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The Leader as an Architect

The Architect Must Be a Prophet

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Part of the book series: Understanding Complex Systems ((UCS))

Abstract

As stated in the introduction to this section, Peter Senge in the Fifth Discipline asked organization leaders to consider that the most “influential” position on a ship might not be the captain, but rather the ship’s architect. In this chapter, we draw upon examples from a variety of settings, ranging from the history of ship design, revolutionary ideas tried out in the built environment (buildings, urban design, etc.) by Frank Lloyd Wright, to more recent and agile instantiations of architecture in the software industry. In doing so, we argue that to an organization engaged in distributed innovation needs leadership at multiple levels within many organizations. To an extent, every innovation leader in such settings inherently plays the role of an architect by exploiting emerging scientific capabilities, by having the vision for change, and by purposefully decomposing and integrating the interactions among key human elements on behalf of developers and customers during the innovation process.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Wright quotation is from http://www.unitytemple-utrf.org/philosophy.html.

  2. 2.

     Ferreiro, L.D.: Ships and Science: The Birth of Naval Architecture in the Scientific Revolution, 1600–1800. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (2010).

  3. 3.

    For the references to the history at the Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, see:

    • •Martin, F.: The History of Lloyd’s and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain. Adamant Media Corporation, Boston (2005).

  4. 4.

    Comstock, J.P.: Principles of Naval Architecture. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, New York (1967).

  5. 5.

    http://imtech.eu/EN/corporate/About-Imtech/Visions/Vision-Green-Ships.html.

  6. 6.

    For the history and impact of the transatlantic cable, see:

  7. 7.

    Simon, H.A.: The architecture of complexity. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 106(6), 467–482 (1962).

  8. 8.

    There is a growing literature on usage of modularity to inform product family and platform designs. See:

    • •Clark, K.B., Baldwin, C.Y.: Design Rules. Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press (2000).

    • •Krishnan, V., Ramachandran, K.: Economic models of product family design and development. Chapter 4. In: Loch, C., Kavadias, S. (eds.) Handbook of New Product Development Management. Butterworth-Heineman, Oxford (2008).

    Recent research on system engineering has brought in complexity science into the field that is broadly termed as Design for Adaptability (DFAD). We refer the reader, particularly the systems engineers, to the work of our colleague Professor Tyson Browning that lays out a structured methodology:

    • •Engel, A., Browning, T.R.: Designing systems for adaptability by means of architecture options. Sys. Eng. 11(2), 125–146 (2008).

  9. 9.

    Mihm, J., Loch, C.H.: Spiraling out of Control: Problem-Solving Dynamics in Complex Distributed Engineering Projects. In: Braha, D., Minai, A., Bar-Yam, Y. (eds.) Complex Engineering Systems. Perseus Books, Springer, New York (2006).

  10. 10.

    For discussion of open innovation see Chesbrough (2003). Innovation tournaments are described by Terwiesch and Ulrich (2009).

    • •Chesbrough, H.: Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press (2003).

    • •Terwiesch, C., Ulrich, K.: Innovation Tournaments: Creating and Selecting Exceptional Opportunities. Harvard Business School Press (2009).

  11. 11.

    For additional discussion such process centric work, see:

    • •Sull, D.N., Spinosa, C.: Promise-based management: the essence of execution. Harv. Bus. Rev. 85(4), 78–89 (2007).

    • •Lévárdy, V., Browning, T.R.: An adaptive process model to support product development ­project management. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. 56(4), 600–620 (2009).

  12. 12.

    Anderson, E.G., Davis-Blake, A., Parker, G.G.: Organizational Design for Outsourcing Complex Tasks. University of Texas Working Paper (2010).

  13. 13.

    Joglekar, N.R., Yassine, A., Eppinger, S.D., Whitney, D.E.: Performance of coupled product development activities with a deadline. Manage. Sci. 47(12), 1605–1620 (2001).

  14. 14.

    Ford, D.N., Sterman, J.D.: Expert knowledge elicitation to improve formal and mental models. Syst. Dynam. Rev. (1996).

  15. 15.

    Wright, F.L.: The Living City. Horizon Press (1958).

  16. 16.

    Gates, W.: How I Work, Fortune Magazine (2006).

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Anderson, E.G., Joglekar, N.R. (2012). The Leader as an Architect. In: The Innovation Butterfly. Understanding Complex Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3131-2_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3131-2_8

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