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Regulatory Mutations in Human Hereditary Deafness

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Abstract

Moderate to profound deafness is a common sensory deficit that is estimated by the World Health Organization to affect more than 275 million people worldwide (WHO 2010). The etiology of hearing loss is varied and can include environmental noise, physical trauma to the head, infections, ototoxic compounds, and the natural aging process. Heritable hearing loss segregating as a Mendelian trait is thought to constitute but a fraction of cases; nonetheless, its study has yielded rich information about the biology of hearing and its pathophysiology. This chapter is a critical review of gene regulation in the auditory system and draws upon the dissection of human hereditary nonsyndromic hearing loss and relevant animal models. This body of work encompasses mutant alleles of transcription factors, promoters, long-range enhancers, and microRNAs that have been associated with hearing loss including genes such as ESSRB, EYA4, GRHL2, HGF, MIR96, POU3F4, and POU4F3. At the conclusion of this chapter, we speculate how future studies can capitalize on new sequencing technologies to broaden our knowledge of gene regulation in both normal hearing and deafness.

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Abbreviations

3¢UTR:

3¢ untranslated region

ABR:

Auditory brainstem response

ALDH1A2 :

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2

ATP1B2 :

ATPase Na+/K + transporting, beta 2 polypeptide

bp:

Base pair

CDH23 :

Cadherin-related 23

ChIP:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation

ChIP-Seq:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing

DFNA:

Nonsyndromic deafness autosomal dominant

DFNB:

Nonsyndromic deafness autosomal recessive

DFNX:

Nonsyndromic deafness X-linked

DPOAE:

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions

E17:

Embryonic day 17

ESRRB :

Estrogen-related receptor

EUCOMM:

European conditional mouse mutagenesis project

EYA4 :

Eyes absent Drosophila homolog 4

FACS:

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting

FBXO11 :

F-box protein 11

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GRHL2 :

Grainyhead-like 2

HGF :

Hepatocyte growth factor

HNCR:

Highly conserved noncoding regions

Hz:

Hertz

iPS:

Induced pluripotent stems cells

Kb:

Kilobase

KCNE1 :

Potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related family, member 1

KCNQ1 :

Potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1

KOMP:

NIH knockout mouse project

Mb:

Megabase

MEFs:

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts

NMD:

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay

POU3F4 :

POU class 3 homeobox 4

POU4F3 :

POU class 4 homeobox 3

POUH :

POU homeodomain

PTGDS:

Prostaglandin D2 synthase 21 kDa

PTPRQ :

Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type, Q

RISC:

RNA-induced silencing complex

RSPO3 :

R-spondin 3

SIX1 :

SIX homeobox 1

SLC12A2 :

Solute carrier family 12 member 2

SLC26A5 :

Solute carrier family 26 member 5

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

STR:

Short tandem repeats

WHO:

World Health Organization

WNK4 :

Lysine-deficient protein kinase 4

WS2A:

Waardenburg syndrome type 2A

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Acknowledgements

We thank Lisa Cunningham, Dennis Drayna, Ronna Hertzano, Robert Morell and Julie Schultz for helpful discussions. JEB and TBF were supported by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders intramural research funds DC000039-15 at the National Institutes of Health.

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  1. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, 5 Research Court, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA

    Jonathan E. Bird & Thomas B. Friedman

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Correspondence to Thomas B. Friedman .

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    Nadav Ahituv

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Bird, J.E., Friedman, T.B. (2012). Regulatory Mutations in Human Hereditary Deafness. In: Ahituv, N. (eds) Gene Regulatory Sequences and Human Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1683-8_8

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