Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tumors and Related Conditions of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Koss's Cytology of the Urinary Tract with Histopathologic Correlations

  • 1017 Accesses

Abstract

Several proposed classifications of tumors of these organs have recently been published. The tumors can be divided into the common epithelial (urothelial tumors) and uncommon tumors of other origins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Readings

  1. Acs G, Gupta PK, Baloch ZW. Cytomorphology of high-grade neuroenedocrine carcinoma of the urinary tract. Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;23:92–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alsheikh A, Mohamedali Z, Jones E, et al. Comparison of the WHO/ISUP classification and cyctokeratin 20 expression in predicting the behavior of low-grade papillary urothelial tumors. World/Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:267–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Renshaw AA. Atypical urinary cytology specimens. Cancer Cytopathol. 2000;90:222–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Banigo OG, Waisman J, Kaufman JJ. Papillary (transitional) carcinoma in an ileal conduit. J Urol. 1975;114:626–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bardales RH, Pitman MB, Stanley MW, et al. Urine cytology of primary and secondary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 1998;84:335–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bastacky S, Ibrahim S, Wilczynski SP, et al. The accuracy of urinary cytology in daily practice. Cancer. 1999;87:118–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Boon ME, Blomjous CE, Zwartendijk J, et al. Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Clinical presentation, cytologic pattern and stromal changes. Acta Cytol. 1986;30:360–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Brosman SA. The use of bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the therapy of bladder carcinoma in situ. J Urol. 1985;134:36–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cecchini S, Cipparrone I, Confortini M, et al. Urethral cytology of Cytobrush specimens. A new technique for detecting subclinical human papillomavirus infection in men. Acta Cytol. 1988;32:314–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chan TY, Epstein JI. In situ adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:892–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Survival of patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Cancer. 1999;85:2469–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Flat intraepithelial lesions of the urinary bladder. Cancer. 2000;88:625–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cheng L, Darson M, Cheville JC, et al. Urothelial papilloma of the bladder. Clinical and biological implications. Cancer. 1999;86:2098–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cheng L, Neumann RM, Bostwick DG. Papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential. Clinical and biological implications. Cancer. 1999;86:2102–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Czerniak B, Koss LG, Sherman A. Nuclear pores and DNA ploidy in human bladder carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1984;44:3752–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Czerniak B, Koss LG. Expression of Ca antigen on human urinary bladder tumors. Cancer. 1985;55:2380–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cina SJ, Lancaster-Weiss KJ, Lecksell K, et al. Correlation of Ki-67 and p53 with the new World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology Classification System for Urothelial Noeplasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:646–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Crosby JH, Allsbrook Jr WC, Koss LG, et al. Cytologic detection of urothelial cancer and other abnormalities in a cohort of workers exposed to aromatic amines. Acta Cytol. 1991;35:263–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Curry JL, Wojcik EM. The effects of the current World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathologists bladder neoplasm classification system on urine cytology results. Cancer. 2002;96:140–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Deshpande V, McKee GT. Analysis of atypical urine cytology in a tertiary care center. Cancer. 2005;105:468–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, et al. World health organization classification of tumours. In: Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Epstein JI, Amin MB, Reuter VR, et al. The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Bladder Consensus Conference Committee. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:1435–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Epstein JI. Diagnosis and classification of flat, papillary, and invasive urothelial carcinoma: the WHO/ISUP consensus. Int J Surg Pathol. 2010;18:106S–11. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Genega EM, Porter CR. Urothelial neoplasms of the kidney and ureter. An epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical review. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117:S36–48. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Glatz K, Willi N, Glatz D, et al. An international telecytologic quiz on urinary cytology reveals educational deficits and absence of a commonly used classification system. Am J Clin Pathol. 2006;126:294–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Goldstein ML, Whitman T, Renshaw AA. Significance of cell groups in voided urine. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:290–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Grignon DJ, Ro JY, Ayala AG, et al. Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic analysis of 72 cases. Cancer. 1991;67:2165–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Grignon DJ, Ro JY, Ayala AG, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic analysis of 22 cases. Cancer. 1992;69:527–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Herawi M, Parwani AV, Chan T, et al. Polyoma virus-associated cellular changes in the urine and bladder biopsy samples: a cytohistologic correlation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:345–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hughes JH, Raab SS, Cohen MB. The cytologic diagnosis of low-grade transitional cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114:S59–67. Review.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:277–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kannan V, Bose S. Low grade transitional cell carcinoma and instrument artifact. A challenge in urinary cytology. Acta Cytol. 1993;37:899–902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kapur U, Venkataraman G, Wojcik EM. Diagnostic significance of ‘atypia’ in instrumented versus voided urine specimens. Cancer Cytopathol. 2008;114:270–4.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Koss LG. Mapping of the urinary bladder: its impact on the concepts of bladder cancer. Hum Pathol. 1979;10:533–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Koss LG. Evaluation of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Pathol Annu. 1982;17:353–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Koss LG, Deitch D, Ramanathan R, et al. Diagnostic value of cytology of voided urine. Acta Cytol. 1985;29:810–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Koss LG. Precursor lesions of invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 1988;14:4–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Koss LG. Tumors of the urinary tract in urine and brushings. In: Koss LG, Melamed MR, editors. Koss’s diagnostic cytology and its histopathologic bases. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 777–846.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Krishnan B, Truong LD. Prostatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed by urinary cytology. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;113:29–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Melicow MM, Hollowell JW. Intra-urothelial cancer: carcinoma in situ, Bowen’s disease of the urinary system: discussion of thirty cases. J Urol. 1952;68:763–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Murphy WM, Soloway MS, Jukkola AF, et al. Urinary cytology and bladder cancer. The cellular features of transitional cell neoplasms. Cancer. 1984;53:1555–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nasuti JF, Fleisher SR, et al. Significance of tissue fragments in voided urine specimens. Acta Cytol. 2001;45:147–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pich A, Chiusa L, Formiconi A, et al. Biologic differences between noninvasive papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential and low-grade (grade 1) papillary carcinomas of the bladder. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:1528–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Raab SS, Lenel JC, Cohen MB. Low grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cytologic diagnosis by key features as identified by logistic regression analysis. Cancer. 1994;74:1621–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Raab SS, Grzybicki DM, Vrbin CM, et al. Urine cytology discrepancies: frequency, causes, and outcomes. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;127:946–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Renshaw AA, Nappi D, Weinberg DS. Cytology of grade 1 papillary transitional cell carcinoma. A comparison of cytologic, architectural and morphometric criteria in cystoscopically obtained urine. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:676–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Richter J, Jiang F, Görög JP, et al. Marked genetic differences between stage pTa and stage pT1 papillary bladder cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2860–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Rosenthal DL, Raab SS. Cytologic detection of urothelial lesions. New York, NY: Springer; 2006. p. 57–120.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Taylor DC, Bhagavan BS, Larsen MP, et al. Papillary urothelial hyperplasia. A precursor to papillary neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:1481–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Trillo AA, Kuchler LL, Wood AC, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder: histologic, cytologic and ultrastructural features in a case. Acta Cytol. 1981;25:285–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Van Hoeven KH, Artymyshyn RL. Cytology of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;14:292–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Weaver EJ, McCue PA, Bagley DH, et al. Expression of cytokeratin 20 and CD44 protein in upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: cytologic-histologic correlation. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2001;23:339–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Witte D, Truong LD, Ramzy I. Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis the diagnostic role of pelvic washings. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117:444–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wojcik EM, Brownlie RJ, Bassler TJ, et al. Superficial urothelial (umbrella) cells. A potential cause of abnormal DNA ploidy results in urine specimens. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2000;22:411–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wojcik EM, Saraga SA, Jin JK, et al. Application of laser scanning cytometry for evaluation of DNA ploidy in routine cytologic specimens. Diagn Cytopathol. 2001;24:200–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Xin W, Raab SS, Michael CW. Low-grade urothelial carcinoma: reappraisal of the cytologic criteria on ThinPrep. Diagn Cytopathol. 2003;29:125–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Young RH. Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer. 1987;59:1333–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Emeritus Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Leopold G. Koss MD, Doct. HC (multiple) (Distinguished Professor)

  2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

    Rana S. Hoda MD, FIAC (Professor of Pathology and Director of Papanicolaou Cytology Laboratory)

Authors
  1. Leopold G. Koss MD, Doct. HC (multiple)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rana S. Hoda MD, FIAC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Leopold G. Koss

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koss, L.G., Hoda, R.S. (2012). Tumors and Related Conditions of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract. In: Koss's Cytology of the Urinary Tract with Histopathologic Correlations. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2056-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2056-9_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-2055-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-2056-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation