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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Review of Teratogenicity, Diagnosis and Treatment Issues

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Handbook of Children with Special Health Care Needs

Abstract

Despite the known adverse effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, many children who experience these adverse effects do not receive proper diagnosis. Current conceptualizations of the harmful results ofin utero alcohol exposure are a continuum or spectrum of disorders or diagnoses, including: fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). A more recent term that has been introduced is fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In this chapter, we discuss diagnosis, treatments, and approaches for optimal health outcomes for children with FASD. While the number and severity of negative effects can range from subtle to serious, the negative consequences are lifelong. By strengthening families and caregivers through education, advocacy, and programs, there will be not only benefit to individuals living with an FASD, but also families and communities at large.

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Throughout this chapter, the terms FAS and FASDs are used. While FASDs is the default term, FAS is used when referring to diagnostic criteria specifically for fetal alcohol syndrome, when discussing findings from specific studies that denoted FAS without reference to the spectrum (especially older studies before the term FASDs was adopted) and widely cited prevalence rates.

  2. 2.

    The phrase “in utero alcohol exposure” is used interchangeably with the more traditional phrase “prenatal alcohol exposure.”

  3. 3.

    Decreased performance on a standardized measure of cognition/intelligence or development assumes deficits in multiple domains. In the absence of such a global measure, several specific domains should be assessed individually to determine that multiple functional domains have been affected.

Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ARBD:

Alcohol-Related Birth Defect

ARND:

Alcohol-Related Neurdevelopmental Disorder

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CNS:

Central Nervous System

DTI:

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

FAS:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

FASD:

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NIH:

National Institutes of Health

OFC:

Occipitofrontal Circumference (Head Circumference)

pFAS:

Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

NOFAS:

National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

SAMHSA:

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

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  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, 30333, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Jacquelyn Bertrand MD, Ph.D. & Elizabeth Parra Dang MD, MPH

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  1. Jacquelyn Bertrand MD, Ph.D.
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  2. Elizabeth Parra Dang MD, MPH
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Correspondence to Jacquelyn Bertrand MD, Ph.D. .

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  1. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina, 410 Berryhill, Chapel Hill, 27599-7575, North Carolina, USA

    David Hollar

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Bertrand, J., Dang, E.P. (2012). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Review of Teratogenicity, Diagnosis and Treatment Issues. In: Hollar, D. (eds) Handbook of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2335-5_12

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