Abstract
Line defects in a crystalline material are known as dislocations (unless they’re disclinations, which we ignore because they’re much more difficult and not nearly as important in ceramics). In contrast to point defects, dislocations never exist in thermodynamic equilibrium because they have formation energies of ~1 eV (or more) per atom along the line and there is no significant balancing entropy contribution as there is for point defects. They are almost always present in crystals because of how the crystal grew or because it was deformed. Dislocations thus usually form due to nonequilibrium conditions, such as thermal and mechanical processing, or for thin films and single crystals, during growth. There are two special types of dislocation.
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References
Some of these papers are very old—you may need to go to the library to read them—but they are worth reading and understandable.
General References
Amelinckx S (1964) The direct observation of dislocations. Solid State Phys Suppl. 6, One of the best ‘papers’ ever written on the subject
Hirth JP, Lothe J (1982) Theory of dislocations, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, One of the two standard works on the subject. Inspirational. John Hirth retired from Washington State University in 2003
Hull D, Bacon DJ (2011) Introduction to dislocations, 5th edn. Pergamon, Oxford, Bed-time reading for the Materials Scientist; the best Intro text
Nabarro FRN (1987) Theory of crystal dislocations. Dover, New York, First published by the Clarendon Press (Oxford University Press) in 1967. The other standard work by one of the founders of dislocation theory. Frank Nabarro also edited the series ‘Dislocations in Solids (North Holland) which runs to 16 volumes at $330 per volume.’
Weertman J, Weertman JR (1992) Elementary dislocation theory. Oxford University Press, New York, Similar to H&B but with more equations and no pictures
Special References
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Weertman J (1957) Helical dislocations. Phys Rev 107(5):1259–1261
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Carter, C.B., Norton, M.G. (2013). Are Dislocations Unimportant?. In: Ceramic Materials. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3523-5_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3523-5_12
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