Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic renal failure, hemodialysis, dialysis, anemia, bleeding, volume status, and contrast CKD affect 5 % of population [1]. In the United States, hemodialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease has increased by 20 % since 2000 [2]. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, CKD was an independent risk factor for postoperative mortality and cardiac events—with a similar strength of association as diabetes, stroke, and coronary disease [1]. However, patients with CKD can safely undergo surgery with appropriate medical management.
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Julka, R., Reddy, A. (2013). Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Wong, C., Hamlin, N. (eds) The Perioperative Medicine Consult Handbook. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3220-3_18
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3220-3_18
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