Abstract
This chapter describes first the principles of electrochromic (EC) devices and then reviews the most important sol–gel developments related to the preparation and characterisation of the different layers used for the realisation of such devices: transparent conducting coatings, electrochromic coatings, counter electrodes and electrolytes. Finally the review shows how these coatings have been used for the realisation of prototypes and devices such as windows and displays describing their electro-optical properties, their long-term behaviour as well as their advantages and drawbacks. This review is a shorter but updated version based on earlier reviews published by the authors in 1996, 2005 and 2006.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Granqvist CG (1995) Handbook of inorganic electrochromic materials. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Monk PMS, Mortimer RJ, Rosseinsky DR (1995) Electrochromism-fundamentals and applications. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbh, Weinheim
Lampert CM (1999) The world of large-area glazing and displays. In: Proceedings of SPIE, Switchable Materials and Flat Panel Displays, Denver, Colorado, July 21–22. SPIE, vol 3788. Bellingham, Washington, USA, pp 2–11.
Lampert CM (2003) Large-area smart glass and integrated photovoltaics. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 76:489–499
Granqvist CM (2007) Transparent conductors as solar energy materials: a panoramic review. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 91:1529–1598
Granqvist CG (2001) Electrochromic windows: toward an energy efficient architecture. Interface 3:18–19
Azens A, Granqvist CG (2003) Electrochromic smart windows: energy efficiency and device aspects. J Solid State Electrochem 7:64–68
Aegerter MA (1996) Sol-Gel chromogenic materials and devices. In: Reisfeld R, Jorgensen CK (eds) Structure and Bonding, vol 85. Springer, Berlin, pp 149–194
Heusing S, Aegerter MA (2005) Sol-Gel coatings for electrochromic devices. In: Sakka S (ed), Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, vol 3. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp 719–760
Heusing S, Aegerter MA (2006) Stand der Anwendung der Elektrochromie in der Architektur, Proc. des 6. Symposiums Zukunft Glas—Von der Tradition zum High-Tech-Produkt. Otti, Zwiesel, p 72
Rauh RD (1999) Electrochromic windows: an overview. Electrochim Acta 44:3165–3176
O´Brian NA, Gordon J, Mathew H, Hichwa BP (1999) Electrochromic coatings-applications and manufacturing issues. Thin Solid Films 345:312–318
Yoshiaki I, Osamu N, Hideyuki K (1998) All-solid electrochromic anti-glare mirror. Murakami Kaimeido Co, US Patent 6, 06, 1168
Dornan CA, Habibi H, Lynam NR, McCabe IA (1994) Electrochromic mirrors and devices. Donnelly corporation, WO Patent 95 30 495
Bauer FT, Bechtel JH (1984) Automatic rearview mirror for automotive vehicles. Gentex Corporation, US Patent 4, 443, 057
Bechtel JH, Byker HJ (1990) Automatic rearview mirror system for automotive vehicles. Gentex Corporation, US Patent 4, 917, 477
Byker HJ (1992) Variable reflectance motor vehicle mirror. Gentex Corporation, US Patent 5, 128, 799
Byker HJ (1990) Single-compartment, self-erasing, solution-phase electrochromic devices, solutions for use therein, and uses thereof. Gentex Corporation, US Patent 4, 902, 108
Puetz J, Aegerter MA (2004) Transparent conducting oxide coatings in Sol-Gel technologies for glass producers and users. In: Aegerter MA, Mennig M (ed) Sol-Gel technologies for glass producers and users, Kluwer, The Netherlands
Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2000) Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. Wiley, New York
Agrawal A, Cronin JP, Zhang R (1993) Review of solid state electrochromic coatings using Sol-Gel techniques. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 31:9–21
Vroon ZAEP, Spee CIMA (1997) Sol-Gel coatings on large area glass sheets for electrochromic devices. J Non-Cryst Solids 218:189–195
Bessière A, Badot JC, Certiat MC, Livage J, Lucas V, Baffier N (2001) Sol-Gel deposition of electrochromic WO3 thin film on flexible ITO/PET substrate. Electrochim Acta 46:2251–2256
Kim C-Y, Lee M, Huh S-H, Kim E-K (2010) J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 53:176–183
Cronin JP, Tarico DJ, Agrawal A, Zhang RL (1993) Method for depositing electrochromic layers, US Patent 5, 252, 354
Cronin JP, Tarico DJ, Tonazzi JCC, Agrawal A, Kennedy SR (1993) Microstrucure and propewrties of Sol-Gel deposited WO3 coatings for large area electrochromic windows. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 29:371–386
Cronin JP, Tarico DJ, Agrawal A, Zhang RL (1994) Method for depositing high performing electrochromic layers, United States Patent 5, 277, 986
Schmidt H, Krug H, Merl N, Moses A, Judeinstein P, Berni A (1994) Electrochromic thin-film systems and components thereof. Patent WO 95/28663
Munro B, Krämer S, Zapp P, Krug H (1998) Characterization of electrochromic WO3-layers prepared by Sol-Gel nanotechnology. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 13:673–678
Munro B, Conrad P, Krämer S, Schmidt H, Zapp P (1998) Development of electrochromic cells by the Sol-Gel process. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 54:131–137
Heusing S, Munro B, Koch T, Zapp P, Mennig M, Schmidt H (1999) Weiterentwicklung elektrochromer Dünnschichtsysteme auf Glas über naßchemische Verfahren. In: Proceedings of the 73th Glastechnische Tagung, Halle (Saale), Germany, pp 40–43
Bell JM, Matthews JP, Skryabin IL, Wang J, Monsma BG (1998) Sol-Gel deposited electrochromic devices. Renew Energy 15:312–317
Bell JM, Skryabin IL, Koplick AJ (2001) Large area electrochromic films—preparation and performance. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 68:239–247
Lefheriotis G, Papaefthimiou S, Yianoulis P (2004) Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 83:115–124
Schmitt M, Heusing S, Aegerter MA, Pawlicka C, Avellaneda CO (1998) Electrochromic properties of Nb2O5 Sol-Gel coatings. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 54:9–17
Schmitt M, Aegerter MA (1999) Electrochromic properties of Nb2O5 and Nb2O5 :X (X=Sn, Zr, Li, Ti, Mo). In: Proceedings of the SPIE conference on switchable materials and flat panel displays, Denver, Colorado, July 1999. SPIE, vol 3788. pp 93–102
Schmitt M, Aegerter MA (2001) Electrochromic properties of pure and doped Nb2O5 coatings and devices. Electrochim Acta 46:2105–2111
Sun DL, Heusing S, Puetz J, Aegerter MA (2003) Influence of water on the electrochromic properties of Nb2O5:Mo, WO3 and (CeO2)x(TiO2)1−x Sol-Gel coatings and electrochromic devices. Solid State Ionics 165:181–189
Schmitt M, Aegerter MA (1999) Properties of electrochromic devices made with Nb2O5 and Nb2O5:X (X=Li, Ti or Mo) as coloring electrode. In: Procedings of the SPIE conference on switchable materials and flat panel displays. Denver, Colorado, July 1999. SPIE, vol 3788, pp 75–83
Dhanasankar M, Purishothaman KK, Muralidharan G (2010) Effect of tungsten on the electrochromic behavior of Sol-Gel dip coated molybdenum oxide thin films. Mater Res Bulletin 45:542–545
Li Y, Kudo T (1995) Electrochromic properties of spin-coated thin films from peroxo-polymolybdovanadate solutions. J Electrochem Soc 142:1194–1199
Dhanasankar M, Purishothaman KK, Muralidharan G (2010) Enhanced electrochromism in cerium doped molybdenum oxide thin films. Mater Res Bull 45:1969–1972
Azens A, Kullmann L, Vaivars G, Nordborg H, Granqvist CG (1998) Sputter-deposited nickel oxide for electrochromic applications. Solid State Ionics 113–115:449–456
Svensson JSEM, Granqvist CG (1986) Electrochromic hydrated nickel-oxide coatings for energy-efficient windows—optical-properties and coloration mechanism. Appl Phys Lett 49:1566–1568
Moser FH, Lynam NR (1990) US Patent 4, 959, 247
Miki T, Yoshimura K, Tai Y, Tazawa M, Jin P, Tanemura S (1995) Electrochromic properties of nickel oxide thin films prepared by the Sol-Gel method. Proc SPIE 2531:135–142
Šurca A, Orel B (1997) Sol-Gel derived hydrated nickel oxide electrochromic films: optical, spectroelectrochemical and structural properties. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 8:743–749
Cerc Koroŝec R, Bukovec P, Pihlar B, Padežnik Gomilšek J (2003) The role of thermal analysis in optimization of the electrochromic effect of nickel oxide thin films, prepared by the Sol-Gel method: part I. Thermochimica Acta 402:57–67
Cerc Koroŝec R, Bukovec P (2004) The role of thermal analysis in optimization of the electrochromic effect of nickel oxide thin films, prepared by the Sol-Gel method: part II. Thermochimica Acta 410:65–71
Cerc Koroŝec R, Bukovec P (2006) Sol-Gel prepared NiO films for electrochromic application. Acta Chim Slov 53:137–147
Sharma PK, Fantini MCA, Gorenstein A (1998) Synthesis characterization and electrochromic properties of NiOxHy thin film prepared by a Sol-Gel method. Solid State Ionics 113–115:457–463
Sharma PK, Mracia MCA, Fischer H, Craievich AF, Gorenstein A (1999) Factors influencing the electrochromic properties of nickel oxide thin films derived from Sol-Gel methode by dip-coating. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 547:351–356
Moser FH, Lyman NR (1989) US Patent 4855166 and US Patent 4855161
Martini M, Brito GES, Fantini MCA, Craievich AF, Gorenstein A (2001) Electrochromic propertie of NiO-based thin films prepared by Sol-Gel and dip-coating. Electrochim Acta 48:2275–2279
Al-Kalhout A, Heusing S, Aegerter MA (2006) Electrochromism of NiO–TiO2 Sol-Gel layers. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 39:195–206
Al-Kalhout A, Aegerter MA (2007) Coloration mechanisms of Sol-Gel NiO–TiO2 layers studied by EQCM. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 91:213–223
Al-Kalhout A, Pawlicka A, Aegerter MA (2006) Brown coloring electrochromic devices based on NiO-TiO2 layers. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90:3583–3601
Švegl F, Orel B, Kaučič V (2000) Electrochromic properties of lithiated Co-oxide (LixCoO2) and Ni-oxide (LixNiO2) thin films prepared by the Sol-Gel route. Sol Energy 68:523–540
Baudry P, Rodrigues ACM, Aegerter MA, Bulhoes LO (1990) Dip-coated TiO2–CeO2 films as transparent counter electrode for transmissive electrochromic devices. J Non-Cryst Solids 121:319–322
Štangar UL, Orel B, Grabec I, Ogorevc B, Kalcher K (1993) Optical and electrochemical properties of CeO2 and CeO2–TiO2 coatings. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 31:171–185
Orel Z, Orel B (1994) Electrochemical and optical properties of Sol-Gel derived CeO2 and mixed CeO2/SnO2 coatings. In: Proceedings of SPIE optical materials technology for energy efficiency and solar energy conversion XIII, Bellingham, Washington, USA. SPIE 2255:285–296
Pawlicka A, Avellaneda CO (2000) Thin film Sol-Gel of CeO2–ZrO2: the candidate for counter electrode in electrochromic devices. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 354:1051–1061
Berton MAC, Avellaneda CO, Bulhoes LOS (2003) Thin film of CeO2–SiO2: a new ion-storage layer for smart windows. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 80:443–449
Opara Krašovec U, Orel B, Reisfeld R (1998) Electrochromism of CeVO4 and Ce/V-oxide ion-storage films prepared by the Sol-Gel route. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 1:104–106
Avellaneda CO, Pawlicka A (1998) Preparation of transparent CeO2–TiO2 coatings for electrochromic devices. Thin Solid Films 335:245–248
Kim C-Y, Cho S-G, Lim T-Y, Choi D-K (2009) Anomalous lithium diffusion into CeO2–TiO2 thin film by film thickness. J Solid Sate Electrochem 13:1165–1170
Sun D-L, Puetz J, Heusing S, Aegerter MA (2002) Influence of water on the electrochemical properties of CeO2–TiO2 Sol-Gel coatings and electrochromic devices. Proc SPIE Sol-Gel Opt VI 4804:17–25
Sun D, Heusing S, Aegerter MA (2007) Li+ion exchange in CeO2–TiO2 Sol-Gel layers studied by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 91:1037–1050
Verma A, Samanta SB, Bakhshi AK, Agnihotry SA (2004) Optimization of CeO2–TiO2 compositions for fast switching kinetics and improved Li ion storage capacity. Solid State Ionics 171:81–90
Verma A, Goyal A, Sharma RK (2008) Microstructural, photocatalysis and electrochelical investigations on CeTi2O6 thin films. Thin Solid Films 516:4925–4933
Verma A, Bakhshi AK, Agnihotry SA (2006) Effect of different precursor sols on the properties of CeO2–TiO2 films for electrochromic window application. Electrochim Acta 51:4639–4648
Berton MAC, Avellaneda CO (2001) Electrochemical properties of CeO2–SnO2 and CeO2–SnO2:X (X = Li, C, Si) films. Mater Res 4:241–244
Opara Krašovec U, Šurca Vuk A, Orel B (2002) Comparative studies of “all Sol-Gel” electrochromic windows employing various counter electrodes. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 73:21–37
Šurca A, Orel B, Opara Krašovec U, Lavrenčič Štangar U (2000) Electrochromic and structural studies of nanocrystalline Fe/V (1:2)-oxide and crystalline Fe2V4O13 films. J Electrochem Soc 147:2358
Opara Krašovec U, Orel B, Hočevar S, Muševič I (1997) Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of SnO2 and SnO2/Mo transparent electrodes with high ion-storage capacity. J Electrochem Soc 144:3398–3409
Yang Y, Zhu Q, Jin A, Chen W (2008) High capacity and contrast of electrochromic tungsten-doped vanadium oxide films. Solid State Ionics 179:1250–1255
Jin A, Chen W, Zhu Q (2009) High Li+-ion storage capacity and multi-electrochromism behaviour of electrodeposited molybdenum doped vanadium oxide films. Advan Mater Res 79–82:799–802
Kim S, Taya M, Xu C (2009) Contrast, switching speed and durability of V2O5–TiO2 film-based electrochromic windows. J Electrochem Soc 156:E40–E45
Bell JM, Skryabin IL (1999) Failure modes of Sol-Gel deposited electrochromic devices. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 56:437–448
Coleman JP, Lynch AT, Madhukar P, Wagenknecht JH (1999) Antimony-doped tin oxide powders: electrochromic materials for printed displays. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 156:375–394
Doeuff S, Sanchez C (1989) Electrochromic properties of anatase TiO2 films prepared by the Sol-Gel process. CR Acad Sci II 309:531–534
Özer N (1992) Reproducibility of the coloration processes in TiO2 films. Thin Solid Films 214:17–24
Verma A, Basu A, Bakhshi AK, Agnihotry SA (2005) Structural, optical and electrochemical properties of Sol-Gel derived TiO2 films: annealing effects. Solid State Ionics 176:2285–2295
Verma A, Kar M, Agnihotry SA (2007) Aging effect of diethanolamine stabilized sol on different properties of TiO2 films. Electrochromic appl Sol Energy Mater Solar Cells 91:1305–1312
Zelazowska E, Rysiakiewics-Pasek E (2009) Thin TiO2 films for an electrochromic system. Opt Mater 31:1802–1804
O'Regan B, Grätzel M (1991) A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 353:737–740
Hagfeld A, Vlachopoulos N, Gilbert S, Grätzel M (1994) Electrochromic switching with nanocrystalline TiO2 semiconductor films. In: Proceedings of SPIE, optical materials technology for energy efficiency and solar energy conversion XIII, SPIE, vol 2255. Bellingham, Washington, USA pp 297–303
Marguerettaz X, O´Neill R, Fitzmaurice DJ (1994) Heterodyads—electron-transfer at a semiconductor electrode liquid electrolyte interface modified by an adsorbed spacer acceptor complex. J Am Chem Soc 116:2629–2630
Hagfeld A, Vlachopoulos N, Grätzel M (1994) Fast electrochromic switching with nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor films. J Electrochem Soc 141:L82–L84
Cinnsealach R, Boschloo G, Rao SN, Fitzmaurice D (1998) Electrochromic windows based on viologen-modified nanostructured TiO2 films. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 55:215–233
Fitzmaurice D, Rao SN, Cinnsealach R, Enright B (1998) Eur Pat Applications 98/9032735
Cummins D, Boschloo G, Ryan M, Corr D, Rao SN, Fitzmaurice D (2000) Ultrafast electrochromic windows based on redox-chromophore modified nanstructured semiconducting and conducting films. J Phys Chem B 104:11449–11459
Bach U, Corr D, Lupo D, Pichot F, Ryan M (2002) Nanomaterials-based electrochromics for paper-quality displays. Adv Mater 14:845–848
Corr D, Bach U, Fay D, Kinsella M, McAtamney C, O´Reilly F, Rao SN, Stobie N (2003) Coloured electrochromic “paper-quality” displays based on modified mesoporous electrodes. Solid State Ionics 165:315–321
Xiong S, Phua SL, Dunn BS, Ma J, Lu X (2010) Covalently bonded polyaniline–TiO2 hybrids: a facile approach to highly stable anodic electrochromic materials with low oxidation potentials. Chem Mater 22:255–260
Hwang T, Lee H, Kim H, Kim G, Mun G (2010) Enhancement of electrochemical durability of a film made of silica-polyaniline core-shell nanoparticles. Surf Review Lett 17:39–44
Shiping L, Lin X, Bingbing X (2009) Electrochromism of polyoxometalates. Prog Chem 21:1458–1464
Ghodsi FE, Tepehan FZ, Tepehan GG (2008) Electrochromic properties of heat-treatment thin fims of CeO2–TiO2–ZrO2 prepared by Sol-Gel route. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 92:234–239
Akhavan D, Tohidi H, Moshlegh AZ (2009) Synthesis and electrochromic study of Sol-Gel cuprous oxide nanoparticles accumulated on silica thin films. Thin Solid Films 517:6700–6706
Granqvist CG (1993) Electrochromics and smart windows. Solid State Ionics 60:213–214
Vaivars G, Furlani M, Mellander B-E, Granqvist CG (2003) Proton-conducting zirconium phosphate/ poly(vinyl acetate)/glycerine gel electrolytes. J Solid State Electrochem 7:724–728
Baetens R, Jelle BP, Gustavsen A (2010) Properties, requirements and possibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: a state- of- the- art review. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 94:87–105
Özer N, He Y, Lampert CM (1994) Ionic conductivity of tantalum oxide films prepared by the Sol-Gel process for electrochromic devices. In: Proceedings of SPIE optical materials technology for energy efficiency and solar energy conversion XIII 2255:456–466
Özer N, Lampert CM (1997) Structural and optical properties of Sol-Gel deposited proton conducting Ta2O5 films. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 8:703–709
Hirano S, Yogo T, Sakamoto W, Takeichi Y, Ono S (2004) Processing of highly oriented LiNbO3 thin films through a metal-organic precursor solution. J Eur Ceramic Soc 24:435–440
Granqvist CG, Avendaño E, Azens A (2003) Electrochromic coatings and devices: survey of some recent advances. Thin Solid Films 442:201–211
Dahmouche K, Atik M, Mello NC, Bonagamba TJ, Panepucci H, Aegerter MA, Judeinstein P (1997) Investigation of new ion-conducting ORMOLYTES: structure and properties. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 8:711–715
Judeinstein P, Titman J, Stamm M, Schmidt H (1994) Investigation of ion-conducting ormolytes: structure-property relationships. Chem Mater 6:127–134
Heusing S, Niegisch N, Zapp P, Mennig M, Schmidt H, Krings LHN, Aartsen HJ (2000) Zur Entwicklung eines großflächigen elektrochromen Displayfensters aus Glas. In: Proceedings 74th Glastechnische Tagung Ulm, Germany, pp 278–281
Mennig M, Fink-Straube C, Heusing S, Kalleder A, Koch T, Munro B, Zapp P, Schmidt H (1999) Large area decorative and functional Sol-Gel coatings on glass. Thin Solid Films 1:343–344
Mennig M, Heusing S, Zapp P, Niegisch N, Schmidt H (2000) “Fabrication of large area, curved electrochromic modules for automotive application”. In: Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Coatings on Glass (ICCG), Maastricht, The Netherlands, p 787
Orel B, Opara Krašovec U, Lavrenčič Štangar U, Judeinstein P (1998) All Sol-Gel electrochromic devices with Li+ ionic conductor, WO3 electrochromic films and SnO2 counter-electrode films. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 11:87–104
Grošelj N, Gaberšček M, Opara Krašovec U, Orel B, Dražič G, Judeinstein P (1999) Electrical and IR spectroscopic studies of peroxopolytungstic acid/organic-inorganic hybrid gels. Solid State Ionics 125:125–133
Orel B, Šurca Vuk A, Jese R, Lianos P, Stathatos E, Judeinstein P, Colomban Ph (2003) Development of Sol-Gel redox I3 −/I− electrolytes and their application in hybrid electrochromic device. Solid State Ionics 165:235–246
Souza FL, Aegerter MA, Leite ER (2007) Solid hybrid polyelectrolyte with high performance in electrochromic devices: electrochemical stability and optical study. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 91:1825–1830 (also Electrochimica Acta 53:1635–1642)
Barbosa P, Rodrigues L, Silva M, Smith M, Gonçalves A, Fortunato E (2010) Application of di-ureasil ormolytes based on lithium tetrafluoroborate in solid-state electrochromic displays. J Mater Chem 20:723–730 (See also Electrochimica Acta (2009) 54:1002–1009
Costa RGF, Avellaneda CO, Pawlicka A, Heusing S, Aegerter MA (2008) Optoelectrochemical characterization of electrochromic devices with starch based solid electrolytes. Molec Cryst Liq Cryst 447:363–371
Avellaneda CO, Vieira DF, Al-Kalhout A, Heusing S, Leite ER, Pawlicka A, Aegerter MA (2008) All solid-state electrochromic devices with gelatine-based electrolyte. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 92:228–233 (also Electrochimica Acta (2007) 53:1648–1654)
Al-Kalhout A, Vieira DF, Avellaneda CO, Leite ER, Aegerter MA, Pawlicka A (2010) Gelatin-based protonic electrolyte for electrochromic windows. Ionics 16:13–19
Raphael E, Avellaneda CO, Aegerter MA, Silva MM, Pawlicka A (2012) Agar-based gel electrolyte for electrochromic device application. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 554:1–9
de Vries GC (1999) Electrochromic variable transmission glass for picture tubes. Electrochim Acta 44:3185–3195
Nagai J, McMeeking GD, Saitoh Y (1999) Durability of electrochromic glazing. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 56:309–319
Czanderna AW, Benson DK, Jorgensen GJ, Zhang J-G, Tracy CE, Deb SK (1999) Durability issues and service lifetime prediction of electrochromic windows for buildings applications. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 56:419–436
Lynam NR, Agrawal A (1988) Automotive applications of chromogenic materials. In: Lampert CM, Granqvist CG, (eds) Proceedings of SPIE large-area chromogenics: materials and devices for transmittance control, Bellingham, Washington, USA, IS vol 4. pp 46–84
Lynam NR (1990) Smart windows for automobiles. In: International Congress and Exposition Detroit, Michigan 1990, SAE Technical Paper series (900419)
Judeinstein P, Livage J, Zarndiansky A, Rose R (1988) An “all gel” electrochromic device. Solid State Ionics 28–30 (part 2):1722–1725
Özer N, Tepehan F, Bozkurt N (1992) An “all-gel” electrochromic device. Thin Solid Films 219:193–198
Macêdo MA, Aegerter MA (1994) Sol-Gel electrochromic device. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 2:667–671
Avellaneda CO, Dahmouche K, Bulhoes LOS, Pawlicka A (2000) Characterization of an all Sol-Gel electrochromic device WO3/ormolyte/CeO2–TiO2. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 19:447–451
Heusing S, Munro B, Zapp P, Mennig M, Schmidt H (1998) Effect of ITO and FTO conductive layers on switching properties of large area Sol-Gel electrochromic devices. In: Proceedings of International Meeting on Electrochromism, IME-3 (abstract)
Heusing S, Sun D-L, Otero-Anaya J, Aegerter MA (2006) Grey, brown and blue colouring Sol-Gel electrochromic devices. Thin Solid Films 502:240–245
Orel B, Šurca A, Opara Krašovec U (1998) Recent progress in Sol-Gel derived electrochromic devices. Acta Chim Slov 45:487–506
Orel B, Opara Krašovec U, Maček M, Švegl F, Lavrenčič Štangar U (1999) Comparative studies of “all Sol-Gel” electrochromic devices with optically passive counter-electrode films, ormolyte Li+ ion-conductor and WO3 or Nb2O5 electrochromic films. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 56:343–373
Özer N, Lampert CM (1998) Electrochemical characterization of Sol-Gel deposited coatings. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 54:147–156
Al-Kalhout A, Heusing S, Aegerter MA (2006) Brown colouring electrochromic devices based on Sol-Gel NiO-TiO2 layers. In: Aegerter MA, Kirchoff V (ed) Proceedings 6th International Conference on Coatings on Glass and Plastics, Dresden, pp 161–164
Penyat P, Leyland N, McCormack DE, Colreavy J, Corr D, Pilai SC (2010) Rapid microwave synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 for electrochromics displays. J Mater Chem 20:3650–3655
See www.ntera.com
Edwards MOM, Boschloo G, Gruszecki T, Petterson H, Sohlberg R, Hagfeldt A (2001) “Electric-paint displays” with carbon counter electrode. Electrochim Acta 46:2187–2193
Georg A, Graf W, Opara Krasovec U, Schulz J, Orel B, Wittwer V (2004) Gasochromic coatings, in Sol-Gel technologies for glass producers and users. In: Aegerter MA, Mennig M (ed) Sol-Gel technologies for glass producers and users, Kluwer, The Netherlands
Kraft A, Rottmann M, Heckner KH (2006) Large-area electrochromic glazing with ion-conducting PVB interlayer and two complementary electrodeposited electrochromic layers. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90:469. http://www.gesimat.de
http://www.flachglas-markenkreis.de/deu/data/content2seite.php?menu_id=542
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 © Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heusing, S., Aegerter, M.A. (2012). Sol-Gel Coatings For Electrochromic Devices. In: Aparicio, M., Jitianu, A., Klein, L. (eds) Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy. Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1957-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1957-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1956-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1957-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)