Abstract
In this article, five markers of bladder cancer approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as ten other urine-based markers that have been shown to be clinically useful, all of which could be substitutes of cystoscopy and/or cytology. Immunocytochemical detection of markers in exfoliated urothelial cells is separately reviewed. Comparison of urine markers and cytology as to the sensitivity, specificity, and cost is also discussed [1–3].
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© 2012 Leopold G. Koss
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Koss, L.G., Hoda, R.S., Miyamoto, H. (2012). Urine-Based Assays Complementing Cytologic Examination in the Detection of Urothelial Neoplasm. In: Koss's Cytology of the Urinary Tract with Histopathologic Correlations. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2056-9_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2056-9_7
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