Abstract
Post-menopausal women who exercise less tend to have lower bone mineral density (BMD), putting them at increased risk for fractures. But they also tend to be older, frailer, and heavier, which may explain the association between exercise and BMD. People whose diet is high fat on average have higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a risk factor for CHD. But they are also more likely to smoke and be overweight, factors which are also strongly associated with CHD risk. Increasing body mass index (BMI) predicts higher levels of hemoglobin HbA 1c , a marker for poor control of glucose levels; however, older age and ethnic background also predict higher HbA 1c .
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Vittinghoff, E., Glidden, D.V., Shiboski, S.C., McCulloch, C.E. (2012). Linear Regression. In: Regression Methods in Biostatistics. Statistics for Biology and Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1353-0_4
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