Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a relatively common injury with serious short- and long-term repercussions. A number of risk factors, such as female gender or the specific types of sports played, predispose some individuals to ACL injury. There are risk factors that are modifiable, so we can help mitigate this risk through injury prevention training. Interestingly, the rate of ACL tears seems very stable across countries, as are the high rates of additional injuries that occur in conjunction with ACL tears. In this chapter, we will review the data concerning the rates of ACL injury and ACL surgery as well as the risk factors for having an ACL tear.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Dunn WR, Spindler KP, Consortium M. Predictors of activity level 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR): a Multicenter Orthopedic Outcomes Network (MOON) ACLR cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):2040–50.
Wright RW, Dunn WR, Amendola A, et al. Risk of tearing the intact anterior cruciate ligament in the contralateral knee and rupturing the anterior cruciate ligament graft during the first 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective MOON cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1131–4.
Mars Group, Wright RW, Huston LJ, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) cohort. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):1979–86.
Spindler KP. The Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS): a prospective longitudinal cohort to define outcomes and independent predictors of outcomes for revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2007;20(4):303–7.
Granan LP, Bahr R, Steindal K, Furnes O, Engebretsen L. Development of a national cruciate ligament surgery registry: the Norwegian National Knee Ligament Registry. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(2):308–15.
Magnussen RA, Granan LP, Dunn WR, et al. Cross-cultural comparison of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction in the United States and Norway. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;18(1):98–105.
Maletis GB, Granan LP, Inacio MC, Funahashi TT, Engebretsen L. Comparison of community-based ACL reconstruction registries in the U.S. and Norway. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;93 Suppl 3:31–6.
Rotterud JH, Sivertsen EA, Forssblad M, Engebretsen L, Aroen A. Effect of gender and sports on the risk of full-thickness articular cartilage lesions in anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees: a nationwide cohort study from Sweden and Norway of 15 783 patients. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(7):1387–94.
Junkin DM, Johnson DL, Fu FH, et al. Knee ligament injuries. In: Kibler WB, editor. Orthopedic knowledge update: sports medicine. Rosemont: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 2009. p. 136.
Renström P et al. Non-contact ACL injuries in female athletes: an International Olympic Committee current concepts statement. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(6):364–46.
Prodromos CC, Han Y, Rogowski J, Joyce B, Shi K. A meta-analysis of the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears as a function of gender, sport, and a knee injury-reduction regimen. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(12):1320–1325.e1326.
Warme WJ, Feagin Jr JA, King P, Lambert KL, Cunningham RR. Ski injury statistics, 1982 to 1993. Jackson Hole Ski Resort. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(5):597–600.
Mihata LC, Beutler AI, Boden BP. Comparing the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in collegiate lacrosse, soccer, and basketball players: implications for anterior cruciate ligament mechanism and prevention. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(6):899–904.
Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS, et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(7):1003–10.
Cawley PW, Heidt Jr RS, Scranton Jr PE, Losse GM, Howard ME. Physiologic axial load, frictional resistance, and the football shoe-surface interface. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(7):551–6.
Ford KR, Manson NA, Evans BJ, et al. Comparison of in-shoe foot loading patterns on natural grass and synthetic turf. J Sci Med Sport. 2006;9(6):433–40.
Heidt Jr RS, Dormer SG, Cawley PW, Scranton Jr PE, Losse G, Howard M. Differences in friction and torsional resistance in athletic shoe-turf surface interfaces. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(6):834–42.
Vavken P, Murray M. Treating anterior cruciate ligament tears in skeletally immature patients. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(5):704–16.
Vavken P, Murray MM. Translational studies in anterior cruciate ligament repair. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16(1):5–11.
Fuller CW, Junge A, Dvorak J. Risk management: FIFA’s approach for protecting the health of football players. Br J Sports Med. 2011;46(1):11–7.
Gatterer H, Ruedl G, Faulhaber M, Regele M, Burtscher M. Effects of the performance level and the FIFA “11” injury prevention program on the injury rate in Italian male amateur soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2012;52(1):80–4.
Longo UG, Loppini M, Berton A, Marinozzi A, Maffulli N, Denaro V. The FIFA 11+ program is effective in preventing injuries in elite male basketball players: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(5):996–1005.
Granan LP, Forssblad M, Lind M, Engebretsen L. The Scandinavian ACL registries 2004–2007: baseline epidemiology. Acta Orthop. 2009;80(5):563–7.
Lind M, Menhert F, Pedersen AB. The first results from the Danish ACL reconstruction registry: epidemiologic and 2 year follow-up results from 5,818 knee ligament reconstructions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(2):117–24.
Paterno MV, Schmitt LC, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):1968–78.
Wright RW, Magnussen RA, Dunn WR, Spindler KP. Ipsilateral graft and contralateral ACL rupture at five years or more following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(12):1159–65.
Salmon L, Russell V, Musgrove T, Pinczewski L, Refshauge K. Incidence and risk factors for graft rupture and contralateral rupture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2005;21(8):948–57.
Sadoghi P, von Keudell A, Vavken P. Effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention training programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(9):769–76.
Kaeding CC, Aros B, Pedroza A, et al. Allograft versus autograft ACL reconstruction: Predictors of Failure from a MOON Prospective Longitudinal Cohort. Sports Health. 2011;3(1):73–81.
Kaeding CC et al. Allograft versus autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health 2011;(3)73–81.
Cooper MT, Kaeding C. Comparison of the hospital cost of autograft versus allograft soft-tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Arthroscopy. 2010;26(11):1478–82.
Genuario JW, Faucett SC, Boublik M, Schlegel TF. A cost-effectiveness analysis comparing 3 anterior cruciate ligament graft types: bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft, hamstring autograft, and allograft. Am J Sports Med. 2011;40(2):307–14.
Acknowledgement
Research reported in this chapter was supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number RO1-AR054099. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vavken, P., Murray, M.M. (2013). ACL Injury Epidemiology. In: Murray, M., Vavken, P., Fleming, B. (eds) The ACL Handbook. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0760-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0760-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-0759-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-0760-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)