Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Early Development of Processing Emotions in Face and Voice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Integrating Face and Voice in Person Perception

Abstract

Processing facial and vocal emotional expressions is a critical aspect of person perception. How this ability develops during infancy and what brain processes underpin infants’ perception of emotion in face and voice are the questions dealt with in this chapter. I present a set of new electrophysiological studies that provide insights into the brain processes underlying infants’ developing abilities. Evidence from unimodal (face or voice) and multimodal (face and voice) processing of emotion is considered. The reviewed infant data suggest that (1) early in development, emotion enhances the sensory processing of faces and voices, (2) infants’ ability to allocate increased attentional resources to negative emotional information develops earlier in the vocal domain than in the facial domain, (3) at least by the age of 7 months, infants reliably integrate and recognize emotional information across face and voice. Futhermore, I present some recent work suggesting that already in infancy genetic variation in neurotransmitter systems is associated with individual differences in facial and vocal emotion processing. Finally, I propose new directions for research in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anokhin AP, Golosheykin S, Heath AC (2010) Heritability of individual differences in cortical processing of facial affect. Behavior Genetics 40:178–185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bahrick LE, Lickliter R, Flom R (2004) Intersensory redundancy guides infants’ selective attention, perceptual and cognitive development. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13:99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks MS (1980) The development of visual accommodation during early infancy. Child Development 51:646–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banks MS, Ginsburg AP (1985) Infant visual preferences, a review and new theoretical treatment. In: Reese HW (ed) Advances in child development and behavior. Academic, New York, pp 207–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera ME, Maurer D (1981) The perception of facial expressions by three-month-olds. Child Development 5:203–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushnell I (2001) Mother’s face recognition in newborn infants: Learning and memory. Infant and Child Development 10:67–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushnell IWR, Sai F, Mullin JT (1989) Neonatal recognition of the mother’s face. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology 7:3–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos JJ, Anderson DI, Barbu-Roth MA, Hubbard EM, Hertenstein MJ, Witherington D (2000) Travel broadens the mind. Infancy 1:149–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos JJ, Kermoian R, Zumbahlen MR (1992) Socioemotional transformations in the family system following infant crawling onset. In: Eisenberg N, Fabes RA (eds) Emotion and its regulation in early development. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 25–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Canli T, Lesch KP (2007) Long story short: The serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nature Neuroscience 10:1103–1109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Lipska BK, Halim N, Ma QD, Matsumoto M, Melhem S et al (2004) Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. American Journal of Human Genetics 75:807–821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coch D, Maron L, Wolf M, Holcomb PJ (2002) Word and picture processing in children: An event-related potential study. Developmental Neuropsychology 22:373–406

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JF, Ellmore M (1988) Effect of contingent changes in mothers’ affective expression on the organization of behavior in 3-month-old infants. Infant Behavior & Development 11:493–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Csibra G, Kushnerenko E, Grossmann T (2008) Electrophysiological methods in studying infant cognitive development. In: Nelson CA, Luciana M (eds) Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience, 2nd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 247–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1872) The expression of emotions in man and animals. John Murray, London

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haan M, Belsky J, Reid V, Volein A, Johnson MH (2004) Maternal personality and infants’ neural and visual responsitivity to facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45:1209–1218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Haan M, Johnson MH, Halit H (2003) Development of face-sensitive event-related potentials during infancy: A review. International Journal of Psychophysiology 51:45–58

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Haan M, Nelson CA (1997) Recognition of the mother’s face by six-month-old infants: A neurobehavioral study. Child Development 68:187–210

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeCasper AJ, Fifer WP (1980) Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices. Science 280:1174–1176

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond A (1991) Frontal lobe involvement in cognitive changes during the first year of life. In: Gibson KR, Peterson AC (eds) Brain maturation and cognitive development: Comparative and cross-cultural perspectives. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 127–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond A (2000) Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Development 71:44–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond A, Briand L, Fossella J, Gehlbach L (2004) Genetic and neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children. The American Journal of Psychiatry 161:125–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drabant EM, Hariri AR, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Munoz KE, Mattay VS, Kolachana BS et al (2006) Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype and neural mechanisms related to affective arousal and regulation. Archives of General Psychiatry 63:1396–1406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebstein RP (2006) The molecular genetic architecture of human personality: Beyond self-report questionnaire. Molecular Psychiatry 11:427–445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ecklund-Flores L, Turkewitz G (1996) Asymmetric headturning to speech and nonspeech in human newborns. Developmental Psychobiology 29:205–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straub RE et al (2001) Effect of COMT val108/158met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:6917–6922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eimas PD, Siqueland ER, Jusczyk PW, Vigorito J (1971) Speech perception in infants. Science 220:21–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Eimer M, Holmes A (2002) An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing. Neuroreport 13:427–431

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elsabbagh M, Johnson MH (2010) Getting answers from babies about autism. Trends in Cognitive Science 14:81–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Falck-Ytter T, Gredebäck G, von Hofsten C (2006) Infants predict other people’s action goals. Nature Neuroscience 9:878–879

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernald A (1992) Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals: An evolutionary perspective. In: Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J (eds) The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 391–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Field TM, Cohen D, Garcia R, Greenberg R (1984) Mother-stranger face discrimination by the newborn. Infant Behavior & Development 7:19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman D (1991) The endogenous scalp-recorded brain potentials and their relation to cognitive development. In: Jennings JR, Coles MGH (eds) Handbook of cognitive psychophysiology: Central and autonomic nervous system approaches. John Wiley, New York, pp 621–656

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman D, Putnam L, Ritter W, Hamberger M, Berman S (1992) A developmental study of picture matching in children, adolescents, and young-adults: A replication and extension. Psychophysiology 29:593–610

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman D, Putnam L, Sutton S (1989) Cognitive brain potentials in children, young adults and senior citizens: Homologous components and changes in scalp distribution. Developmental Neuropsychology 5:33–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstein MA, Rothbart MK (2003) Studying infant temperament via the revised infant behavior questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development 26:64–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR (2004) Genes and the parsing of cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8:325–335

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goren CC, Sarty M, Wu P (1975) Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics 56:544–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb G (1971) Ontogenesis of sensory function in birds and mammals. In: Tobach E, Aronson LR, Shaw E (eds) The biopsychology of development. Academic, New York, pp 67–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb G (2006) Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science 10:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean D, Sander D, Pourtois G, Schwartz S, Seghier ML, Scherer KR et al (2005) The voices of wrath: Brain responses to angry prosody in meaningless speech. Nature Neuroscience 8:145–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T (2008) Shedding light on infant brain function: The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the study of face perception. Acta Paediatrica 97:1156–1158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T, Hughes DA, Stoneking M, & Friederici AD (in preparation) Individual differences in emotional voice processing in infancy: insights from studying genetic variation in neurotransmitter systems

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T, Johnson MH (2007) The development of the social brain in infancy. The European Journal of Neuroscience 25:909–919

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T, Johnson MH, Vaish A, Hughes D, Quinque D, Stoneking M et al (2011) Genetic and neural dissociation of individual responses to emotional expressions in human infants. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 1:57–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T, Oberecker R, Koch SP, Friederici AD (2010) Developmental origins of voice processing in the human brain. Neuron 65:852–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T, Striano T, Friederici AD (2005) Infants’ electric brain responses to emotional prosody. Neuroreport 16:1825–1828

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T, Striano T, Friederici AD (2006) Crossmodal integration of emotional information from face and voice in the infant brain. Developmental Science 9:309–315

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann T, Striano T, Friederici AD (2007) Developmental changes in infants’ processing of happy and angry facial expressions: A neurobehavioral study. Brain and Cognition 64:30–41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gwiazda J, Bauer J, Held R (1989) From visual acuity to hyperacuity: A 10-year update. Canadian Journal of Psychology 43:109–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hainline L, Abramov I (1992) Assessing visual development: Is infant vision good enough? In: Rovee-Collier C, Lipsitt LP (eds) Advances in infancy research. Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp 30–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Kolachana B, Fera F, Goldman D et al (2002) Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 297:400–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR (2005) Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: On the matter of their convergence. Molecular Psychiatry 10:40–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haviland JM, Lelwica (1987) The induced affect response: 10-week-old infants’ responses to three emotion expression. Developmental Psychology 23:97–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz A, Smolka MN (2006) The effects of catechol O-methyltransferase on brain activity elicited by affective stimuli and cognitive tasks. Reviews in the Neurosciences 17:359–367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann MJ, Huter T, MĂĽller F, MĂĽhlberger A, Pauli P, Reif A et al (2006) Additive effects of serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation on emotional processing. Cerebral Cortex 17:1160–1163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann MJ, WĂĽrflein H, Schreppel T, Koehler S, MĂĽhlberger A, Reif A et al (2009) Catechol-O-methyltransferase val108/158met genotype affects neural correlates of aversive stimuli processing. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 9:168–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmboe K, Nemoda Z, Fearon RMP, Csibra G, Sasvari-Szekely M, Johnson MH (2010) Polymorphisms in dopamine system genes associated with individual differences in attention in infancy. Developmental Psychology 46:404–416

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutt SJ, Hutt C, Leonard HG, von Bermuth H, Muntjewerff WF (1968) Auditory responsitivity in the human neonate. Nature 218:888–890

    Google Scholar 

  • Illingworth RS (1983) The development of the infant and young child: Normal and abnormal. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MH (2001) Functional brain development in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:475–483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MH, Dziurawiec S, Ellis HD, Morton J (1991) Newborns’ Preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition 40:1–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahana-Kalman R, Walker-Andrews AS (2001) The role of person familiarity in young infants’ perception of emotional expression. Child Development 72:352–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmiloff-Smith A (1998) Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2:389–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesler-West ML, Andersen AH, Smith CD, Avison MJ, Davis CE, Kryscio RJ et al (2001) Neural substrates of facial emotion processing using fMRI. Cognitive Brain Research 11:213–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobiella A, Grossmann T, Striano T, Reid VM (2008) The discrimination of angry and fearful facial expressions in 7-month-old infants: An event-related potential study. Cognition & Emotion 22:134–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S et al (1996) Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274:1527–1531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewkowicz DJ (1988a) Sensory dominance in infants 1: Six-month-old infants’ response to auditory-visual compounds. Developmental Psychology 24:155–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewkowicz DJ (1988b) Sensory dominance in infants 2: Ten-month-old infants’ response to auditory-visual compounds. Developmental Psychology 24:172–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Fox S, Blasi A, Elwell CE (2010) Illuminating the developing brain: The past, present and future of functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 34:269–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludemann PM, Nelson CA (1988) The categorical representation of facial expressions by 7-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology 24:492–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malatesta CZ, Haviland JM (1982) Learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy. Child Development 53:991–1003

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR (2006) Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7:818–827

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell RLC, Elliott R, Barry M, Cruttenden A, Woodruff PWR (2003) The neural response to emotional prosody, as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychologia 41:1410–1421

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris RW, Weickert CS, Loughland CM (2009) Emotional face processing in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 22:140–146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CA (1987) The recognition of facial expressions in the first year of life: Mechanisms of development. Child Development 56:58–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CA, de Haan M (1996) Neural correlates of infants’ visual responsiveness to facial expression of emotion. Developmental Psychobiology 29:577–595

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CA, Henschel M, Collins PF (1993) Neural correlates of crossmodal recognition memory by 8-month-old human infants. Developmental Psychology 29:411–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CA, Thomas KM, de Haan M, Wewerka S (1998) Delayed recognition memory in infants and adults as revealed by event-related potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology 29:145–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peltola MJ, Leppänen JM, Mäki S, Hietanen JK (2009) Emergence of enhanced attention to fearful faces between 5 and 7 months of age. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 4:134–142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant E, Verchinski BA, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS et al (2005) 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: A genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nature Neuroscience 8:828–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollak SD, Cicchetti D, Klorman R, Brumaghim J (1997) Cognitive brain event-related potentials and emotion processing in maltreated children. Child Development 68:773–787

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollak SD, Klorman R, Thatcher JE, Cicchetti D (2001) P3b reflects maltreated children’s reactions to facial displays of emotion. Psychophysiology 38:267–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purhonen M, Kilpeläinen-Lees R, Valkonen-Korhonen M, Karhu J, Lehtonen J (2004) Cerebral processing of mother’s voice compared to unfamiliar voice in 4-month-old infants. International Journal of Psychophysiology 52:257–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards JE (2002) The development of visual attention and the brain. In: de Haan M, Johnson MH (eds) The cognitive neuroscience of development. Psychology Press, Hove, UK, pp 73–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzolatti G, Craighero L (2004) The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 27:169–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe C (1999) Receiver psychology and the evolution of multicomponent signals. Animal Behaviour 58:921–931

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugg MD, Coles MGH (1995) Electrophysiology of mind: Event-related brain potentials and cognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell J (1980) A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39:1161–1178

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell J (1983) Dimensions underlying children’s emotion-concepts. Developmental Psychology 19:795–804

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell J, Bullock M (1986) Fuzzy concepts and the perception of emotion in facial expressions. Social Cognition 4:309–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Schupp HT, Junghöfer M, Oehmann A, Weike AI, Stockburger J, Hamm AO (2004) The facilitated processing of threatening faces: An ERP analysis. Emotion 4:189–200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schupp HT, Junghöfer M, Weike AI, Hamm AO (2003) Attention and emotion: An ERP analysis of facilitated stimulus processing. Neuroreport 14:1107–1110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh L, Morgan JL, White KS (2004) Preference and processing: The role of speech affect in early spoken word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language 51:173–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolka MN, Schumann G, Wrase J, Grusser SM, Flor H, Mann K et al (2005) Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 25:836–842

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soken, NH, Pick AD (1992) Intermodal perception of happy and angry expressive behaviors by seven-month-old infants. Child Development 63:787–795

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommerville JA, Woodward AL, Needham AN (2005) Action experience alters 3-month-old infants’ perception of other’s actions. Cognition 96:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprangler G, Johann M, Ronai Z, Zimmermann P (2009) Genetic and environmental influence on attachment disorganization. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50:952–961

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein BE, Meredith MA, Wallace MT (1993) Development and neural basis of multisensory integration. In: Lewkowicz DJ, Lickliter R (eds) The development of intersensory perception. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 81–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Strangman G, Culver JP, Thompson JH, Boas DA (2002) A quantitative comparison of simultaneous BOLD fMRI and NIRS recordings during functional brain activation. NeuroImage 17:719–731

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas KM, Drevets WC, Whalen PJ, Eccard CH, Dahl RE, Ryan ND et al (2001) Amygdala response to facial expressions in children and adults. Biological Psychiatry 49:309–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkewitz G, Birch HG, Cooper KK (1972) Responsiveness to simple and complex auditory stimuli in the human newborn. Developmental Psychobiology 5:7–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkewitz G, Devenny DA (1993) Developmental time and timing. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaish A, Grossmann T, Woodward A (2008) Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin 134:383–403

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaish A, Striano T (2004) Is visual reference necessary? Vocal versus facial cues in social referencing. Developmental Science 7:261–269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vuilleumier P (2006) How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9:585–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuilleumier P, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ (2001) Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron 30:829–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker AS (1982) Intermodal perception of expressive behaviors by human infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 33:514–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker-Andrews AS (1986) Intermodal perception of expressive behaviors: Relation of eye and voice? Developmental Psychology 22:373–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker-Andrews AS (1997) Infants’ perception of expressive behaviors: Differentiation of multimodal information. Psychological Bulletin 121:1–20

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The work on this chapter was supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship awarded by the Wellcome Trust (082659/Z/07/Z). I would like to thank Amrisha Vaish for comments

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HX, UK

    Tobias Grossman

Authors
  1. Tobias Grossman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tobias Grossman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Psychology, Voice Neurocognition Lab., University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, United Kingdom

    Pascal Belin

  2. Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, B-1020, Belgium

    Salvatore Campanella

  3. University of Tubingen, Tubingen, 72074, Germany

    Thomas Ethofer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grossman, T. (2013). The Early Development of Processing Emotions in Face and Voice. In: Belin, P., Campanella, S., Ethofer, T. (eds) Integrating Face and Voice in Person Perception. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3585-3_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation