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Observed Ices in the Solar System

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The Science of Solar System Ices

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 356))

Abstract

Ices have been detected and mapped on the Earth and all planets and/or their satellites further from the sun. Water ice is the most common frozen volatile observed and is also unambiguously detected or inferred in every planet and/or their moon(s) except Venus. Carbon dioxide is also extensively found in all systems beyond the Earth except Pluto although it sometimes appears to be trapped rather than as an ice on some objects. The largest deposits of carbon dioxide ice is on Mars. Sulfur dioxide ice is found in the Jupiter system. Nitrogen and methane ices are common beyond the Uranian system. Saturn’s moon Titan probably has the most complex active chemistry involving ices, with benzene (C6H6) and many tentative or inferred compounds including ices of Cyanoacetylene (HC3N), Toluene (C7H8), Cyanogen (C2N2), Acetonitrile (CH3CN), H2O, CO2, and NH3. Confirming compounds on Titan is hampered by its thick smoggy atmosphere. Ammonia was predicted on many icy moons but is notably absent among the definitively detected ices with the possible exception of Enceladus. Comets, storehouses of many compounds that could exist as ices in their nuclei, have only had small amounts of water ice definitively detected on their surfaces. Only one asteroid has had a direct detection of surface water ice, although its presence can be inferred in others. This chapter reviews some of the properties of ices that lead to their detection, and surveys the ices that have been observed on solid surfaces throughout the Solar System.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal Center, U.S. Geological Survey, MS964, 25046, Denver, CO, 80225, USA

    Roger N. Clark

  2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 183-601, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    Robert Carlson

  3. Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA

    Will Grundy

  4. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA

    Keith Noll

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  1. Roger N. Clark
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  2. Robert Carlson
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  3. Will Grundy
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  4. Keith Noll
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Correspondence to Roger N. Clark .

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  1. NASA Jet Propulsion Lab., California Institute of Technology, Oak Grove Drive 4800, Pasadena, 91109-8099, California, USA

    Murthy S. Gudipati

  2. NASA Jet Propulsion Lab., California Institute of Technology, Oak Grove Drive 4800, Pasadena, 91109-8099, California, USA

    Julie Castillo-Rogez

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Clark, R.N., Carlson, R., Grundy, W., Noll, K. (2013). Observed Ices in the Solar System. In: Gudipati, M., Castillo-Rogez, J. (eds) The Science of Solar System Ices. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 356. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3076-6_1

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