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Role of the Nucleolus in HIV Infection and Therapy

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The Nucleolus

Part of the book series: Protein Reviews ((PRON,volume 15))

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Abstract

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the etiological agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), is the most studied virus internationally. Treatment and prevention of AIDS-induced opportunistic infections are available with antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, HIV infection is incurable because of the latent integrative states of the virus and the inaccuracy of reverse transcription, which gives rise to HIV microvariants and quasispecies. HIV variants escape recognition and build resistance against current treatments. We have shown that potential therapeutic interventions involve nucleolar-trafficking small RNAs, which include U16 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) hammerhead ribozymes (U16Rz), U16 transactivation response (U16TAR) decoys, and U16 rev binding element (U16RBE) decoys. The functional inhibition of HIV-1 mediated by these nucleolar localizing RNAs implicates nucleolar trafficking or accumulation of HIV transcripts. Investigations centering on HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat and Rev indicate a necessary translocation step for these proteins within nucleoli for successful HIV replication. This chapter reviews the role of the nucleolus in HIV infection and discusses HIV-specific therapies that manipulate nucleolar localization of HIV regulatory proteins and transcripts.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by grants from the NIH NIAD to JJR.

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  1. Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of The City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA

    Jerlisa Arizala & John J. Rossi

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  1. Jerlisa Arizala
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Correspondence to John J. Rossi .

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  1. Dept. Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, North State St. 2500, Jackson, 39216, Mississippi, USA

    Mark O. J. Olson

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Arizala, J., Rossi, J.J. (2011). Role of the Nucleolus in HIV Infection and Therapy. In: Olson, M. (eds) The Nucleolus. Protein Reviews, vol 15. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0514-6_17

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