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FMRI Using Exogenous Agents and Cerebral Blood Volume Contrast

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Neural Metabolism In Vivo

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 4))

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Abstract

The most robust techniques for fMRI employ gradient-echo imaging to measure task-induced changes in MRI signal resulting from endogenous or exogenous paramagnetic contrast agents within the bloodstream. In animal models, blood magnetization can be adjusted to optimal levels using injected agent, and fMRI then reflects dynamic changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV). In the absence of injected agent, blood magnetization, and signal changes are smaller, and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal reports a more complex physiology that depends upon changes in blood volume, flow, and oxygen utilization. This chapter focuses primarily upon the physics and physiology of dynamic fMRI measurements of CBV using exogenous contrast agent, both as a useful tool for fMRI applications and as a method that contributes to our understanding of BOLD signal. Other recent techniques to measure CBV using endogenous mechanisms also are described briefly, as well as the fMRI method for assessing changes in cerebral blood flow by arterial spin labeling. Together, these techniques are expanding the portfolio of useful fMRI methods beyond BOLD signal and contributing to our understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the BOLD phenomenon.

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Acknowledgements

Numerous people contributed to this work by collaboration; I hope their contributions are reflected adequately in the cited publications. There are some collaborators who contributed to work that has been presented in this chapter but not in journal publications, including Georg Royl, Francisca Leite, Ji-Kyung Choi, Bruce Jenkins, Roger Tootell, Wim Vanduffel, and Marge Livingstone.

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  1. Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02155, USA

    Joseph B. Mandeville Ph.D.

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  1. Joseph B. Mandeville Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Joseph B. Mandeville Ph.D. .

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  1. School of Medicine, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas, Rainbow Blvd. 3901, Kansas City, 66160, Kansas, USA

    In-Young Choi

  2. Inst. Physique de la Matière Complexe, Labo. d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle et, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland

    Rolf Gruetter

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Mandeville, J.B. (2012). FMRI Using Exogenous Agents and Cerebral Blood Volume Contrast. In: Choi, IY., Gruetter, R. (eds) Neural Metabolism In Vivo. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1788-0_17

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