Abstract
In Chap. 6, we solved the “backward problem” of starting with frequency response function (FRF) measurements and developing a model. However, we did not describe the measurement procedure. The basic hardware required to measure FRFs is: a mechanism for known force input across the desired frequency range (or bandwidth) a transducer for vibration measurement, again with the required bandwidth a dynamic signal analyzer to record the time-domain force and vibration inputs and convert these into the desired FRF.
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Notes
- 1.
You may recognize this Doppler frequency shift as the increase in the pitch (frequency) of an approaching automobile’s horn and subsequent drop in pitch after the automobile passes you.
- 2.
The prefix piezo is derived from the Greek word piezein, which translates “to squeeze.”
- 3.
This follows from Newton’s second law, F = ma.
- 4.
The discrete Fourier transform is applied because our inputs are sampled; they are not continuous in time.
- 5.
This \( \frac{1}{k} \) term can be referred to as the DC compliance.
References
http://www.lionprecision.com/tech-library/technotes/cap-0020-sensor-theory.html
Inman D (2001) Engineering vibration, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
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Exercises
Exercises
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1.
Complete the following statements.
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(a)
Receptance is the frequency-domain ratio of _____________ to ____________.
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(b)
Mobility is the frequency-domain ratio of _____________ to ____________.
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(c)
Accelerance is the frequency-domain ratio of _____________ to ____________.
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(a)
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2.
Find three commercial suppliers of impact hammers for modal testing.
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3.
Find three commercial suppliers of dynamic signal analyzers for modal testing.
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4.
Digital data acquisition is to be used to record vibration signals for a particular system. If the highest anticipated frequency in the measurements is 5,000 Hz, select the minimum sampling frequency.
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5.
An impact test was completed using an instrumented hammer to excite a structure and an accelerometer to measure the vibration response.
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(a)
Show how to convert the acceleration-to-force frequency response function (i.e., accelerance) that was obtained to a displacement-to-force frequency response function (i.e., receptance).
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(b)
What information is lost in this conversion?
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(a)
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6.
As described in Sects. 7.2 and 7.4, FRFs are often measured using impact testing. In this approach, an instrumented hammer is used to excite the structure and a transducer is used to record the resulting vibration.
Use Euler integration to determine the displacement due to the triangular impulsive force profile shown in Fig. P7.6. The force excites a single degree of freedom spring–mass–damper system with m = 2 kg, k = 1.1 × 106 N/m, and c = 83 N-s/m. For the Euler integration, use a time step of 1 × 10−5 s and carry out your simulation for 0.2 s (20,000 points).
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(a)
Plot both the force (N) versus time (s) and displacement (μm) versus time.
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(b)
Determine the maximum displacement (in μm) and the time at which this displacement occurs.
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(a)
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7.
For a particular measurement application, an accelerometer must be selected with a bandwidth or useful frequency range of 5,000 Hz. If the allowable deviation in the scaling coefficient \( {C_A} = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {{{{\left( {1 - {r^2}} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {2\zeta r} \right)}^2}}} }} \) is ±1% and the damping ratio is known to be 0.65, determine the minimum required for the natural frequency of the accelerometer.
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8.
A single degree of freedom spring–mass–damper system which is initially at rest at its equilibrium position is excited by an impulsive force with a magnitude of 250 N over a time interval of 0.5 ms; see Fig. P7.8. If the mass is 3 kg, the stiffness is \( 3 \times {10^6} \) N/m, and the viscous damping coefficient is 120 N-s/m, complete the following.
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(a)
Determine \( x(t) \) using Eq. 3.44. Plot the response (in μm) over a time period of 0.3 s with a step size of 1 × 10−4 s in the time vector.
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(b)
Determine \( x(t) \) using Euler integration. Use a time step of 1 × 10−4 s and carry out your simulation for 0.3 s (30,000 points). Plot \( x(t) \) (in μm) versus time.
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(a)
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9.
Determine the FRF for the system described in Problem 8 using Euler integration to calculate the time-domain displacement due to the impulsive input force. To increase the FRF frequency resolution, use a total simulation time of 1 s. Given the time-domain displacement and force vectors, use the Matlab ® function fft to calculate the complex-valued force transform, F, and displacement transform, X. Plot the real and imaginary parts (in m/N) of their ratio, X/F, versus frequency (in Hz). Use axis limits of axis([0 500 -5e-6 5e-6]) for the real plot and axis limits of axis([0 500 -1e-5 1e-6]) for the imaginary plot.
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10.
The existence of modes with frequencies higher than the measurement bandwidth leads to an effect referred to as _______________ when performing a modal fit to the measured FRF.
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Schmitz, T.L., Smith, K.S. (2012). Measurement Techniques. In: Mechanical Vibrations. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0460-6_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0460-6_7
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