Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Identification Key for the Major Growth Forms of Lichenized Fungi

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Laboratory Protocols in Fungal Biology

Part of the book series: Fungal Biology ((FUNGBIO))

  • 6469 Accesses

Abstract

Lichens are classified as cup fungi, mainly under the phylum of Ascomycota and rarely as Basidiomycota. The body of the lichen is called a thallus, in which the mycobionts and photobionts are stratified in separate layers. Based on their characteristics and thalli, lichens are classified into four main groups. This chapter consists of a pair of parallel and opposing statements that can be compared and will help to identify several genera of foliose, fruticose, crustose, and squamulose lichens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson O et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111:509–547

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Schessler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001) A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413–1421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wearing J (2010) Fungi. Crabtree Publishing Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Feuerer T, Hawksworth DL (2007) Biodiversity of lichens, including a worldwide analysis of checklist data based on Takhtajan’s Floristic regions. Biodivers Conserv 16:85–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Mueller GM, Schmit JP (2007) Fungal biodiversity: what do we know? What can we predict? Biodivers Conserv 16:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008) Dictionary of the fungi. CAB International, Wallingford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lumbsch HT, Ahti T, Termann S, AmoDePaz G, Aptroot A, Arup U et al (2011) One hundred new ­species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity. Phytotaxa 18:1–127

    Google Scholar 

  8. Porter TM, Schadt CW, Rizvi L, Martin AP, Schmidt SK, Scott-Denton L et al (2008) Widespread occurrence and phylogenetic placement of a soil clone group adds a prominent new branch to the fungal tree of life. Mol Phylogenet Evol 46:635–644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Blackwell M, Spatafora JW (2004) Fungi and their allies. In: Bills GF, Mueller GM, Foster MS (eds) Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring methods. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 18–20

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox CJ, McLaughlin D, Gail C, Dentinger B et al (2004) Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. Am J Bot 91:1446–1480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox CJ et al (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bland J (1971) Forests of Lilliput: the realm of mosses and lichens. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  13. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Introductory mycology. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  14. Schadt CW, Martin AP, Lipson DA, Schmidt SK (2003) Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils. Science 301:1359–1361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Progovitz RF (2003) Black mold your health and your home. The Forager Press, New York, pp 48–52

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ahmadjian V (1993) The lichen symbiosis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 8–29

    Google Scholar 

  17. Yoshimura I, Yamamoto Y, Nakano T, Finnie J (2002) Isolation and culture of lichen photobionts and mycobionts. In: Kranner I, Beckett RP, Varma A (eds) Protocols in lichenology: culturing, biochemistry, ecophysiology and use in biomonitoring. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 3–33

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mueller GM, Bills GF, Foster MS (2004) Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring methods. Academic, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  19. Orangea A (1989) Macentina stigonemoides (Verrucariaceae), a new lichenized species from Great Britain and Ireland. Lichenologist 21:229–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Adler MT (1990) An artificial key to the genera of the Parmeliaceae (Lichenes, Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 38:331–347

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brodo IM, Sharnoff SD, Sharnoff S (2001) Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  22. Nash TH (1996) Lichen biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 1–36

    Google Scholar 

  23. Purvis W (2000) Lichens. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dobson F (1979) Lichens: an illustrated guide. Richmond Publishing Co., Mexico City

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hale ME, Cole M (1988) Lichens of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA

    Google Scholar 

  26. Goward T, McCune B, Meidinger D (1994) The Lichens of British Columbia illustrated keys. Part I. Foliose and squamulose species. Victoria, British Columbia. Ministry of Forests Research Program, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  27. Alstrup V, Olech M (1993) Lichenicolous fungi from Spitsbergen. Pol Polar Res 14:33–42

    Google Scholar 

  28. Nash TH (2002) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region: the pyrenolichens and most of the squamulose and macrolichens. Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ

    Google Scholar 

  29. Jordan M (2004) The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe. Francis Lincoln Ltd., London, UK, pp 18–23

    Google Scholar 

  30. Vitt DH, Marsh E, Bovey RB (1998) Mosses, lichens and ferns of Northwest North America. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  31. Yamamoto Y, Mizuguchi R, Yamada Y (1985) Tissue cultures of Usnea rubescens and Ramilina yasudae and production of usnic acid in their cultures. Agric Biol Chem 49:3347–3348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Nguyen TT, Joshi Y, Lucking R, Wang X, Dzung NA, Koh Y, Hur J (2010) Notes on some new records of Foliicolous lichens from Vietnam. Taiwania 55:402–406

    Google Scholar 

  33. Purvis OW (1992) The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bungartz F, Rosentreter R, Nash TH (2002) Field guide to common epiphytic macrolichens in Arizona. Arizona State University, Tempe

    Google Scholar 

  35. McCarthy PM, Malcolm WM (2004) Key to the genera of Australian macrolichens. Australian Biological Resources Study. http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/introduction.htmL. Accessed 01 Sep 2011

  36. de Vries B, de Varies I (2008) Common lichens of Cypress Hills in Interprovincial Park Saskatchewan, Canada. Fish and Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  37. Smith AL (1975) Lichens. Richmond Publishing Co., Mexico City

    Google Scholar 

  38. Thomson JW (1997) American Arctic lichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  39. Case J ( 2002) Key to lichens of the Alberta Prairies and Parklands. Permanantly stored at the Lichen Key Archive. http://www/toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/LichenKey/index.htm. Accessed 08 Aug 2011

  40. Ovstedal DO, Smith RIL (2001) Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: a guide to their identification and ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  41. Søchting U, Frödén P (2002) Chemosyndromes in the lichen genus Teloschistes (Teloschistaceae, Lecanorales). Mycol Prog 3:257–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Sinha GP, Elix JA (2003) A new species of Hypogymnia and a new record in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from Sikkim, India. Mycotaxon 87:81–84

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sipman H (2005) Identification key and literature guide to the genera of Lichenized Fungi (Lichens) in the Neotropics. http://www.bgbm.org/BGBM/STAFF/Wiss/Sipman/keys/eokeyC.htm. Accessed 09 Sep 2011

  44. Wetmore CM (2004) The isidiate corticolous Caloplaca species in North and Central America. Bryologist 107:284–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Aptroot A (2004) Key to the macrolichens and checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi of New Guinea. http://www.myco-lich.com/Lichenology-in-Iran/identifications/useful-ke. Accessed 01 Sep 2011

  46. Wetmore C (2005) Keys to the Lichens of Minnesota. http://www.myco-lich.com/Lichenology-in-Iran/identifications/useful-ke. Accessed 01 Sep 2011

  47. Weber WA (1962) Environmental modification and the taxonomy of the crustose lichens. Sv Bot Tidskr 56:293–333

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hertel H (1998) Problems in monographing Antarctic crustose lichens. Polarforschung 58:65–67

    Google Scholar 

  49. Tibell L (1996) Phaeocalicium (Mycocaliciaceae, Ascomycetes) in Northern Europe. Ann Bot Fennici 33:205–221

    Google Scholar 

  50. Awasthi DD (1991) A key to microlichens of India, Nepal and Srilanka. Bibl Lichenol 40:1–337

    Google Scholar 

  51. Upreti DK, Chatterjee S (2004) Lichen genus Tephromela in India. Geophytology 32:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  52. Westberg M (2010) The identity of Candelariella canadensis. Lichenologist 42:19–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. McCarthy PM (2001) Key to the genera of crustose pyrenocarpous lichens in Australia. 2001. Australian Biological Resources Study. http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/introduction.htmL. Accessed 05 Sep 2011

  54. Jørgensen PM (2001) Four new Asian species in the lichen genus Pannaria. Lichenologist 33:297–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. McCune B, Meidinger DV (1994) The Lichens of British Columbia: foliose and squamulose species. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, British Columbia, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  56. Aptroot A (1991) A conspectus of Normandina (Verrucariaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes). Willdenowia 21:263–267

    Google Scholar 

  57. Awasthi DD (2000) Lichenology in Indian Subcontinent. Shiva Offset Press, Dehra Dun, India

    Google Scholar 

  58. McCarthy PM (2010) Checklist of the lichens of Australia and its Island Territories. Australian Biological Research Society, Canberra. http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/introduction.htmL. Accessed 05 Sep 2011

  59. Yamamoto Y, Kinoshita Y, Yoshimura I (2002) Culture of thallus fragments and redifferentiation of lichens. In: Kranner I, Beckett RP, Varma A (eds) Protocols in lichenology: culturing, biochemistry, ecophysiology and use in biomonitoring. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 34–46

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Karnataka University, 580003, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

    Jeyabalan Sangeetha

  2. Department of Botany, Karnataka University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India

    Devarajan Thangadurai

Authors
  1. Jeyabalan Sangeetha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Devarajan Thangadurai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeyabalan Sangeetha .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, N/A, Ireland

    Vijai Kumar Gupta

  2. , Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, N/A, Ireland

    Maria G. Tuohy

  3. , Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, N/A, Ireland

    Manimaran Ayyachamy

  4. , Manufacturing Sciences and Technology, Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, The Pfizer Biotech Campus at Grange Castle, Clondalkin, N/A, Dublin, Ireland

    Kevin M. Turner

  5. , School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, N/A, Ireland

    Anthonia O’Donovan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sangeetha, J., Thangadurai, D. (2013). Identification Key for the Major Growth Forms of Lichenized Fungi. In: Gupta, V., Tuohy, M., Ayyachamy, M., Turner, K., O’Donovan, A. (eds) Laboratory Protocols in Fungal Biology. Fungal Biology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2356-0_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation