Abstract
In 2008, there were 2.11 million arrests of persons younger than age 18 in the USA. (Puzzanchera 2009) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 2008 report “Crime in the United States” compiles the data reported within the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program which collects arrest statistics from law enforcement agencies across the USA. The data reflects the number of arrests, not the number of individuals arrested, and only records a count of the most serious charge for a particular arrest. Therefore it does not reflect the number of offenses resulting in a single arrest. Despite this limitation, the database offers information on the number of juvenile arrests, the number of individuals entering the justice system, the trends in these arrests and the ethnic and gender differences. For the period 1999–2008, there is a decline in all juvenile offenses leading to arrest, with the exception of robberies, which increased. Juveniles accounted for 16% of all violent crime arrests and for 26% of all property crime arrests in 2008. The violent crime index has fallen significantly from a high in 1994. There was a 10-year decline trend in the violent crime index for the period 1994–2004, reaching a 49% decrease in 2004, then a 12% increase for 2004–2006 and a new 5% decline for 2006–2008. Youth younger than 15 accounted for more than one-fourth of all juvenile arrests, 29% for violent crime offenses and 27% for property crime offenses. Only 1% of juvenile arrests are of youth younger than age 10. In 2008, the number of reported forcible rape offenses was at its lowest since 1980. In 2008, the juvenile arrest rate on murder charges was 3.8 arrests per 100,000 juveniles ages 10–17, a decline of 5% from 2007, and 74% down from a 1993 peak of 14.4. Between 1999 and 2008, juvenile arrests for aggravated assault decreased for males, more than for females (22% vs. 17%). During the same period, juvenile male arrests declined 6%, but female arrests increased 12% for simple assault. In 2008, females accounted for 17% of juvenile violent crime arrests, 36% of juvenile property crime arrests, and 44% of the juvenile larceny-theft arrests. In 2008, there were 629,800 arrests of females younger than age 18; accounting for 30% of the total juvenile arrests. Simple assaults, larceny-theft and driving under the influence, all increased in females from 1999 to 2008, while male arrests decreased in these categories. The data shows a downward trend in juvenile crime; but increase in crime committed by females, especially “petty” crime. This may mean that the population of female delinquents in detention is on the rise, gender ratios are changing and so are pathology and emotional issues encountered in juvenile justice settings, posing a new set of challenges for service programming.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abram, K. M., Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., & Dulcan, M. K. (2003). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(11), 1097–1108.
Abram, K. M., Teplin, L. A., Charles, D. R., Longworth, S. L., McClelland, G. M., & Dulcan, M. K. (2004). Post traumatic stress disorder and trauma in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(4), 403–410.
Abram, K. M., Washburn, J. J., Teplin, L. A., Emanuel, K. M., Romero, E. G., & McClelland, G. M. (2007). Posttramatic stress disorder and psychiatric comorbidity among detained youths. Psychiatric Services, 58(10), 1311–1316.
Allen, A. J., Kurlan, R. M., Gilbert, D. L., Coffey, B. J., Linder, S. L., Lewis, D. W., et al. (2005). Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology, 65, 1941–1949.
Aman, M. G., De Smedt, G., Derivan, A., Lyons, B., & Findling, R. L. (2002). Risperidone disruptive behavior study group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1337–1346.
Armenteros, J. L., & Lewis, J. E. (2002). Citalopram treatment for impulsive aggression in children and adolescents: An open pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 522–529.
Armenteros, J. L., Lewis, J. E., & Davalos, M. (2007). Risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(5), 558–565.
Bettinger, T. L., Mendelson, S. C., Dorson, P. G., & Crismon, M. L. (2000). Olanzapine-induced glucose dysregulation. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(7–8), 865–867.
Bonanno, D. G., Davydov, L., & Botts, S. R. (2001). Olanzapine-induced diabetes mellitus. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 35(5), 563–565.
Buitelaar, J. K., Van Der Gaag, R. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P., & Melman, C. T. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of risperidone in the treatment of aggression in hospitalized adolescents with subaverage cognitive abilities. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(4), 239–248.
Campbell, M., Small, A., Green, W. H., Jennings, S. J., Perry, R., Bennett, W. G., et al. (1984). Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41(7), 650–656.
Campbell, M., Adams, P. B., Small, A. M., Kafantaris, V., Silva, R., Shell, J., et al. (1995). Lithium in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder: A double blind and placebo controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(4), 445–453.
Chapman, J. F., & Ford, J. D. (2008). Relationships between suicide risk, traumatic experiences, and substance use among juvenile detainees. Archives of Suicide Research, 12(1), 50–61.
Connor, D. F., Barkley, R. A., & Davis, H. T. (2000). A pilot study of methylphenidate, clonidine, or the combination in ADHD comorbid with aggressive oppositional defiant or conduct disorder. Clinical Pediatrics, 39(1), 15–25.
Desai, R. A., Goulet, J. L., Robbins, J., Chapman, J. F., Migdole, S. J., Hoge, M. A. (2006). Mental health care in juvenile detention facilities: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34(2), 204–214.
Ernst, C. L., & Goldberg, J. F. (2004). Antisuicide properties of psychotropic drugs: A critical review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(1), 14–41.
Fazel, S., Doll, H., & Langstrom, N. (2008). Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 1010–1019.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). Crime in the United States. Retrieved January 14, 2010 from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/index.html.
Findling, R. L., McNamara, N. K., Branicky, L. A., Schluchter, M. D., Lemon, E., & Blumer, J. L. (2000). A double-blind pilot study of risperidone in the treatment of conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(4), 509–516.
Geib, C. F., Chapman, J. F., D’Amaddio, A. H., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2010). The education of juveniles in detention: Policy considerations and infrastructure development. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(1), 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.05.002.
Goldstrom, I., Jaiquan, F., Henderson, M., Male, A., & Manderscheid, R. (2000). The availability of mental health services to young people in juvenile justice facilities: A survey, in Mental Health, United States, 2000. Washington, DC: Center for Mental Health Services.
Griffin, P. (2000). Assessing detained youth in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania progress: J uvenile justice achievements in PA, 7, 1–7.
Grisso, T., & Underwood, L. (2003). Screening and assessing mental health and substance use disorders among youth in the juvenile justice system. Delmar: National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice.
Hazell, P. L., & Stuart, J. E. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of clonidine added to psychostimulant medication for hyperactive and aggressive children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(8), 886–894.
Hunt, R. D., Arnsten, A. F., & Asbell, M. D. (1995). An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 3–4.
Kaplan, S. L., Busner, J., Kupietz, S., Wassermann, E., & Segal, B. (1990). Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder and ADDH: A preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 719–723.
Kavoussi, R., Armstead, P., & Coccaro, E. F. (1997). The neurobiology of impulsive aggression. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 395–403.
Kemph, J. P., DeVane, C. L., Levin, G. M., Jarecke, R., & Miller, R. L. (1993). Treatment of aggressive children with clonidine: Results of an open pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(3), 577–581.
Klein, R. G., Abikoff, H., Klass, E., Ganeles, D., Seese, L. M., & Pollack, S. (1997). Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(12), 1073–1080.
Kutcher, S. P., & Fletcher, J. (1997). Child and adolescent psychopharmacology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
MTA. (1999). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1073–1086.
National Commission on Correctional Health Care. (2004). Standards for health services in juvenile detention and confinement facilities. Chicago: National Commission on Correctional Health Care.
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (1994). Conditions of confinement: Juvenile detention and corrections facilities. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Oregon Youth Authority. (2002). Mental health and female offenders in the custody of the Oregon Youth Authority. Retrieved January 14, 2010 from www.oregon.gov/OYA/docs/female_mhgap.pdf.
Pappadopulos, E., Macintyre, J. C. I., Crismon, M. L., Findling, R. L., Malone, R. P., & Derivan, A., et al. (2003). Treatment recommendations for the use of antipsychotics for aggressive youth (TRAAY). Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 145–161.
Pappadopulos, E., Woolston, S., Chait, A., Perkins, M., Connor, D. F., & Jensen, P. S. (2006). Pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents: Efficacy and effect size. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(1), 27–39.
Plattner, B., Steiner, H., The, S. S., Kraemer, H. L., Bauer, S. M., & Kindler, J. (2009). Sex specific predictors of criminal recidivism in a representative sample of incarcerated youth. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(5), 400–407.
Potenza, M. N., Holmes, J. P., Kanes, S. J., & McDougle, L. J. (1999). Olanzapine treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with pervasive developmental disorders: An open-label pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19(1), 37–44.
Puzzanchera, C. M. (2009). Juvenile arrests 2007. Juvenile justice bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Reyes, M., Buitelaar, J., Toren, P., Augustyns, I., & Eerdekens, M. (2006). A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone maintenance treatment in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 402–410.
Sallee, F. R., McGough, J., Wigal, T., Donahue, J., Lyne, A., & Biederman, J., et al. (2009). Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(2), 155–165.
Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., McClelland, G. M., Dulcan, M. K., & Mericle, A. A. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(12), 1133–1143.
US Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report from the surgeon general. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/home.html.
US Dept of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race and ethnicity – A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General.
Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Fisher, P., & Lucas, C. (2003). Psychiatric disorders in incarcerated youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(4), 477–484.
Wasserman, G. A., Jensen, P. J., Ko, S. J., Cocozza, J., Trupin, E., & Angold, A., et al. (2003). Mental health assessments in juvenile justice: Report on the consensus conference. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 752–761.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Engel, L., Abulu, J., Nikolov, R.N. (2012). Psychopharmacological Treatment of Youth in Juvenile Justice Settings. In: Grigorenko, E. (eds) Handbook of Juvenile Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0905-2_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0905-2_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-0904-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-0905-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)