Abstract
It is often argued that in the fields of conservation and restoration, research, practice, public perceptions, and societal interests should not only engage one another but also be integrated in order to guarantee success in the long term. Moreover, there is need for concepts and practices that are flexible enough to be acceptable to different parties and still have a common meaning. Such concepts and practices have been labeled “boundary objects.” Here, we describe the concept of “natural limits” and the practice known as the “hands on the tap approach” as successful examples of boundary objects introduced into the discussion of gas exploitation in the Dutch Wadden Sea area. While the concept of natural limits focuses primarily on natural issues, in many restoration projects, societal issues—for example, protection against flooding—are often of at least comparable importance, especially in highly populated areas where many stakeholders are involved. The concept of social limits, on the other hand, refers to widely accepted “limit” values for important societal parameters, for example, safety, agriculture, and recreation. How these “social limits” can be taken into account is discussed in relation to a number of Dutch projects, including dune management, the protection of meadow birds, brook valley restoration, and the introduction of ungulates. Links between social and natural limits in environmental standard setting are addressed along with the issue of communication.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arens B, Overdiep T (2008) Vijftien jaar dynamisch zeereepbeheer op de waddeneilanden [Fifteen years of dynamic coastal management on the Frisian Islands]. Duin 31:3–5
Aronson J, Van Andel J (eds) (2005) Restoration ecology: the new frontier. Blackwell, Oxford, UK
Aronson J, Milton SJ, Blignaut JH (2007) Restoring natural capital. science, business, and practice. Island Press, Washington, DC
Baptist MJ, Dankers N, Bastmeijer CJ et al (2010) User limits or natural limits: can we set limits to human use, based on a natural functioning of the Wadden Sea? In: Marencic H, Eskildsen K, Farke H et al (eds) Science for nature conservation and management: the Wadden Sea ecosystem and EU Directives. Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific Wadden Sea Symposium in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 30 March–3 April 2009, pp. 193–198
Bauer N, Wallner A, Hunziker M (2009) The change of European landscapes: human-nature relationships, public attitudes towards rewilding, and the implications for landscape management in Switzerland. J Environ Manage 90:2910–2920
Buijs AE (2009) Lay people’s images of nature: comprehensive frameworks of values, beliefs, and value orientations. Society and Natural Resources 22:417–432
Dankers N, Baptist MJ, Bastmeijer CJ et al (2008) Natuurgrenzen in de Waddenzee: een verkenning voor beleid en beheer [Natural limits in the Wadden Sea: an exploration for policymaking and management] Report C067/08 Wageningen Imares. Texel, The Netherlands
De Jong F (2006) Marine eutrophication in perspective: on the relevance of ecology for environmental policy. Springer, Berlin
Drenthen M, Keulartz J, Proctor J (2009) New visions of nature. Complexity and athenticity, Springer, Dordrecht
Floor J (2009) Ontpolderen langs de Westerschelde. Invloed van lokale en regionale actoren en legitimiteitsproblemen in het beleidsproces (2005–2009) [De-reclamation along the Western Scheldt. The influence of local and regional actors and legitimization factors in the policy process (2005-2009)]. Master’s thesis Environmental Policy Group (ENP) Wageningen University. http://edepot.wur.nl/13732
Gross M (2010) Ignorance and surprise. Science, society, and ecological design. MIT, Cambridge
Higgs E (2003) Nature by design. People, natural process, and ecological restoration. MIT, Cambridge
ICMO (2006) Reconciling nature and human interests. Report of the International Committee on the management of large herbivores in the Oostvaardersplassen. Wing rapport 018, The Hague, Wageningen, The Netherlands
ICMO2 (2010) Natural processes, animal welfare, moral aspects and management of the Oostvaardersplassen. Report of the Second International Commission on management of the Oostvaardersplassen (ICMO2). Wing rapport 039, The Hague, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Kuiters L (2005) Grote grazers en behoud van biodiversiteit: Na 30 jaar beheerpraktijk nog veel vragen onbeantwoord [Large herbivores and conservation of biodiversity: many questions still after 30 years of management]. Vakblad Natuur, Bos en Landschap 2:6–10
Kuindersma W, Molenaar JG, Kolkman G et al (2006) Het experiment Gaasterland [The Gaasterland experiment]. Wageningen, Alterra
Kwa CL (1987) Representations of nature mediating between ecology and science policy: the case of the International Biological Programme. Soc Stud Sci 77:413–442
Meijer W, Lodders-Elfferich PC, Hermans LMLHA (2004) Ruimte voor de wadden [Space for the mud flats]. The Hague, Ministry of LNV
Ministry of V&W (1990) Wadden Aktieplan, discussienota [Wadden Sea Action Plan, discussion paper], The Hague/Haren, The Netherlands
Ministry of V&W, Ministry of VROM, Ministry of LNV (1989) Derde Nota Waterhuishouding [Third Policy Document on Water Management]. SDU: The Hague, The Netherlands
Ministry of VROM, Ministry of LNV, Ministry of V&W, Ministry of EZ (2007) Ontwikkeling van de wadden voor natuur en mens [Development of the mud flats for nature and humans]. The Hague, The Netherlands
Nijpels C, Heip CHR, Hulscher S et al (2008). Wennen aan de Westerschelde. Advies Commissie Natuurherstel Westerschelde: Alternatieven voor ontpoldering Hertogin Hedwigepolder. [Getting used to the Western Scheldt. Advice of the Committee on Nature Recovery, Western Scheldt: Alternatives for the reclamation of the Duchess Hedwige polder] http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/rapporten/2008/11/21/wennen-aan-de-westerschelde.html
Opschoor JB, Weterings R (1994) Environmental utilisation space: an introduction. Milieu 9:198–205
Pascual U, Perrings C (2007) Developing incentives and economic mechanisms for in situ biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes. Agr Ecosys Environ 121:256–268
Petts J (ed) (1999) Handbook of environmental impact assessment, vol 1, Environmental impact assessment: process, methods and potential. Blackwell Science, Oxford
RDA (2005) Advies over de wintersterfte 2004-2005 van grote grazers in de Oostvaardersplassen [Advice about the deaths of large herbivores during winter 2004-2005 in the Oostvaardersplassen]. RDA 05/8. Raad voor Dieraangelegenheden: The Hague, The Netherlands
Runhaar R, Van Nieuwaal K (2010) Understanding the use of science in decision-making on cockle fisheries and gas mining in the Dutch Wadden Sea: Putting the science–policy interface in a wider perspective. Environ Sci Pol 13:239–248
Rutgers M, Mulder C, Schouten AJ et al (2005) Typeringen van bodemecosystemen Duurzaam bodemgebruik met referenties voor biologische bodemkwaliteit [Typology of soil ecosystems. Sustainable soil use with references for soil quality]. RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
SER (2004) The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. http://www.ser.org/content/ecological_restoration_primer.asp
Star SL, Griesemer JR (1989) Institutional ecology. Translations and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Soc Stud Sci 19:387–420
Steenkamp F, Rip A (1984) The meadow birds organize a symposium. In: George Sarton Centennial, communication and cognition. Ghent, Belgium
Swart JAA (2005) Care for the wild. Dealing with a pluralistic practice Environl Values 14:251–263
Swart JAA, Keulartz J (2011) The wild animal in our society. A contextual approach to the intrinsic value of animals Acta Biotheoret 59:185–200
Swart JAA, Van Andel J (2008) Rethinking the interface between ecology and society. The case of the cockle controversy in the Dutch Wadden Sea J Appl Ecol 45:82–90
Swart JAA, Van der Windt HJ (2005) Visions of nature and environmental sustainability: Shellfish fishing in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Rest Ecol 13:83–192
Swart JAA, Van der Windt HJ (2007) Hoe hard zijn natuurgrenzen? [How solid are natural limits?] In: Raad voor Wadden (ed) Natuurgrenzen voor dagelijks gebruik. Advies over de toepassingsmogelijkheden voor natuurgrenzen. [Natural limits for daily use. Advice on possibilities for the application natural limits] 2007/03. Raad voor de Wadden, Leeuwarden
Swart JAA, Van der Windt HJ, Keulartz L (2001) Valuation of nature in conservation and restoration. Rest Ecol 9:230–238
Ten Brink BJE, Hosper SH, Colijn F (1991) A quantitative method for description and assessment of ecosystems, the AMOEBA approach. Mar Poll Bull 23:265–270
Ten Brink BJE, Colijn F (eds) (1990) Ecologische ontwikkelingsrichtingen zoute wateren [Ecological development directions for salt water]. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, The Hague
Turnhout E, Hisschemöller M, Eijsackers H (2008) Science in Wadden Sea policy: from accommodation to advocacy. Environ Sci Pol 11:227–239
Van der Windt HJ (1995) En dan: wat is natuur nog in dit land? [After all: what is still nature in this country?]. Boom, Meppel
Van der Windt HJ, Swart JAA (2008) Ecological corridors, connecting science and politics: the case of the Green River in the Netherlands. J Appl Ecol 45:124–132
Van der Windt HJ, Swart JAA, Keulartz J (2007) Nature and landscape planning: exploring the dynamics of valuation, the case of the Netherlands. Lands Urban Plan 79:218–228
Vera FWM (2009) Land-scale nature development—the Oostvaardersplassen. Brit Wildl 20:28–36
Weinstein MP, Baird RC, Conover DO et al (2007) Managing coastal resources in the 21st century. Front Ecol Environ 5:43–48
Wolff WJ (1992) The end of a tradition: 1000 years of embankment and reclamation of wetlands in the Netherlands. Ambio 21:287–291
Wolff WJ (2000a) The south-eastern North Sea: losses of vertebrate fauna during the past 2000 years. Biol Conserv 95:209–217
Wolff WJ (2000b) Causes of extirpations in the Wadden Sea an estuarine area in the Netherlands. Conserv Biol 14:876–885
Worster D (1977) Nature’s economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Swart, J.A.A., van der Windt, H.J. (2012). Knocking on Doors: Boundary Objects in Ecological Conservation and Restoration. In: Weinstein, M., Turner, R. (eds) Sustainability Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3188-6_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3188-6_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3187-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3188-6
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)