebbink MF (2000) No grip, no growth: the conceptual basis of excessive proteolysis in the treatment of cancer. Eur J Cancer 36:1695–1705
Ribatti D, Mangialardi G, Vacca A (2006) Stephen Paget and the ‘seed and soil’ theory of metastatic dissemination. Clin Exp Med 6:145–149
Robinson BD et al (2009) Tumor microenvironment of metastasis in human breast carcinoma: a potential prognostic marker linked to hematogenous dissemination. Clin Cancer Res 15:2433–2441
Robinson SC, Coussens LM (2005) Soluble mediators of inflammation during tumor development. Adv Cancer Res 93:159–187
Ruzinova MB et al (2003) Effect of angiogenesis inhibition by Id loss and the contribution of bone-marrow-derived endothelial cells in spontaneous murine tumors. Cancer Cell 4:277–289
Shi X, Gangadharan B, Brass LF, Ruf W, Mueller BM (2004) Protease-activated receptors (PAR1 and PAR2) contribute to tumor cell motility and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2:395–402
Sounni NE et al (2010) Stromal regulation of vessel stability by MMP14 and TGFbeta. Dis Model Mech 3:317–332
Suchting S et al (2007) The Notch ligand Delta-like 4 negatively regulates endothelial tip cell formation and vessel branching. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:3225–3230
Tait CR, Jones PF (2004) Angiopoietins in tumours: the angiogenic switch. J Pathol 204:1–10
Takeichi M (1993) Cadherins in cancer: implications for invasion and metastasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 5:806–811
Taskinen M, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Leppa S (2008) Prognostic influence of tumor-infiltrating mast cells in patients with follicular lymphoma treated with rituximab and CHOP. Blood 111:4664–4667
Teti A et al (1997) Transforming growth factor-beta enhances adhesion of melanoma cells to the endothelium in vitro. Int J Cancer 72:1013–1020
Timar J et al (2005) Platelet-mimicry of cancer cells: epiphenomenon with clinical significance. Oncology 69:185–201
Wang F et al (2002) Phenotypic reversion or death of cancer cells by altering signaling pathways in three-dimensional contexts. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:1494–1503
Wang HH et al (2000) B16 melanoma cell arrest in the mouse liver induces nitric oxide release and sinusoidal cytotoxicity: a natural hepatic defense against metastasis. Cancer Res 60:5862–5869
Weaver VM et al. (1997) Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin blocking antibodies. J Cell Biol 137:231–245
Wong CW et al (2002) Intravascular location of breast cancer cells after spontaneous metastasis to the lung. Am J Pathol 161:749–753
Wu Y et al (2009) Stabilization of snail by NF-kappaB is required for inflammation-induced cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell 15:416–428
Wyckoff J et al (2004) A paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages is required for tumor cell migration in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 64:7022–7029
Wyckoff JB et al (2007) Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67:2649–2656
Zhang Q. et al (2010) The role of the intravascular microenvironment in spontaneous metastasis development. Int J Cancer 126:2534–2541
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Kyle MacLean for his assistance with figure design. JMK is the recipient of a Translational Breast Cancer Studentship from the London Regional Cancer Program. AFC is a Cancer Research Chair in Oncology and receives salary support from the Canada Research Chairs Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kirstein, J., Chambers, A. (2013). Interactions of Normal Tissues and Systems with Metastatic Cells: Impact on Location, Survival and Growth. In: Burnier, J., Burnier, Jr., M. (eds) Experimental and Clinical Metastasis. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3685-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3685-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3684-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3685-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)