Abstract
Packaging is an essential part of manufacturing electrochemical devices, such as micro-batteries and super-capacitors. Hermetic packaging is required to prevent humidity and gases from degrading components and interconnects. Typically, packaging is the last step in assembling such devices. Consequently, packaging materials have to be applied at low processing temperatures. Sol-gel processed hybrid organic–inorganic materials are convenient low temperature materials for packaging. This chapter, which surveys the use of sol-gel hybrids in packaging of electronic devices, is based, in part (Jitanu and Klein In Hybrid nanocomposites for nanotechnology: electronic optical magnetic and bio/medical applications. Springer, Berlin, pp. 429–453, 2009), which appeared in 2009. The survey has been updated and focused on electrochemical systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lews J (2006) Material challenge for flexible organic devices. Mater Today 9:38–45
Burrows PE, Graff GL, Gross ME, Martin PM, Shi MK, Hall M, Mast E, Bonham C, Bennett W, Sullivan MB (2001) Ultra barrier flexible substrates for flat panel display. Display 22:65–69
Ely K (2000) Issues in hermetic sealing of medical products. MDDI 186
Chantham H (1996) Oxygen diffusion barrier properties of transparent oxide coatings on polymeric substrates. Surf Coat Tech 78:1–9
Graff GL, Williford RE, Burrows PE (2004) Mechanisms of vapor permeation through multilayer barrier films: Log time versus equilibrium permeation. J Appl Phys 96:1840–1849
da Silva Sobrinho AS, Czeremuszkin G, Latreche M, Wertheimer MR (2000) Defect-permeation correlation for ultrathin transparent barrier coatings on polymers. J Vac Sci Technol A 18:149–157
Vogt BD, Lee H-J, Prabhu VM, DeLongchamp DM, Lin EK, Wu W-I (2005) X-ray and neutron reflectivity measurements of moisture transport through model multilayered barrier films for flexible displays. J Appl Phys 97:114509-1–114509-7
da Silva Sobrinho AS, Latreche M, Czeremuszkin G, Klemberg-Sapieha JE, Wertheimer MR (1998) Transparent barrier coatings on polyethylene terephthalate by single and dual-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. J Vac Sci Technol A 16:3190
Tang CW, van Slyke SA (1997) Organic electroluminescent diodes. Appl Phys Lett 51:913–915
Burrows PE, Bulovic V, Forrest SR, Sapochak LS, McCarty DM, Thomson ME (1994) Reliability and degradation of organic light emitting devices. Appl Phys Lett 65:2922–2924
Burrows PE, Graff GL, Gross ME, Martin PM, Hall M, Mast E, Bonham C, Bennett W, Michalski L, Weaver M, Brown JJ, Fogarty D, Sapochak LS (2001) Gas permeation and lifetime test on polymer-based barrier coatings. Proc SPIE 4105:75–83
Gu G, Burrows PE, Venkatesh S, Forrest SR, Thompson ME (1997) Vacuum-deposited non-polymeric flexible organic light-emitting devices. Opt Lett 22:172–174
Baldo MA, Lamannsky S, Burrows PE, Thompson ME, Forrest SR (1999) Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electro-phosphorescence. Appl Phys Lett 75:4–6
Waver MS, Michalski LA, Rajan K, Rothman MA, Silvernail JA, Brown JJ, Burrows PE, Graff GL, Gross ME, Martin PM, Hall M, Mast E, Bonham C, Bennett W, Zumhoff M (2002) Organic light-emitting devices with extended operating lifetimes on plastic substrates. Appl Phys Lett 81:2929
Groner MD, George SM, McLean SM, Carcia PF (2006) Gas diffusion barriers on polymers using Al2O3 atomic layer deposition. Appl Phys Lett 88:051907-1–051907-3
Carcia PF, McLean RS, Reilly MH, Gorner MD, George SM (2006) Ca test of Al2O3 gas diffusion barriers grown by atomic layer deposition on polymers. Appl Phys Lett 89:031915-1–031915-3
Dunkel R, Bujas R, Klein A, Horndt V (2005) Method of measuring ultralow water vapor permeation for OLED displays. Proc IEEE 93:1478–1482
a. Mocon Inc. www.mocon.com, Accessed Mar 2011. b. http://www.mocon.com/permeation.php Accessed Mar 2011
Ranade A, D’Souza NA, Wallace RM, Gnade BE (2005) High sensitivity gas permeability measurement system for thin plastic films. Rev Sci Instrum 76:013902-1–013902-5
Nilsson PO, Forssell G (1977) Optical properties of calcium. Phys Rev B 16:3352–3358
Nisato G, Bouten PCP, Slikkerveer PJ, Bennett WD, Graff GL, Rutherford N, Wiese L (2001) Evaluating high performance diffusion barriers: the calcium test. Proc Int Display Workshop/Asia Display 1435–1438
Nisato G, Kuilder M, Bouten P, Moro L, Philips O, Rutherford N (2003) Thin film encapsulation for Oleds: evaluation of multi-layer barriers using a Ca test. Proc Soc Info Display Symp Digest Tech Papers 34:550–553
Paetzold R, Winnacker A, Henseler D, Cesari V, Heuser K (2003) Permeation rate measurements by electrical analysis of calcium corrosion. Rev Sci Instrum 74:5147–5150
Jitanu A, Klein LC (2009) Sol-Gel Hybrids for electronic applications: hermetic coatings for microelectronics and energy storage. In: Merhari L (ed) Hybrid nanocomposites for nanotechnology: electronic optical magnetic and bio/medical applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 429–453
Sanchez C, Ribot F (1994) Chemical design of hybrid organic-inorganic materials synthesized via sol-gel. New J Chem 10:1007–1040
Jitianu A, Britchi A, Deleanu C, Badescu V, Zaharescu M (2003) Comparative study of the sol-gel processes starting with different substituted Si-alkoxide. J Non-Cryst Solids 319:263–279
Unger B, Jancke H, Hahnert M, Stade H (1994) The early stages of the sol-gel processing of TEOS. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 2:51
Wojcik AB, Klein LC (1995) Transparent inorganic/organic copolymers by the sol-gel process: copolymers of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) and (meth)acrylate monomers. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 4:57–66
Wojcik AB, Klein LC (1995) Transparent inorganic/organic copolymers by the sol-gel process: Thermal behavior of copolymers of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) and (meth)acrylate monomers. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 5:77–82
Wojcik AB, Klein LC (1997) Organic/inorganic hybrids by the sol-gel process: classification of synthesis methods. Appl Organomet Chem 11:129–135
Avnir D, Klein LC, Levy D, Schubert U, Wojcik AB (1998) Organo-silica Sol-Gel materials. In: Rappoport Z, Apeloig Y (eds) The chemistry of organosilicon compounds, vol 2. Wiley, London, pp 2317–2362 (Chapter 40)
Jackson A, Jitianu A, Klein LC (2006) Development of hermetic barrier using vinyl triethoxysilane (VTEOS) and Sol-Gel processing. Mater Matters (Sigma-Aldrich) 1:11–12
Amberg-Schwab S, Hoffmann M, Bader H (1996) Barrierschichten für Verpackungsmaterialien; Barriereschichten aus anorganish-organischen Hybridopolymeren. Kunststoffe 86:660–664
Amberg-Schwab S, Hoffmann M, Bader H, Gessler M (1998) Inorganic-Organic polymers with barrier for water vapor, oxygen and flavors. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 13:141–146
Amberg-Schwab S, Katschorek H, Weber U, Hoffmann M, Burger A (2000) Barrier properties of inorganic-organic polymers: influence of starting compounds, curing, conditions and storage-scaling-up to industrial application. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 19:125–129
Hoffmann M, Amberg-Schwab S (1998) Barrier properties of inorganic-organic polymers. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 519:309–314
Amberg-Schwab S, Katschorek H, Weber U, Burger A (2003) Inorganic-organic polymers as migration barriers against liquid and volatile compounds. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 26:699–703
Amberg-Schwab S, Weber U, Burger A, Nique S, Xalter R (2006) Development of passive and active barrier coatings on basis of inorganic-organic polymers. Monatshefte für Chemie (Chemical Monthly) 137:657–666
Sanchez C, Julian B, Belleville P, Popall M (2005) Applications of hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites. J Mat Chem 15:3559–3592
Dahmouche K, Atik M, Mello NC, Bonagamba TJ, Panepucci H, Aegerter MA, Judeinstein P (1997) Investigation of new ion-conducting ORMOLYTES: structure and properties. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 8:711
Jerome R, Mazurek M (1997) Synthesis and characterisation of the molecular structure. In: Tant MR, Mauritz KA, Wilkes GL (eds) Ionomers: synthesis, structure, properties and applications. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, p 3
Watanabe H (2002) Patent No. JP 2002011116
Jitianu A, Amatucci G, Klein LC (2008) Organic-inorganic Sol-Gel thick films for humidity barriers. J Mater Res 23:2084–2090
Rondinella VV, Matthewson MJ (1993) Effect of loading mode and coating on dynamic fatigue of optical fiber in two-point bending. J Am Ceram Soc 76:139–144
Wei TS, Skutnik BJ (1988) Effect of coating on fatigue behavior of optical fiber. J Non-Cryst Solids 102:100–105
Nishiyama N, Horie K, Sakura T (1988) Adsorption behavior of a silane coupling agent onto a colloidal silica surface studies by 29Si NMR spectroscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 129:113–119
Jitianu A, Doyle J, Amatucci G, Klein LC (2008) Methyl-modified melting gels for hermetic barrier coatings, In Proceedings MS&T enabling surface coating systems: multifunctional coatings (CD-ROM), Pittsburgh, PA, pp 2171–2182
Jitianu A, Amatucci G, Klein LC (2008) Phenyl-substituted siloxane hybrid gels that soften below 140°C. J Am Ceram Soc 92:36–40
Jitianu A, Doyle J, Amatucci G, Klein LC (2010) Methyl modified siloxane melting gels for hydrophobic films. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 53:272–279
Klein LC, Jitianu A (2010) Organic-inorganic hybrid melting gels. J Sol-Gel Sci Tech 55:86–93
Matsuda A, Sasaki T, Hasegawa K, Tatsumisago M, Minami T (2001) Thermal softening behavior and application to transparent thick films of poly(benzylsilsesquioxane) particles prepared by sol-gel process. J Am Cer Soc 84:775–780
Masai H, Tokuda Y, Yoko T (2005) Gel-melting method for preparation of organically modified siloxane low-melting glasses. J Mater Res 20:1234–1241
Kakiuchida H, Takahashi M, Tokuda Y, Masai H, Kuniyoshi M, Yoko T (2006) Viscoelastic and structural properties of the phenyl-modified polysiloxane system with a three-dimensional structure. J Phys Chem B 110:7321–7327
Kakiuchida H, Takahashi M, Tokuda Y, Masai H, Kuniyoshi M, Yoko T (2007) Effects of organic groups on structure and viscoelastic properties of organic-inorganic polysiloxane. J Phys Chem B 111:982–988
Jitianu A, Lammers K, Arbuckle GA, Amatucci GG, Klein LC (2011) Thermal analysis of organically modified siloxane melting gels. Accepted in J Therm Anal
Kumar RS, Auch M, Ou E, Ewald G, Jin CS (2002) Low moisture permeation measurement through polymer substrates for organic light emitting devices. Thin Solid Films 417:120–126
Wojcik AB, Klein LC, Rondinella VV, Matthewson MJ, Foy PR (1993) Organically modified silicate coatings for optical fibers. SPIE Proc 2074:135–141
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 © Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jitianu, A., Gambino, L., Klein, L.C. (2012). Sol-Gel Packaging for Electrochemical Devices. In: Aparicio, M., Jitianu, A., Klein, L. (eds) Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy. Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1957-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1957-0_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1956-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1957-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)