Skip to main content

Mycobacterium marinum Infection

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VIII

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 719))

Abstract

Mycobacterium marinum was first identified as a causative organism of tuberculosis in fish in 1926 [1], but its pathogenic role in causing skin disease in humans was only identified more than two decades later [2]. The organism is prevalent in natural aquatic environments world-wide and can be found in fresh, brackish and salt water [3].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Aronson JD. Spontaneous tuberculosis in salt water fish. J Inf Dis 1926;39(4):315–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Norden A, Linell F. A new type of pathogenic Mycobacterium. Nature 1951;168(4280):826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Petrini B. Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25(10):609–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia RH, McKerrow JH, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long-term ­subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Infect Immun 1997;65(2):767–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kaattari IM, Rhodes MW, Kaattari SL, Shotts EB. The evolving story of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clade ­members detected in fish. J Fish Dis 2006;29(9):509–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sato T, Shibuya H, Ohba S, Nojiri T, Shirai W. Mycobacteriosis in two captive Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). J Zoo Wildl Med 2003;34(2):184–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cosma CL, Swaim LE, Volkman H, Ramakrishnan L, Davis JM. Zebrafish and frog models of Mycobacterium marinum infection. Curr Protoc Microbiol 2006;Chapter 10:Unit 10B 2.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Swaim LE, Connolly LE, Volkman HE, Humbert O, Born DE, Ramakrishnan L. Mycobacterium marinum ­infection of adult zebrafish causes caseating granulomatous tuberculosis and is moderated by adaptive immunity. Infect Immun 2006;74(11):6108–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gauthier DT, Rhodes MW. Mycobacteriosis in fishes: a review. Vet J 2009;180(1):33–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ho MH, Ho CK, Chong LY. Atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections in Hong Kong: 10-year retrospective study. Hong Kong Med J 2006;12(1):21–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kullavanijaya P, Sirimachan S, Bhuddhavudhikrai P. Mycobacterium marinum cutaneous infections acquired from occupations and hobbies. Int J Dermatol 1993;32(7):504–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Aubry A, Chosidow O, Caumes E, Robert J, Cambau E. Sixty-three cases of Mycobacterium marinum infection: clinical features, treatment, and antibiotic susceptibility of causative isolates. Arch Intern Med 2002;162(15):1746–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dailloux M, Hartemann P, Beurey J. Study on the relationship between isolation of mycobacteria and classical microbiological and chemical indicators of water quality in swimming pools. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B 1980;171(6):473–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lewis FM, Marsh BJ, von Reyn CF. Fish tank exposure and cutaneous infections due to Mycobacterium ­marinum: tuberculin skin testing, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37(3):390–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mollohan CS, Romer MS. Public health significance of swimming pool granuloma. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1961;51:883–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Feldman M, Long MW, David HL. Mycobacterium marinum: a leisure-time pathogen. J Inf Dis 1974;129(5):618–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jernigan JA, Farr BM. Incubation period and sources of exposure for cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum ­infection: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31(2):439–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Beecham HJ, 3rd, Oldfield EC, 3rd, Lewis DE, Buker JL. Mycobacterium marinum infection from shucking oysters. Lancet 1991;337(8755):1487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tebruegge M, Connell T, Ritz N, Orchard D, Curtis N. Mycobacterium marinum infection following kayaking injury. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14 Suppl 3:e305-306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cennimo DJ, Agag R, Fleegler E, Lardizabal A, Klein KM, Wenokor C, et al. Mycobacterium marinum Hand Infection in a “Sushi Chef”. Eplasty 2009;9:e43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lahey T. Invasive Mycobacterium marinum infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9(11):1496–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dodiuk-Gad R, Dyachenko P, Ziv M, Shani-Adir A, Oren Y, Mendelovici S, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the skin: A retrospective study of 25 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57(3):413–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ang P, Rattana-Apiromyakij N, Goh CL. Retrospective study of Mycobacterium marinum skin infections. Int J Dermatol 2000;39(5):343–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Walker HH, Shinn MF, Higaki M, Ogata J. Some characteristics of “swimming pool” disease in Hawaii. Hawaii Med J 1962;21:403–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Runyon EH. Pathogenic mycobacteria. Bibl Tuberc 1965;21:235–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Runyon EH. Anonymous mycobacteria in pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am 1959;43(1):273–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gao LY, Manoranjan J. Laboratory maintenance of Mycobacterium marinum. Curr Protoc Microbiol 2005;Chapter 10:Unit 10B 1.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kent ML, Watral V, Wu M, Bermudez LE. In vivo and in vitro growth of Mycobacterium marinum at homoeothermic temperatures. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006;257(1):69–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Clark HF, Shepard CC. Effect of Environmental Temperatures on Infection with Mycobacterium Marinum (Balnei) of Mice and a Number of Poikilothermic Species. J Bacteriol 1963;86:1057–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175(4):367–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Woods GL. Susceptibility testing for mycobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31(5):1209–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Brown BA, Wallace RJ, Jr., Onyi GO. Activities of clarithromycin against eight slowly growing species of nontuberculous mycobacteria, determined by using a broth microdilution MIC system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36(9):1987–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Braback M, Riesbeck K, Forsgren A. Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium marinum to gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, telithromycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid) compared to its susceptibilities to reference macrolides and quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46(4):1114–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Stinear TP, Seemann T, Harrison PF, Jenkin GA, Davies JK, Johnson PD, et al. Insights from the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium marinum on the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Genome Res 2008;18(5):729–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Stinear TP, Jenkin GA, Johnson PD, Davies JK. Comparative genetic analysis of Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum reveals evidence of recent divergence. J Bacteriol 2000;182(22):6322–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Street ML, Umbert-Millet IJ, Roberts GD, Su WP. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the skin. Report of fourteen cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24(2 Pt 1):208–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Abbas O, Marrouch N, Kattar MM, Zeynoun S, Kibbi AG, Rached RA, et al. Cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: a clinical and histopathological study of 17 cases from Lebanon. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(1):33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Liao CH, Lai CC, Ding LW, Hou SM, Chiu HC, Chang SC, et al. Skin and soft tissue infection caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007;11(1):96–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. King AJ, Fairley JA, Rasmussen JE. Disseminated cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection. Arch Dermatol 1983;119(3):268–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Doedens RA, van der Sar AM, Bitter W, Scholvinck EH. Transmission of Mycobacterium marinum from fish to a very young child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27(1):81–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Feddersen A, Kunkel J, Jonas D, Engel V, Bhakdi S, Husmann M. Infection of the upper extremity by Mycobacterium marinum in a 3-year-old boy--diagnosis by 16S-rDNA analysis. Infection 1996;24(1):47–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lacaille F, Blanche S, Bodemer C, Durand C, De Prost Y, Gaillard JL. Persistent Mycobacterium marinum infection in a child with probable visceral involvement. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9(1):58–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Iredell J, Whitby M, Blacklock Z. Mycobacterium marinum infection: epidemiology and presentation in Queensland 1971–1990. Med J Aust 1992;157(9):596–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gluckman SJ. Mycobacterium marinum. Clin Dermatol 1995;13(3):273–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Chow SP, Ip FK, Lau JH, Collins RJ, Luk KD, So YC, et al. Mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand and wrist. Results of conservative treatment in twenty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987;69(8):1161–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Edelstein H. Mycobacterium marinum skin infections. Report of 31 cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1994;154(12):1359–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Casal M, Casal MM. Multicenter study of incidence of Mycobacterium marinum in humans in Spain. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001;5(2):197–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Parent LJ, Salam MM, Appelbaum PC, Dossett JH. Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection and bacteremia in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(5):1325–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tchornobay AM, Claudy AL, Perrot JL, Levigne V, Denis M. Fatal disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection. Int J Dermatol 1992;31(4):286–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Pandian TK, Deziel PJ, Otley CC, Eid AJ, Razonable RR. Mycobacterium marinum infections in transplant recipients: case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2008;10(5):358–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ramos JM, Garcia-Sepulcre MF, Rodriguez JC, Padilla S, Gutierrez F. Mycobacterium marinum infection complicated by anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy. J Med Microbiol;59(Pt 5):617–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Chopra N, Kirschenbaum AE, Widman D. Mycobacterium marinum tenosynovitis in a patient on etanercept therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol 2002;8(5):265–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fallon JC, Patchett S, Gulmann C, Murphy GM. Mycobacterium marinum infection complicating Crohn’s ­disease, treated with infliximab. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33(1):43–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Danko JR, Gilliland WR, Miller RS, Decker CF. Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving infliximab therapy. Scand J Infect Dis 2009;41(4):252–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dare JA, Jahan S, Hiatt K, Torralba KD. Reintroduction of etanercept during treatment of cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61(5):583–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Rallis E, Koumantaki-Mathioudaki E, Frangoulis E, Chatziolou E, Katsambas A. Severe sporotrichoid fish tank granuloma following infliximab therapy. Am J Clin Dermatol 2007;8(6):385–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Winthrop KL, Chang E, Yamashita S, Iademarco MF, LoBue PA. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15(10):1556–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Swart RM, van Ingen J, van Soolingen D, Slingerland R, Hendriks WD, den Hollander JG. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection and tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15(10):1700–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Harris J, Keane J. How tumour necrosis factor blockers interfere with tuberculosis immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;161(1):1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345(15):1098–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mohan AK, Cote TR, Block JA, Manadan AM, Siegel JN, Braun MM. Tuberculosis following the use of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(3):295–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Streit M, Bohlen LM, Hunziker T, Zimmerli S, Tscharner GG, Nievergelt H, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection with extensive cutaneous eruption and bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient. Eur J Dermatol 2006;16(1):79–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Travis WD, Travis LB, Roberts GD, Su DW, Weiland LW. The histopathologic spectrum in Mycobacterium ­marinum infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985;109(12):1109–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Middlebrook G, Cohn ML. Bacteriology of tuberculosis: laboratory methods. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1958;48(7):844–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ringuet H, Akoua-Koffi C, Honore S, Varnerot A, Vincent V, Berche P, et al. hsp65 sequencing for identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37(3):852–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Devallois A, Goh KS, Rastogi N. Rapid identification of mycobacteria to species level by PCR-restriction ­fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65 gene and proposition of an algorithm to differentiate 34 mycobacterial species. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35(11):2969–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Telenti A, Marchesi F, Balz M, Bally F, Bottger EC, Bodmer T. Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the ­species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(2):175–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Talaat AM, Reimschuessel R, Trucksis M. Identification of mycobacteria infecting fish to the species level using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Vet Microbiol 1997;58(2–4):229–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kirschner P, Springer B, Vogel U, Meier A, Wrede A, Kiekenbeck M, et al. Genotypic identification of mycobacteria by nucleic acid sequence determination: report of a 2-year experience in a clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(11):2882–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cai L, Chen X, Zhao T, Ding BC, Zhang JZ. Identification of Mycobacterium marinum 65 kD heat shock protein gene by polymerase chain reaction restriction analysis from lesions of swimming pool granuloma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006;119(1):43–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Witteck A, Ohlschlegel C, Boggian K. Delayed diagnosis of atypical mycobacterial skin and soft tissue infections in non-immunocompromized hosts. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;40(11–12):877–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sanal HT, Zor F, Kocaoglu M, Bulakbasi N. Atypical mycobacterial tenosynovitis and bursitis of the wrist. Diagn Interv Radiol 2009;15(4):266–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. van Coppenraet LS, Smit VT, Templeton KE, Claas EC, Kuijper EJ. Application of real-time PCR to recognize atypical mycobacteria in archival skin biopsies: high prevalence of Mycobacterium haemophilum. Diagn Mol Pathol 2007;16(2):81–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Jolly HW, Jr., Seabury JH. Infections with Myocbacterium marinum. Arch Dermatol 1972;106(1):32–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Arend SM, van Meijgaarden KE, de Boer K, de Palou EC, van Soolingen D, Ottenhoff TH, et al. Tuberculin skin testing and in vitro T cell responses to ESAT-6 and culture filtrate protein 10 after infection with Mycobacterium marinum or M. kansasii. J Infect Dis 2002;186(12):1797–807.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Tan T, Lee WL, Alexander DC, Grinstein S, Liu J. The ESAT-6/CFP-10 secretion system of Mycobacterium marinum modulates phagosome maturation. Cell Microbiol 2006;8(9):1417–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gao LY, Guo S, McLaughlin B, Morisaki H, Engel JN, Brown EJ. A mycobacterial virulence gene cluster extending RD1 is required for cytolysis, bacterial spreading and ESAT-6 secretion. Mol Microbiol 2004;53(6):1677–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kobashi Y, Mouri K, Yagi S, Obase Y, Miyashita N, Okimoto N, et al. Clinical evaluation of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test in patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009;13(11):1422–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Perez-Jorge EV, Burdette SD. Chronic ulceration from Mycobacterium marinum infection and the diagnostic value of T-cell interferon-gamma release assays. Mol Diagn Ther 2010;14(2):119–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kobashi Y, Obase Y, Fukuda M, Yoshida K, Miyashita N, Oka M. Clinical reevaluation of the QuantiFERON TB-2G test as a diagnostic method for differentiating active tuberculosis from nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(12):1540–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Noonburg GE. Management of extremity trauma and related infections occurring in the aquatic environment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005;13(4):243–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Howard RJ, Bennett NT. Infections caused by halophilic marine Vibrio bacteria. Ann Surg 1993;217(5):525–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dechet AM, Yu PA, Koram N, Painter J. Nonfoodborne Vibrio infections: an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, 1997–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(7):970–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kumamoto KS, Vukich DJ. Clinical infections of Vibrio vulnificus: a case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med 1998;16(1):61–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Tacket CO, Brenner F, Blake PA. Clinical features and an epidemiological study of Vibrio vulnificus infections. J Infect Dis 1984;149(4):558–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gold WL, Salit IE. Aeromonas hydrophila infections of skin and soft tissue: report of 11 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16(1):69–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kelly KA, Koehler JM, Ashdown LR. Spectrum of extraintestinal disease due to Aeromonas species in tropical Queensland, Australia. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16(4):574–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tsai YH, Hsu RW, Huang TJ, Hsu WH, Huang KC, Li YY, et al. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections and sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus compared with those caused by Aeromonas species. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89(3):631–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Brooke CJ, Riley TV. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of an occupational pathogen. J Med Microbiol 1999;48(9):789–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. King PF. Erysipeloid Survey of 115 cases. Lancet 1946;248(6416):196–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Reboli AC, Farrar WE. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: an occupational pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989;2(4):354–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dorronsoro I, Sarasqueta R, Gonzalez AI, Gallego M. [Cutaneous infections by Mycobacterium marinum. Description of 3 cases and review of the literature]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1997;15(2):82–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lee MW, Brenan J. Mycobacterium marinum: chronic and extensive infections of the lower limbs in south Pacific islanders. Australas J Dermatol 1998;39(3):173–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kern W, Vanek E, Jungbluth H. [Fish breeder granuloma: infection caused by Mycobacterium marinum and other atypical mycobacteria in the human. Analysis of 8 cases and review of the literature]. Med Klin (Munich) 1989;84(12):578–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Huminer D, Pitlik SD, Block C, Kaufman L, Amit S, Rosenfeld JB. Aquarium-borne Mycobacterium marinum skin infection. Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1986;122(6):698–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Harris DM, Keating MR. Mycobacterium marinum: current recommended pharmacologic therapy. J Hand Surg Am 2009;34(9):1734–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Cummins DL, Delacerda D, Tausk FA. Mycobacterium marinum with different responses to second-generation tetracyclines. Int J Dermatol 2005;44(6):518–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hurst LC, Amadio PC, Badalamente MA, Ellstein JL, Dattwyler RJ. Mycobacterium marinum infections of the hand. J Hand Surg Am 1987;12(3):428–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Molicotti P, Ortu S, Bua A, Cannas S, Sechi LA, Zanetti S. In vitro efficacy of Linezolid on clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. New Microbiol 2006;29(4):275–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Brown-Elliott BA, Crist CJ, Mann LB, Wilson RW, Wallace RJ, Jr. In vitro activity of linezolid against slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47(5):1736–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marc Tebruegge .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tebruegge, M., Curtis, N. (2012). Mycobacterium marinum Infection. In: Curtis, N., Finn, A., Pollard, A. (eds) Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VIII. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 719. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0204-6_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics