Abstract
The increased demand for analytical methods to detect and quantify a large number of biomolecules in small volumes of samples has led to the development of multiplexed molecular analysis. This recent technology combines the use of encoded microspheres, coupling molecules, and flow cytometry to analyze the presence of multiple compounds in a sample. It is a powerful technique that can potentially discriminate up to 100 different analytes in a single sample. Benefits include its high sensitivity and accuracy, low cost per analysis, and short time of analysis. When coupled with its multiplexing capacity, it could be classified as a promising green technology in research. The technique has found applications in biological fields where it is used to perform immunoassays and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence analysis. Recent applications in food quality include the detection of toxins, allergens, pathogens, and antibiotics. Future developments of this promising technique are yet to come.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andersson, G., H.P.T. Ekre, G. Alm, and P. Perlmann. 1989. Monoclonal antibody two-site ELISA for human IFN-γ. Adaptation for determinations in human serum or plasma. Journal of Immunological Methods 125: 89–96.
Balsari, A., and A. Caruso. 1997. Natural antibodies to IL-2. Biotherapy 10: 25–28.
Battersby, B.J., G.A. Lawrie, A.P.R. Johnston, and M. Trau. 2002. Optical barcoding of colloidal suspensions: Applications in genomics, proteomics and drug discovery. Chemical Communications 14: 1435–1441.
Bellisario, R., R.J. Colinas, and K.A. Pass. 2000. Simultaneous measurement of thyroxine and thyrotropin from newborn dried blood-spot specimens using a multiplexed fluorescent microsphere immunoassay. Clinical Chemistry 46: 1422–1424.
Bergervoet, J.H.W., J. Peters, J.R.C.M. van Beckhoven, G.W. van den Bovenkamp, J.W. Jacobson, and J.M. van der Wolf. 2008. Multiplex microsphere immuno-detection of potato virus Y, X and PLRV. Journal of Virological Methods 149: 63–68.
Blais, B.W., and L.M. Phillippe. 2000. A cloth-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of peanut proteins in foods. Food and Agricultural Immunology 12: 243–248.
Blais, B.W., and L.M. Phillippe. 2001. Detection of hazelnut protein in foods by enzyme immunoassay using egg yolk antibodies. Journal of Food Protection 64: 895–898.
Blais, B.W., M. Gaudreault, and L.M. Phillippe. 2003. Multiplex enzyme immunoassay system for the simultaneous detection of multiple allergens in foods. Food Control 14: 43–47.
Branum, A.M., and S.L. Lukacs. 2009. Food allergy among children in the United States. Pediatrics 124: 1549–1555.
Bryan, F.L. 1982. Diseases transmitted by foods. Atlanta: CDC.
Carson, R.T., and D.A.A. Vignali. 1999. Simultaneous quantitation of 15 cytokines using a multiplexed flow cytometric assay. Journal of Immunological Methods 227: 41–52.
Cowan, L.S., L. Diem, M.C. Brake, and J.T. Crawford. 2004. Transfer of a mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping method, oligotyping, from a reverse line-blot hybridization, membrane-based assay to the Luminex multianalyte profiling system. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42: 474–477.
de Boer, E., and R.R. Beumer. 1999. Methodology for detection and typing of foodborne microorganisms. International Journal of Food Microbiology 50: 119–130.
de Jager, W., H. te Velthuis, B.J. Prakken, W. Kuis, and G.T. Rijkers. 2003. Simultaneous detection of 15 human cytokines in a single sample of simulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10: 133–139.
de Keizer, W., M.E. Bienenmann-Ploum, A.A. Bergwerff, and W. Haasnoot. 2008. Flow cytometric immunoassay for sulfonamides in raw milk. Analytica Chimica Acta 620: 142–149.
Dunbar, S.A. 2006. Applications of Luminex® xMAPTM technology for rapid, high-throughput multiplexed nucleic acid detection. Clinica Chimica Acta 363: 71–82.
Dunbar, S.A., C.A. Vander Zee, K.G. Olivier, K.L. Karem, and J.W. Jacobson. 2003. Quantitative, multiplexed detection of bacterial pathogens: DNA and protein applications of the Luminex LabMAPTM system. Journal of Microbiological Methods 53: 245–252.
Dunn, P.A., and H.W. Tyrer. 1981. Quantitation of neutrophils phagocytosis, using fluorescent latex beads. Correlation of microscopy and flow cytometry. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 98: 374–381.
Elshal, M.F., and J.P. McCoy. 2006. Multiplex bead array assays: Performance evaluation and comparison of sensitivity to ELISA. Methods 38: 317–323.
Emeny, R.T., C.M. Wheeler, K.U. Jansen, W.C. Hunt, T.M. Fu, J.F. Smith, S. MacMullen, M.T. Esser, and X. Paliard. 2002. Priming of human papillomavirus type 11—Specific humoral and cellular immune responses in college-aged women with a virus-like particle vaccine. Journal of Virology 76: 7832–7842.
Fantozzi, A., M. Ermolli, M. Marini, D. Scotti, B. Balla, M. Querci, S.R.H. Langrell, and G. van den Eede. 2007. First application of a microsphere-based immunoassay to the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Quantification of Cry1Ab protein in genetically modified maize. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 1071–1076.
Faucher, S., A. Martel, A. Sherring, T. Ding, L. Malloch, J.E. Kim, M. Bergeron, P. Sandstrom, and F.F. Mandy. 2004. Protein bead array for the detection of HIV-1 antibodies from fresh plasma and dried-blood-spot specimens. Clinical Chemistry 50: 1250–1253.
Fulton, R.J., R.L. McDade, P.L. Smith, L.J. Kienker, and J.R. Kettman Jr. 1997. Advanced multiplexed analysis with FlowMetrix system. Clinical Chemistry 43: 1749–1756.
Gao, X., and S. Nie. 2004. Quantum dot-encoded mesoporous beads with high brightness and uniformity: Rapid readout using flow cytometry. Analytical Chemistry 76: 2406–2410.
Garber, E.A.E., K.V. Venkateswaran, and T.W. O’Brien. 2010. Simultaneous multiplex detection and confirmation of the proteinaceous toxins abrin, ricin, botulinum toxins, and Staphylococcus enterotoxins A, B, and C in food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58: 6600–6607.
Givan, A.L. 2004. Flow cytometry: An introduction. In Methods in molecular biology: Flow cytometry protocols, 2nd ed, ed. T.S. Hawley and R.G. Hawley. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Gordon, R.F., and R.L. McDade. 1997. Multiplexed quantification of human IgG, IgA and IgM with the FlowMetrixTM system. Clinical Chemistry 43: 1799–1801.
Haasnoot, W., and J.G. du Pré. 2007. Luminex-based triplex immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of soy, pea, and soluble wheat proteins in milk powder. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 3771–3777.
Habbersett, R.C., and J.H. Jett. 2004. An analytical system based on a compact flow cytometer for DNA fragment sizing and single-molecule detection. Cytometry Part A 60A: 125–134.
Henning, S.M., W. Aronson, Y. Niu, F. Conde, N.H. Lee, N.P. Seeram, R.P. Lee, J. Lu, D.M. Harris, A. Moro, J. Hong, L. Pak-Shan, R.J. Barnard, H.G. Ziaee, G. Csathy, V.L.W. Go, H. Wang, and D. Heber. 2006. Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption. Journal of Nutrition 136: 1839–1843.
Homola, J., J. Dostálek, S. Chen, A. Rasooly, S. Jiang, and S.S. Yee. 2002. Spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology 75: 61–69.
Horan, P.K., and L.L. Wheeless Jr. 1977. Quantitative single cell analysis and sorting. Science 198: 149–157.
Ibrahim, S.F., and G. van den Engh. 2003. High-speed cell sorting: Fundamentals and recent advances. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14: 5–12.
Jayasena, S.D. 1999. Aptameters: An emerging class of molecules that rival antibodies in diagnostics. Clinical Chemistry 45: 1628–1650.
Keij, J.F., and J.A. Steinkamp. 1998. Flow cytometric characterization and classification of multiple dual-color fluorescent microspheres using fluorescence lifetime. Cytometry 33: 318–323.
Kellar, R.A., W.P. Ambrose, A.A. Arias, H. Cai, S.R. Emory, P.M. Goodwin, and J.H. Jett. 2002. Analytical applications of single molecule detection. Analytical Chemistry 74: 316A–324A.
Kelly, S., T. Green, J. Van Doren, D. Puchalski, P. Boerckel, N. Chirmule, and M.T. Esser. 2005. Automation of a multiplexed competitive luminex immunoassay for measuring antibodies to human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18. Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 10: 301–309.
Keyes, K.A., L. Mann, K. Cox, P. Treadway, P. Iverson, Y.F. Chen, and B.A. Teicher. 2003. Circulating angiogenic growth factor levels in mice bearing human tumors using Luminex multiplex technology. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 51: 321–327.
Kim, J.S., C.R. Taitt, F.S. Ligler, and G.P. Anderson. 2010. Multiplexed magnetic microsphere immunoassays for detection of pathogens in foods. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 4: 73–81.
Köhler, G., and C. Milstein. 1975. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256: 495–497.
Krishhan, V.V., I.H. Khan, and P.A. Luciw. 2009. Multiplexed microbead immunoassays by flow cytometry for molecular profiling: Basic concepts and proteomics applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 29: 29–43.
Lisi, P.J., C.W. Huang, R.A. Hoffman, and J.W. Teipel. 1982. A fluorescence immunoassay for soluble antigens employing flow cytometric detection. Clinica Chimica Acta 120: 171–179.
Malkova, K., P. Rauch, G.M. Wyatt, and M.R.A. Morgan. 1998. Combined immunomagnetic separation and detection of Salmonella enteritidis in food samples. Food and Agricultural Immunology 10: 271–280.
Mandecki, W., E. Ernst, and N. Kogan. 2000. Light-powered microtransponders for high multiplex-level analyses of nucleic acids. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 219: U755–U755.
Mandy, F.F., T. Nakamura, M. Bergeron, and K. Sekiguchi. 2001. Overview and application of suspension array technology. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 21: 713–729.
Mariager, B., M. Solve, H. Eriksen, and C.H. Brogren. 1994. Bovine β-lactoglobulin in hypoallergenic and ordinary infant formulas measured by indirect competitive ELISA using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Food and Agricultural Immunology 6: 73–83.
Martins, T.B. 2002. Development of internal controls for the Luminex instrument as part of a multiplex seven-analyte viral respiratory antibody profile. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9: 41–45.
McBride, M.T., S. Gammon, M. Pitesky, T.W. O’Brien, T. Smith, J. Aldrich, R.G. Langlois, B. Colston, and K.S. Venkateswaran. 2003. Multiplexed liquid arrays for simultaneous detection of simulants of biological warfare agents. Analytical Chemistry 75: 1924–1930.
Mead, P.S., L. Slutsker, V. Dietz, L.F. McCaig, J.S. Bresee, C. Shapiro, P.M. Griffin, and R.V. Tauxe. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5: 607–625.
Meimaridou, A., W. Haasnoot, L. Noteboom, D. Mintzas, J. Pulkrabova, J. Hajslová, and M.W.F. Nielen. 2010. Color encoded microbeads-based flow cytometric immunoassay for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Analytica Chimica Acta 672: 9–14.
Mellgren, C., Å. Sternesjö, P. Hammer, G. Suhren, L. Björck, and W. Heeschen. 1996. Comparison of biosensor, microbiological, immunochemical, and physical methods for detection of sulfamethazine residues in raw milk. Journal of Food Protection 59: 1223–1226.
Mills, E.N.C., A. Potts, G.W. Plumb, N. Lambert, and M.R.A. Morgan. 1997. Development of rapid dipstick immunoassay for the detection of peanut contamination of food. Food and Agricultural Immunology 9: 37–50.
Moalic, V., B. Mercier, and C. Ferec. 2004. Technologie LuminexTM: Principe, applications, et perspectives. Immuno-analyse and Biologie Spécialisée 19: 181–187.
Moss, D.M., J.M. Montgomery, S.V. Newland, J.W. Priest, and P.J. Lammie. 2004. Detection of cryptosporidium antibodies in sera and oral fluids using multiplex bead assay. The Journal of Parasitology 90: 397–404.
Nicewarner-Peña, S.R., R.G. Freeman, B.D. Reiss, L. He, D.J. Peña, I.D. Walton, R. Cromer, C.D. Keating, and M.J. Natan. 2001. Submicrometer metallic barcodes. Science 294: 137–141.
Nolan, J.P., and F. Mandy. 2006. Multiplexed and microparticle-based analyses: Quantitative tools for a large-scale analysis of biological systems. Cytometry Part A 69: 318–325.
Nolan, J.P., and L. Yang. 2007. The flow of cytometry into systems biology. Briefings Functional Genomics and Proteomics 6: 81–90.
Olivier, K.G., J.R. Kettman, and R.J. Fulton. 1998. Multiplexed analysis of human cytokines by use of the Flowmetrix system. Clinical Chemistry 44: 2057–2060.
Opalka, D., C.E. Lachman, S.A. MacMullen, K.U. Jansen, J.F. Smith, N. Chirmule, and M.T. Esser. 2003. Simultaneous quantitation of antibodies to neutralizing epitopes on virus-like particles for human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18 by multiplexed Luminex assay. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10: 108–115.
Parod, R.J., and J.D. Brain. 1983. Uptake of latex particles by macrophages: Characterization using flow cytometry. The American Journal of Physiology 245: C220–C226.
Pauly, D., S. Kirchner, B. Stoermann, T. Schreiber, S. Kaulfuss, R. Schade, R. Zbinden, M.A. Avondet, M.B. Dorner, and B.G. Dorner. 2009. Simultaneous quantification of five bacterial and plant toxins from complex matrices using a multiplexed fluorescent magnetic suspension assay. The Analyst 134: 2028–2039.
Phillips, D.J., S.C. League, P. Weinstein, and W.C. Hooper. 2006. Interference in microsphere flow cytometric multiplexed immunoassays for human cytokine estimation. Cytokine 36: 180–188.
Porschewski, P., M.A.M. Grättinger, K. Klenzke, A. Erpenbach, M.R. Blind, and F. Schäfer. 2006. Using aptameters as capture reagents in bead-based assay systems for diagnostic and hit identification. Journal of Biomolecular Screening 11: 773–781.
Prabhakar, U., E. Eirikis, and H.M. Davis. 2002. Simultaneous quantification of proinflammatory cytokines in human plasma using the LabMAPTM assay. Journal of Immunological Methods 260: 207–218.
Prezelj, A., A. Obreza, and S. Pecar. 2003. Abuse of clenbuterol and its detection. Current Medicinal Chemistry 10: 281–290.
Sampson, H.A. 2004. Update on food allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 113: 805–819.
Selby, C. 1999. Interference in immunoassay. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 36: 704–721.
Sicherer, S.H. 2002. Food allergy. The Lancet 360: 701–710.
Son, J.R., G. Kim, A. Kothapalli, M.T. Morgan, and D. Ess. 2007. Detection of Salmonella enteritidis using a miniature optical surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Journal of Physics 61: 1086–1090.
Steinkamp, J.A., J.S. Wilson, G.C. Saunders, and C.C. Stewart. 1982. Phagocytosis: Flow cytometric quantitation with fluorescent microspheres. Science 215: 64–66.
Stewart, C.C., and J.A. Steinkamp. 1982. Quantitation of cell concentration using the flow cytometer. Cytometry 2: 238–243.
Tripp, R.A., L. Jones, L.J. Anderson, and M.P. Brown. 2000. CD40 ligand (CD154) enhances the Th1 and antibody responses to respiratory syncytial virus in the BALB/c mouse. Journal of Immunology 164: 5913–5921.
Vignali, D.A.A. 2000. Multiplexed particle-based flow cytometry assays. Journal of Immunological Methods 243: 243–255.
Wallace, J., Y. Zhou, G.N. Usmani, M. Reardon, P. Newburger, B. Woda, and G. Pihan. 2003. Barecode-all: Accelerated and cost-effective genetic risk stratification in acute leukemia using spectrally addressable liquid bead microarray. Leukemia 17: 1411–1413.
Wallace, J., B.A. Woda, and G. Pihan. 2005. Facile, comprehensive, high-throughput genotyping of human genital papillomaviruses using spectrally addressable liquid bead microarrays. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 7: 72–80.
Wang, S., H.Y. Zhang, L. Wang, Z.J. Duan, and I. Kennedy. 2006. Analysis of sulphonamide residues in edible animal products: A review. Food Additives and Contaminants 23: 362–384.
Wang, J., Y. Yang, L. Zhou, J. Wang, Y. Jiang, K. Hu, X. Sun, Y. Hou, Z. Zhu, Z. Guo, Y. Ding, and R. Yang. 2009. Simultaneous detection of five biothreat agents in powder samples by a multiplexed suspension array. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 31: 417–427.
Weber, T.H., K. Käpyaho, and P. Tanner. 1990. Endogenous interference in immunoassays in clinical chemistry. A review. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 201(Suppl): 77–82.
Weber, J., V.K. Sondak, R. Scotland, R. Phillip, F. Wang, V. Rubio, T.B. Stuge, S.G. Groshen, C. Gee, G.G. Jeffery, S. Sian, and P.P. Lee. 2003. Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor added to a multipeptide vaccine for resected stage II melanoma. Cancer 97: 186–200.
Yeung, J.M., and P.G. Collins. 1997. Determination of soy proteins in food products by enzyme immunoassay. Food Technology and Biotechnology 35: 209–214.
Young Song, E., C. VanDunk, T. Kuddo, and P.G. Nelson. 2005. Measurement of vasoactive intestinal peptide using a competitive fluorescent microsphere immunoassay or ELISA in human blood samples. Journal of Immunological Methods 300: 63–73.
Zhao, Y., X. Zhao, C. Sun, J. Li, R. Zhu, and Z. Gu. 2008. Encoded silica colloidal crystal beads as supports for potential multiplex immunoassay. Analytical Chemistry 80: 1598–1605.
Zou, M., H. Gao, J. Li, F. Xu, L. Wang, and J. Jiang. 2008. Rapid determination of hazardous compounds in food based on a competitive fluorescence microsphere immunoassay. Analytical Biochemistry 374: 318–324.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Her Majesty the Queen, in Right of Canada
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maltais, A., Boye, J.I. (2012). Bead-based arrays: multiplex analyses. In: Boye, J., Arcand, Y. (eds) Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing. Food Engineering Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1586-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1587-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)